Amaqembu ezombusazwe Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukwakheka amaqembu ezombusazwe eRussia

Igama elithi "party" livela partio ngesiGreki, okusho kokubili "ingxenye" futhi "simo" kungase kudingeke ngezinto ezithile. Inhlangano yezepolitiki, ngaleyo ndlela, limelela inyunyana abantu abanazo kanye imibono evamile futhi imigomo ukuthi kungenziwa igcwaliseke ngokusebenzisa ukufinyelela izakhiwo amandla ukuze bamele izimfuno amaqembu athile. Amaqembu ezombusazwe Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, athuthukiswe in the kwemvelo esase sibucayi wokubusa uNicholas II. Lokhu autocrat Russian ingena esikhundleni Alexander III, owayaziwa kakhulu ngokuba umenzi wokuthula ngoba ukungabi bikho kwempi, ngenkathi wokubusa kwakhe. I-kuya sobukhosi njengezinsuku uNicholas II ephelezelwa kokufa izinkulungwane zabantu at Khodynka, ngakho wokubusa kwakhe khona ukuhluleka zisuka.

I izimfanelo womlando umsebenzi amaqembu ahlukahlukene

On umbusi idumela Russian woMbuso kabi ehlaselwe ilwa neJapane e 1904-1905., Yikuphi kwaholela abalulekile ukulahlekelwa indawo futhi abantu. Against isizinda ukululaza igunya of Inkosi yaqala khulisa isimo olukhulu ukuthi kuziveza ngokuyinhloko SRS kanye Black Amakhulu. UNicholas II ukuze sithuthukise isimo emva kwempi wangena uchungechunge yezinguquko kwezombangazwe, phakathi owawungumnyaka ukusungulwa kwe-Duma State. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, umzimba omele yezwe wayengekho. Ukwakheka amaqembu ezombusazwe eRussia ngaleso sikhathi okwenzeka ezindaweni ezintathu: sezenhlalo, monarchical futhi ovulekile. Futhi ngalunye lwalunamandla izici zayo siqu futhi umehluko omkhulu e izinhlelo zombusazwe, indlela ukufezekisa imigomo.

Ubuzwe kwezombangazwe isikhathi

Monarchist amaqembu Russian zezombusazwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 zazinzima eziningi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona: "Collection Russian", "Labor Union of the People", Monarchist Party, "Russian Yabantu Union kubo. Mihaila Arhangela "nabanye. Lezi izinhlangano zezombusazwe kwakungafanele izinhlelo iyunifomu, kodwa washumayela pronatsionalisticheskie mibono yayingekhona ukuze kulondolozwe umninindlu umthetho emhlabeni. "Russia - I-Russian" - kwaba esithi monarchist ukunyakaza eziningi, wakhetha ukushiya amandla yinkosi angenamkhawulo, futhi Russian Empire - kwamakhosi autocratic. Kodwa njengoba nolaka kwakungewona wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe eRussia. Ithebula kuyinto ukusebenza kwabo yokuqhathanisa.

The Black Amakhulu babe monarchists

Kukholakala ukuthi isibalo monarchists ngokuvamile ehlanganisa abahwebi amancane, Abashayeli bamatekisi, okungukuthi, "abantu" ezisemadolobheni Lokudabuka abakhuluma isiRashiya, nazo abathengisi, abanikazi bamazwe, abathengisi bempahla wobunxiwankulu ezinkulu kanye nezincane, Cossacks, ngisho amaphoyisa, ukuzinikela okukhethekile ukuze umbuso tsarist. Ukuze laba bantu, iziqubulo party, izishoshovu washumayela nokwenziwa bezinye izizwe, kuthuthwa ophoqelelwe, iziyaluyalu kuhlelembisa, izenzo zobuphekula. Yini enye party monarchist zezombusazwe Russia laziwe? Kafushane - kumiswa amaqembu Omnyama Amakhulu, okuyinto 1905-1914 GG. ngenkuthalo enophephela ngenhla Inqubomgomo chauvinism, ubuzwe Russian nokubandlululwa kwamaJuda. A ovelele kule nhlangano monarchist kwaba Purishkevich, ukhululeka umninindlu imvelo.

Ogama lakhe behlonipha idokhumenti zomlando

amaqembu Liberal zezombusazwe Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi omelelwa Labaqalayo futhi Octobrists (Union of Okthoba abameleli 17). Ngo-October 1905, kwaba nesikhombisa ka uNicholas II wathola Manifesto ku ngcono ukuze umphakathi, abahlanganyela kwesokudla yenkosi lokubusa (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo yedwa) ne Duma State. I Congress lokuqala Labaqalayo (Democrats yoMthethosisekelo) esenzeka esifanayo ngo-1905, lapho kwaba fixed inkambo main bale nhlangano party.

Isimo njengoba uthishanhloko ukuqala kwekuhlela kabusha

Labaqalayo Kwesokunxele-ovulekile (ngaphansi kobuholi Miliukov) lalakhelwa nongqondongqondo, zemstvos, osomabhizinisi, ososayensi futhi ekholelwa ukuthi iRussia kumele abe umnotho emakethe, isimo umthetho, intando yeningi ngokuya lungelo ngesikhathi imodi jikelele kahulumeni lapho sebebuswa inkosi ePhalamende. Inxanxathela umbuzo ongumlimi Base bemisa ukuxazulula ngokudlulisela izwe kusukela kulendawo (ukubashiyela okweshumi angamakhulu amahlanu) ukusetshenziswa (hhayi phezu) abalimi ukuze isihlengo, bekumele bakhokhe isimo. Edolobhaneni agcinwayo umphakathi ongumlimi. Izici bamaqembu ezombusazwe eRussia le iphiko sasihlanganisa iqiniso lokuthi Labaqalayo abonile isiteshi esikhulu izinguquko, eqinisweni, isimo futhi ufuna ngcono isimo sokuphila sesigaba sabasebenzi ngokwethula i kosuku angu-8, ukuthuthukiswa zabasebenzi kanye nokwenzeka iziteleka. Abamele le phathi kwakungafanele ngokumelene ukunwetshwa kutimela Finland nasePoland, kanye sezizwe Russia ilungelo definition kwamasiko.

Babengafuni ukunciphisa nemini ngokushikashikeka nokukhandleka

Umlando bamaqembu ezombusazwe Russian kuhlanganisa lelo gama njengoba Guchkov, owayehola Octobrists party. Lokhu qembu ovulekile kodwa ngoludala, isikhungo kwesokudla. Ngezinye inhliziyo zawo zazilotshiwe ngabameli onxiwankulu (inyunyana onxiwankulu commercial nezezimboni wemizi emikhulu) nephiko lolingene ukuphikiswa Zemstvo ezihlongozwayo lokufeza kwekuhlela kabusha ePhalamende ngaphandle esempini. Octo kwakuthengelwa indivisibility yeRussia, kulondolozwe oda ngesimo Duma yokubusa kwamakhosi, nesixazululo umbuzo ongumlimi ngezithukuthuku labo abadinga umhlaba eSiberia, ukunikeza abalimi isingaba namalungelo afanayo njengoba kwamanye amakilasi emphakathini, kulondolozwe ezweni kulendawo 'at wokuhlengwa yabo kungenzeka imali enkulu, ukuthengisa abalimi emazweni yomphakathi . Njengoba leli qembu liholwa nezimboni, base ngokumelene zokusebenza usuku lwamahora angu-8 (amahora esikhundleni 11-12), ngoba kukholakala ukuthi abantu uphumule ngokwanele ngenxa ngamaholide enkolo.

SRS ufuna ukwakha umfelandawonye lezizwe

party Socialist zezombusazwe Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ndawonye kwethulwa phambi Social Abavukeli futhi Social Democrats (RSDLP). Waqale eholwa Chernov V M. SRS kwakhiwa ikakhulukazi phakathi neopopulists kanye nabokufika angaphandle, owayekholelwa ukuthi abantu badinga revolution nokuqeda we autocracy. Kulindeleke ukuthi usethe amandla abantu, ukuba abize LoMhlangano ababamele, ukuhlomisa Russia njengoba inhlangano yezizwe ilungelo izizwe ukuzithiba ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile. I kulendawo uzoselapha ezweni, kudlule kube ukusetshenziswa umphakathi imiphakathi ongumlimi. SRS ayethanda amacebo zobuphekula, edonsa ezikhundleni zayo lezihlakaniphi -. Abafundi, othisha, odokotela, njll Iqembu wayengunkulunkulukazi othandwa kunabo phakathi abalimi.

I yisandla of inguquko - kuba sabasebenzi

Amaqembu ezombusazwe eRussia ngo-1905 yayihlanganisa ezimbili ukwenza "amagatsha" ka-Social Democrats. Ukwakheka iqembu ehlelekileko 1903, phesheya, e-Brussels, lapho IFreedom Charter yamukelwa, uhlelo esiphezulu futhi ubuncane iqembu uqobo. Social Democrats baye bancika isigaba sabasebenzi, hhayi abalimi (phakathi lapho ngaleso sikhathi eneminyaka engu-80% futhi bengafundile). Bafuna ukuba agumbuqele yokubusa kwamakhosi, ukwethula ilungelo lokuvota, ukuhlukanisa esontweni wombuso. Ukuze abasebenzi kulindeleke ukungena esikhathini akukho amahora angaphezu eziyisishiyagalombili kuhlelwe impesheni, umshwalense, ngabe uqede kwezingane kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla zesifazane. Abalimi kwakufanele athole emasimini abo basebenze ngokuzikhandla, lapho baye bathola ngokuhamba izinguquko 1861. Phakathi nezingxoxo ngezindaba labalulekile eluLwimi party sekukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye, kanye nobulungu aso eqala ukungena kwamaBolshevik Party (umholi - V I. Lenin) kanye Party Mensheviks (eliholwa Martov).

I Mensheviks babekholelwa ukuthi party yabo izotholakala umphakathi, izinqubo wamavukelambuso okumele ahole onxiwankulu umfelandawonye sabasebenzi. Abantukazana Mensheviks kubhekwe esifuze yesikhathi esidlule, wacela ukusithatha izwe kusukela kulendawo futhi idluliselwe ubunikazi kamasipala, ngenkathi sigcina neziqinti ngesikhathi besebenza phansi.

Imfihlakalo inhlangano futhi kuvalwe party

KwamaBolshevik Party nanomuzwa wokuthi umshado wawo kufanele ivalwe inhlangano conspiratorial. I yisandla inguquko abasekeli kukaLenin babe sabasebenzi e umfelandawonye abantukazana kanye nonxiwankulu kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso esifuze esidlule. Ukushintsha oda babefisa ukuba afeze ngendlela enobudlova futhi kuholele ukushintsha kwezinkathi tsarist umbuso bomashiqela sabasebenzi. Uhlelo party kokuLima yayihlanganisa ukuqedwa isonto, landlordism kanye ukudluliswa komhlaba esimweni. Kufanele ukuthi imibono enjalo KwamaBolshevik Party 1917 (April - isimemezelo "Apreli sokuphrinta" kukaLenin) kwakungathandeki imvelo zezombusazwe nabantu. Ngakho-ke, i-ejenti party umkhankaso ezibanzi inkulumo-ze umkhankaso phakathi kwezempi, abalimi, abasebenzi, kanye nokunye., Ukuze kwandiswe isibalo abasekeli. Futhi baphumelela, ngoba lokhu amandla ezepolitiki waqhuba utho lwesikhala. Of izishoshovu zezombusazwe kwakhiwa leQembu LamaKhomanisi.

Kufanele ukuthi izinhlelo amaqembu ezombusazwe wesikhathi ezazithe efana nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, Labaqalayo ezihlongozwayo ukunweba ngokuzijamela ezindaweni ezimbili, kuyilapho amaBolshevik wayefuna ukunika zonke izizwe ilungelo lokuzibusa, kuhlanganise nokuthi angase ngokuhlukana. Kodwa, njengoba Umlando uye wabonisani, iQembu LamaKhomanisi njengoba ngundlalifa amaBolshevik, kunalokho, baletha ndawonye cishe nayo yonke insimu ka ngaphansi koMbuso Russian ukuze zibe yisikhungo esisodwa, kodwa nge ezahlukene esimisweni sezenhlalo.