Paris emhlabeni, izimo zalo kanye nemiphumela

Indaba ubudala, kakade eminyakeni engaphezu kweyodwa nesigamu, kodwa amagama endaweni kanye namazwe, ukuzwa kukhulunywa ngezintaba is ngenakugwemeka lokwethula icebo layo kubangele izinhlangano ezithile kanye yesimanjemanje. ECrimea, Turkey, Russia, France, Britain - elikhulula nezenzakalo ezivusa amadlingozi ukuvela phakathi nekhulu XIX. Zonke izimpi ukuqeda ngokuthula, ngisho isikhathi eside futhi igazi. Omunye umbuzo uwukuthi ukuthi imigomo okunenzuzo ukuba kwamanye amazwe futhi ukululaza abanye. Ukuthula yaseParis kwakuwumkhankaso yi besizukulwane seMpi YaseCrimea, zalwa amasosha Russian ahlangene France, Great Britain Turkey.

isimo Oku-impi

Ngo nekhulu, Europe uhlangabezane nesimo esibucayi sina. ukunyakaza National e-Austria futhi Prussia, kungaholela nokwahlukana lezi uthi, ukuhamba imingcele futhi wokugoqa wemindeni yokubusa. Ukusiza Austrian uMbusi Russian Tsar Nicholas mina wathumela ibutho, okuyinto ekulinganiseni isimo. Kwakubonakala sengathi isikhathi eside kuyoba nokuthula, kodwa kwathi ngenye indlela.

Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela wamavukelambuso kwavela Wallachia naseMoldavia. Ngemuva kokufaka amabutho Russian futhi Turkish kulezi zindawo, eziningi izingxabano phezu imingcele protectorates, namalungelo ezenkolo kanye Izindawo oNgcwele, okwagcina kwakusho ingxabano mayelana imikhakha kwethonya amandla eyayiseduze umcengezi Black Sea. Kuyo, ngaphezu kwamazwe ngqo ukhathazekile ezinkulu babe nesifiso sokuthandana kanye nakwamanye amazwe, ongathandanga ukulahlekelwa izinzuzo zayo geopolitical - France, Britain futhi Prussia (ngokushesha akhohlwe ukuthi ayasazisa insindiso elimangalisayo nkosi yabo). I-Russian ithimba, eliholwa Prince. Menshikov akazange abonise ngisho degree kudingekile yezingxoxo zezombusazwe, ukubeka ugwayi katiki hhayi ekufezeni yalokho, washiya iConstantinople. Ekuqaleni kuka-June, ukuhlaselwa kwenzeka ngamashumi amane amawaka, amabutho Russian in the principalities. Ekwindla we mabutho of France, Britain labetibambile yempi yabo ngokusebenzisa iDardanelles, kwaba Turkey usizo lempi. Novemba 30 isigaba iphansi kwesandla sika-Ushakov umkhankaso isiteleka preemptive kwi-Turkish amabutho asolwandle e Sinop, namandla aseNtshonalanga baye ngqo wangenela ingxabano, okwabamangaza ukuze Nicholas I. Ngokuphambene nalokho okwakulindelwe, ibutho Turkish ilungiselela kahle. Ngo-1854, iMpi YaseCrimea.

impi

Ukwenza umhlaba impi neRussia, amandla Western kubonakale ibhizinisi okuyingozi (kwimemori kwaba kusekusha imikhankaso kaNapoleon), futhi kusetshenziswe isu lobuciko lomkhakha kwaba ukuthi ukuze ashaye ngesikhathi sibuthaka kakhulu - eCrimea, sibambe amabutho asolwandle. Ezandleni umfelandawonye Anglo-Franco-Turkish kudlalwa kahle athuthukile ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha ngokuxhumanisa enhlonhlweni nge izifundazwe ezisenkabeni ukuthi sebehlushwa supply amabutho kanye supply ukusekelwa. Indawo isibe Yevpatoria lokubikezela, ngemva kwayo kwaba khona ingxabano sina eMfuleni Alma. Kwatholakala ukuthi amabutho Russian awakulungele kahle impi, futhi ngo-ingxenye izingalo, futhi ngokuya ukuqeqeshwa. Babefanele siphumele Sevastopol, lapho iJerusalema livinjezelwe eyathatha ngonyaka. Esikhathini nemibandela ukuntula izinhlamvu, ukudla kanye nezinye izinsiza umyalo Russian wakwazi ukusungula bevikela umuzi ngesikhathi esifushane ukwakha izinqaba (ekuqaleni ezweni labo cishe wayengekho). Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amabutho Western oMfelandawonye babenohlobo izifo futhi akha ukuhlaselwa abavikeli ka Sevastopol. Njengoba kushiwo kamuva, yezingxoxo, kwasayinwa iSivumelwano Paris owawuse iqhaza engabonakali Admiral Nakhimov, iqhawe owafa ngesikhathi bevikela umuzi.

ngemibandela yokuthula

Ekugcineni, i-Russia e iMpi YaseCrimea, lahluleka lempi. Ngo-1855, ngesikhathi evikela Sevastopol, wafa uMbusi uNicholas mina, futhi ulandelwa u-Alexander II. Umbusi omusha kwacaca ukuthi ukulwa, naphezu impumelelo izihlakaniphi ethiyetha Asian, ithuthukiswe kabi eRussia. Ukufa Kornilov futhi Nakhimov empeleni ikhanda umyalo, kwawo okwengeziwe komuzi iba yinkinga. Ngo-1856, Sevastopol ilawulwa amaviyo sokusebenzisana Western. Abaholi Britain, iFrance ne-Turkey wenze isivumelwano okusalungiswa siqukethe izinto ezine, leyemukelwa u-Alexander II. inkontileka ngokwayo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "Ukuthula Paris", esasayinwa ngo-30 Mashi 1856. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izwe ngokuwina, bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa umkhankaso eside lempi, ayebiza kakhulu, futhi igazi, anakekela ukwamukelwa zasemizaneni wakhe Russian. Tom nomthelela izenzo onqobayo ibutho lethu yaseshashalazini Asian, ikakhulu Storming ngempumelelo inqaba Kars. Imigomo iSivumelwano Paris kwasekuqaleni kwathinta elala Turkey, okuyinto sathathwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe amalungelo labantu Christian endaweni, ukungathathi hlangothi Black Sea amanzi endaweni, udoti umusa yayo skwele ezingamakhulu amabili insimu futhi bangasephula imingcele yayo.

Unokuthula Black Sea

Efika kuqala nje befuna demilitarization ogwini Black Sea ukuze ugweme ingxabano okwengeziwe ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili empeleni kwaqinisa isikhundla eTurkey esifundeni, njengoba uMbuso WaseTurkey ilungelo ukuba lwemikhumbi e ngamazwe aseMedithera nase eSea of Marmara. Paris emhlabeni nazo ezifakwe isicelo (umhlangano) ngokuphathelene sisebunzimeni, okuyothi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kudlule yempi angaphandle nenkathi yokuthula.

Ukuphela kwemigomo ye-Paris ukuthula

Noma yimuphi ezempi kokunqotshwa kuholela umkhawulo we amathuba ezinqotshiwe. Paris Umhlaba ukulingana kwamandla unaphakade e-Europe, kwakhiwa emva ukusayinwa Vienna azibhala (1815), hhayi umusa yeRussia. Impi ngokuvamile luye lwembula ukushiyeka eziningi kanye namaphutha inhlangano balelo butho nezinye lasolwandle isakhiwo, okwenza uhulumeni waseRussia ukuqhuba uchungechunge kabusha. Ngemva nangenye, kulokhu enqobile, Russian-Turkish neMpi (1877-1878) zonke ezenqabelayo yobukhosi ukulahlekelwa indawo abangu offset. yaphela Ngakho isinyathelo izwe lakhe waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha. 1878-th kwaba usuku ukusayinwa iSivumelwano Berlin, wabuyisela kweNingizimu Russia e oLwandle Olumnyama.