UkuhambaIzinkomba

Odessa catacombs. Uhambo ethokozisayo e Odessa

Ngubani akazi nge Odessa wakhe inimitable amahlaya, abadumile emakethe "Privoz", bodumo kwenkundla iMoldavian futhi enhle ngokungavamile? Kodwa ngaphezu kwalezi ezikhangayo, futhi izinhlamvu ezimibalabala, izivakashi isithakazelo esikhulu catacombs - enkulu kunazo labyrinths komhlaba emhlabeni.

Hero City - Odessa

Kuyinto sokuqondisa Odessa esifundeni, enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Sea ethekwini edolobheni, isikhungo enkulu kwamasiko, esayensi kanye yezimboni resort. Ngo-Odessa, elise labaqomboli nojantshi kanye nemigwaqo. Ngokuya labantu lesine ngobukhulu e-Ukraine.

Umuzi lethiwa ekhulwini XVIII. Wayelethwa ogama lakhe behlonipha Odessos koloni, ise enyakatho Black Sea esifundeni. Kukhona eduze Gulf Odessa.

Lo muzi elikhanyayo futhi libalele elise ogwini Gulf Odessa. Eziningi zazo, kuhlanganise isikhungo esingokomlando, itholakala kwi-Araba, okuyinto kunqoba olwandle ngamamitha angu-50.

On insimu Odessa nasezindaweni ezakhelene nalo ngokushesha azikho imithombo amanzi okuphuza, ngakho umuzi bephethe amanzi kusukela Dniester. Plumbing ibanga amakhilomitha amane amanzi eyanele, okuyinto endaweni Belyaevka. Budebuduze komuzi esizalweni somfula ezintathu ezinkulu - Dry Kuyal'nitskogo, Khadzhibei.

Phakathi WWII abavikeli heroically bavikela leli dolobha izinsuku ezingu-73 (kusukela ngasekuqaleni kuka-Agasti 1941). Kusukela ezweni Odessa bavikela Maritime Army, ulwandle lwabasibekela nge imikhumbi Sea imikhumbi, kusekelwa wezikhali kogu. Ibutho ezedlula izikhathi zethu ezinhlanu, August 3, wafohla emzini ezweni. Ngemva ukuhoxiswa amaviyo Southern Front Odessa wasala ezingemuva wesitha.

Agasti 20 ibutho isitha ehlanganisa 7 brigades nezigaba 17 wasungula lokushaya omkhulu kuleli dolobha. Kungakapheli nenyanga, lo amabutho aseSoviet kanye kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni aqine kubonise eqinile kuhlasela isitha. Army ephethwe ukuze imvimbe emgqeni main, 10 km kusuka Odessa. 38.000 izakhamizi baye bathuthela catacombs. Babezimisele ukuvikela Odessa enhle.

amabutho awo 45 emakhilomitha ngocingo oluhlabayo futhi tank izithiyo ekhululwa, wemba 250 amakhilomitha ube nemigodi ngemigodi, efakwe imizuzu engaphezu kuka-40,000. Lokhu kusebenza kanzima nsuku zonke babe yizinkulungwane 10-12 abesifazane Bazophela amandla futhi elambile kanye intsha. Bakha 250 nemigoqo okwakuvinjwe ngayo.

On Odessa ifektri abakhasi tractor kabusha emathangini, izitimela armored ekhiqizwa emihlanu, abangaphezu kuka-anamabini amawaka throwers elangabini bese ezigqulweni, amabhomu ayizinkulungwane 300.

April 10, 1944, amabutho aseSoviet ayezohlasela abakhulula abantu edolobheni. ayizinkulungwane 30 izakhamuzi Odessa wathola indondo "Ukuze wezokuVikela Odessa".

Meyi 8, 1965 waklonyeliswa isihloko "Hero City" Odessa.

Yiziphi catacombs

Lokhu inkwali wangaphambili, eyabonakala emva izimayini limestone (limestone). Ngo-Odessa, banayo obuphelele omkhulu - ezingaphezu kuka-amakhilomitha angu-2,500. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ukutadisha kwabo imayelana 1.700 km, kungenzeka ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi Odessa ibalazwe catacombs akuyona olunembile kakhulu.

Basuke edonswa wonke umuzi, nemizana engaphansi Usatovo, Ijika Beam, Kuyalnik, Nerubayske. I zokungena kwi-uxhaxha komhlaba kukhona abaningi, abanye basesimweni ngamamitha yezindlu, Nokho, iningi labo manje ivaliwe.

Coquina bezilokhu esetshenziswa emaqeleni eningizimu ye-Ukraine ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo zokuhlala, njengoba material ezingabizi futhi iqine. Ezimayini siqala la mazwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, lapho omuzi aqala ukwakhiwa okukhulu. Coquina kuqoshwa nge crowbar kanye isiphuzo ekhethekile. Ekuqaleni, embondelene igalari ovundlile, bese Ngemba ezijulile (kufika ku-40 metres). Kwakuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu - itshe kwadingeka ukuba akhishwe ngaphezulu ngesandla, usebenzisa uhlaka noma usebenzisa ibhala lokhuni. Ngokuba amandla amahhashi zaqala ukusetshenziswa kuphela 1874.

Umsuka catacombs

Lezi labyrinths omkhulu komhlaba ikakhulukazi (kufika ku-97%) elahlwa ngasezinkwalini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlelweni isiboshwa uhlanganisa zemvelo izimbotshana - dilatation futhi nasemihumeni, yokwakha nokuhlola imigodi, bunkers, izinqolobane zewayini, isiphepho indle, kanye nezinye izikhungo lobuchwepheshe.

Odessa catacombs umlando

Ukumba kwenziwe ngakho uye wakwenza ukuthi ekupheleni XIX leminyaka, inethiwekhi labyrinths komhlaba waqala ukukhulula ngokuphazamisa edolobheni. Ngemva 1917 , ngokuqondene ngokuwa izakhiwo eziningi ayenqatshelwe kukhishwe coquina emzini.

Ngesikhathi sempi

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II Odessa catacombs waba indawo amaqembu alezi zishoshovu. Ngeshwa, wabonakala kubo njengezinyoni ezibanjwa isicupho. Umlando ezinye amayunithi yabashokobezi, okuyinto bathunyelwa isiboshwa, ezibuhlungu.

Odessa catacombs phakathi empini kwakungu imisele bendabuko kuwusizo kakhudlwana, njengoba sebevele uzakuhlala njengobana ahlezi ezulwini.Ulungiselela ukuphumula phakathi izimpi. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi olutholwa amasosha ethu e-labyrinths amnyama, etholakala eduze kwedolobha, wahlushwa ukuhlaselwa lesitha. Ngokungangabazeki, catacombs Odessa abavikeli basizwa ukuba avikele umuzi.

Ngokwe Veterans, lokhu labyrinths komhlaba eyingqayizivele bafakazela izenzakalo kwempi, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo siyazi namhlanje yingenxa kancane kakhulu. Uma lezi zindonga ongakhuluma naye, babeye batshele mayelana ngamandla omoya nesibindi abavikeli. Cishe zonke zezivakashi Odessa catacombs. Tours baqhuba ochwepheshe abanolwazi futhi onolwazi ngubani ongamtshela eziningi izinto ezithakazelisayo.

izimfihlo catacombs

Umlando zalezi zakhiwo ezingazange kudalulwe ngokuphelele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abanye ukukhiqizwa limestone emdala umuzi ngokwawo.

Ngezansi emhlabathini kukhona bunkers lempi, imihubhe amanzi. Bonke yakha Odessa catacombs. Esikhathini labyrinths ungathathi umzila izinja inkonzo. Kuphela inja eyodwa ungathola emgodini, lapho selukhulile, kanti bonke abanye bavela ngingakwazi nhlobo ukuzisiza.

Njengobe abengakwati konkhe loko mazes uhlelo, phumani kubo cishe kungenakwenzeka. Indoda ibanjwe lapha ngaphandle kokudla noma ukukhanya, sibheke ukufa okubi impela.

izimfihlo eziningi Odessa catacombs ezihambisana ngokuthola lapha abashushumbisi, Vagabonds futhi izigebengu, awasebenzisa njengendawo yokukhosela. imisebenzi Special olwenziwa amaphoyisa, Cheka, bese amaphoyisa, ngokuvamile yaphela ngeze - ukuze umhlaba lobugebengu kule ndawo siyikhaya. Lapha kukhona kuphela iminonjana ukuphila balaba bantu: izingubo, isidumbu kanye yimibhalo eminingi eqoshwe ema ezindongeni, okuyindawo lusuka a yithemba ithemba futhi ngenxa yokwesaba.

Ngokwezibalo, njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kwenziwe enkulu khulula mission e-Odessa. Kodwa kwakungekho Udaba olulodwa lapho usesho akuphumelelanga, ngaphandle komlando, lapho ngo-1975 ukuthuthukisa lendawo umfundi elahlekile Alex. Kwafunwa kuye isikhathi esingangenyanga, abathintekayo engaphezu kwekhulu abantu abangu. Abantu wazungeza wonke amagumbi, kodwa abakwazanga ukuthola noma ubani.

wokutakula operation ejwayelekile sithatha amahora mayelana 36. Ebumnyameni ephelele, ne umswakama high kanye lokushisa 14 umuntu ulahlekelwa konke umqondo isikhathi. Ngokuthakazelisayo, abaningi babo wakwazi ukulondoloza usuku noma izinsuku ezimbili, wathi wayehleli Maze akukho amahora angaphezu kwamabili. Ngokuvamile, ziseZwini ubuso, e kwasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga lapho bezithola ebumnyameni, kulandela ukusangana: amazwi esifazane, umsindo amanzi, umuzwa umoya ohlanzekile.

Namuhla

Ngo sokuthula, catacombs Odessa adlala indima empilweni komuzi. Kwezinye izindawo zemibukiso, okuyinto abahlukene Maze main, kukhona emafektri, izinqolobane zewayini lokukuqeda nokugcina nogologo, amaphuzu contact.

Izivakashi ababa khona igalari ngokufanele emgwaqeni. Korolenko, wayebona ukudlula imfihlo ukuthi exhumene esigodlweni Grand Duchess Pototskaya ngasolwandle. Ngo ne. Nerubayske kuyinto Museum eziyingqayizivele enkazimulweni engabandlululi.

Inani yesayensi

Odessa catacombs kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu zesayensi. Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka, ososayensi baye baqoqa ulwazi komhlaba emvelweni, Geological, zomlando, nezinye. Ngokwesibonelo, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi Gallery elide kakhulu (14,6 km) kuyinto epaki Victory. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke, obhekisela 1812, itholakala ngaphansi mgwaqo Bunin. Ngo Nerubayske bethola emhumeni lasendulo Nordmann, esathola amathambo amakhulu bear wahlala lapha amashumi ezinkulungwane edlule.

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