Ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia

Ngo 1861 umcimbi iphutha kulindeleke abantu abaningi okuqhubekayo sikhathi eRussia, futhi lapho kuze kube phakade washintsha inkambo yomlando. UMbusi u-Alexander II yakhipha Manifesto owenza abalimi njengoba amadoda khulula, akazange ancike bamazwe. Yini eyenza le nkosi ukuba nithathe lesi sinyathelo? Yayiyini izizathu ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia?

Isendlalelo kanye izizathu kabusha

Maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye, isidingo nokuqedwa serfdom kwaqala sobala kakhulu. Ngezenzo bathuthukise ubudlelwane emakethe ngokuya sebehlushwa isimo enze umsebenzi wobugqila abalimi. Esikhathini 1840s, izwe waqala izinguquko kwezezimboni - aphuma umsebenzi wezandla ukuze imishini. Ukuthuthukiswa izimboni kanye izitshalo yafuna zabasebenzi, okuyinto ayifuna ngabomvu entula - the kulendawo ungafuni ngempela ukuba ngaphandle zabasebenzi oludlulele. Uma ikhiphe ongumlimi emsebenzini, kwenza isimo ukunikeza inkosi imali etholwe. Yiqiniso, anda izindleko zomsebenzi futhi eminye ingathiyeki ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha.

Ukulondolozwa serfdom beater kanye nezolimo. Ukuba khona ophoqelelwe ongumlimi zabasebenzi ingathiyeki ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe okuqhubekayo kulinywe, ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe yezolimo. I kulendawo yayiyindlela lula - ukusika ongumlimi Holdings nokukhuphula serfdom by. Le nqubomgomo kwaholela abalimi ngaphezulu futhi bempofu kakhulu, futhi kulendawo - ukuze ezikweletini. Ezicukuthwaneni ngokuya uthole ezikweletini, zifake izigodi zabo. Esikhathini 1850s ngasekupheleni, 65% of the serfs babekwa amabhange abaninimhlaba njenganoma iyiphi ingcebo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqedwa ka serfdom eRussia kungenzekani kancane ngenye indlela - esimweni kuyoba okwanele ukuze asuse izigodi le kulendawo 'ukuze izikweletu. Kodwa bekungaba kubangele omunye Ukuketulwa etat, futhi leso sinyathelo, u-Alexander II, yebo, ingahambi.

Imizamo ngandlela-thile ukushintsha isimo samanje abalimi kanye bona umbuso wenza ngaphambili. Ngakho, ngo-1803 yena waba wakhipha isimemezelo sasebukhosini esithinta "Ngo kubalimi khulula", abalimi bakwazi ukuphula ngaphansi okuyinto ebugqilini ngenxa yesihlengo. Kodwa ukuba khulula enkathini esukela ku-1803 kuya ku-1825 sakwazi abantu abayizinkulungwane 47 kuphela. Isizathu kwaba isihlengo okusezingeni eliphezulu - 400 ruble esiliva umuntu ngamunye, futhi ukwenqena ka bomhlaba ahlukane zabasebenzi oludlulele. Ngo 1804-1805 GG. e Livonia futhi Estland abalimi wenza abasebenzisi impilo yonke ezweni labo, futhi savunyelwa ukuba siqhube babanike libe yifa lenu. Expanded kanye namalungelo abo - e 1801 zazivunyelwa ukuba ukuqasha ezweni, futhi kamuva wavumela ukuba ukudayisa futhi bahlanganyele ilandelana. Kusukela 1844, uhulumeni baqala izinguquko yokusungula okuthiwa, owawuthi esungulwe inani eliqondile imisebenzi ezweni eyayibonakala afakwe uhlu - okubizwa ngokuthi yokusungula. sokuhlanganiswa kwazo kuya ayizange yaphela ngenxa ukungawi kulendawo. Ukuze imibuthano isinqumo it is ziba sobala ukuthi izinguquko yezimonyo kule ndawo ngeke - kudinga ukuqedwa ephelele serfdom eRussia.

ukunganeliseki ongumlimi ngokuphumelelayo nesimo abakuso wakhula unyaka ngamunye. Ikakhulukazi ke liye lenyuka ngemva kweMpi akuphumelelanga YaseCrimea, okuyinto saba sibi kakhulu isimo sezimali yezwe. Phakathi kuka-1856 kuya 1860 eRussia lezwakala 815 ongumlimi nokuvukela (ukuqhathanisa. Eminyakeni 1850-1855 kwakukhona ingqikithi 215). Ukunqotshwa empini futhi wasebenza phezu emibuthanweni isinqumo: kucaca ukuthi iRussia elahlekile, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa backwardness yezomnotho. Yebo, kanye nokukhula ongumlimi yokuvukela sasibikezela akukho kuhle kuhulumeni. Ngakho, ngaphansi kwezimo lapho kwakukhona ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia, kungenziwa kafushane bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: bomnotho futhi ingozi impi ongumlimi.

ukulungiswa kabusha

Mashi 30, 1856, u-Alexander II ziqondiswe izikhulu eMoscow nge inkulumo lapho wachaza isimo kuleli zwe futhi bathi kungcono ukukhulula amabutho abalimi uhulumeni futhi kulendawo aze wona ngokwawo leyonto. Ngakho umbusi oye nangokunembile lasikisela izicukuthwane ukuthi ushintsho esikhathini esizayo is ngenakugwemeka.

amaphrojekthi Okokuqala Ukukhululwa we serfs wasiphakamisa Imfihlo Committee on ongumlimi Affairs, kodwa imiphumela ingabonakali yemisebenzi yayo benganikezwa, bese ngo 1858 ukulungiswa kabusha bakhangwa umbuthano ebanzi zabantu. amakomiti yesifundazwe yabakhulu owabhala izinguquko amaphrojekthi ahlelwa, eyayibonakala eKomitini Main. Lezi zinhlelo ezibhekwa ikhomishana kwenta tinhlaka yayikhona ekomidini ngesikhathi. okuxoxwe Umbuzo ongumlimi ukuthi emaphephandabeni, okwakwenza kwekuhlela kabusha engelapheki. Njengoba kungase kulindeleke, le kulendawo ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia, uma sikubeka kahle, akakuthandanga lokho. Iningi amaphrojekthi ekhishwe amakomiti yesifundazwe, ahlinzekwa ukukhulula abalimi noma cha ubanika umhlaba, noma kokushiya kwesabelo okuncane. abaholi Liberal (K.D.Kavelin, A.M.Unkovsky) wasikisela ukuba abalimi badedelwa emhlabathini, kodwa isizumbulu. Ngo Ekugcineni, inguqulo ovulekile izinguquko futhi samukelwe iKomiti Kwakha luhlaka. Kodwa-ke, abaningi bezimiso zawo wenza inzuzo esengeziwe abanikazi bamazwe.

Reform kanye nomthelela okunawo

Ekugcineni, 19 Februwari 1861 , ngesikhathi kugujwa iminyaka engu-wokubusa kwakhe, u-Alexander II wagunyaza i-Manifesto futhi Regulations ekutjhugululweni ongumlimi. Abalimi lawela baba "izakhamuzi zasemakhaya" futhi benawo amalungelo ezakhamuzi kwezomnotho. Manje musa kuxhomeke umninindlu futhi bangakhetha umsebenzi wabo siqu - ukuhweba, bahlanganyele yezandla, self-enze noma yimuphi umsebenzi, ukuthuthela kwamanye izigodi, ukuvikela amalungelo abo enkantolo, ukushada ngaphandle kwemvume lothile. Izwe labo abalimi kwakudingeka bathenge kusukela umninindlu. 20-25% semali bakhokha ngokwabo, kanti bonke abanye zikhokhwa nguhulumeni. Ngaphambi ekukhokhweni bukhona abalimi Umninindawo zazibhekwa njengochwepheshe we okwesikhashana, okungukuthi, kwadingeka ukuba nizifeze zonke inkonzo odlule. Njengoba umhlaba akhazinyuliswe isivumelwano umninindlu, kwathatha ukuhlengwa welula isikhathi eside. Ukube bekungekhona ukuthi izikweletu ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe esimweni, baphoqeleka ukuba bavumelane ukuthengwa izwe abalimi, ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia yayiyobizwa sinwebiswe okufanekisa ingunaphakade. Ukuze abalimi, ukuthengwa komhlaba lapho efinyelela iminyaka ebugqilini - lemali zikhokhwa nguhulumeni, base babuyela iminyaka engu-49, ngakho ngisho ne isithakazelo.

Nokho, naphezu kokushiyeka bayo, kabusha ongumlimi kwadingeka imiphumela emihle emnothweni. Ukuguqulwa abalimi basebenzisa lobunini khulula wabanika ithuba yokuhlanganyela ubuhlobo emakethe. Imboni ngakwazi ukwenza i-ukusweleka zabasebenzi. Futhi okubaluleke - ukuqaliswa kwezinguquko Umfutho izinguquko ezintsha kuleli zwe - the County, zokwahlulela, zezimali, zempi nakwezinye kwekuhlela kabusha ukuthi ushintshe isakhiwo kwezomnotho nezombusazwe Empire Russian.