Physiocrats - ubani lo? abameleli Physiocrats

Esikhathini umcabango XVI ekhulwini kwezomnotho e-Europe ke uye washintsha abalulekile: kwaqala yokusesha isebenze imithombo theory kosozimali yengcebo. Le nkathi yezinxushunxushu ubizwa kufanele kubhekwe kwenkathi sokuzuza capital, inkathi lapho amazwe aseYurophu waqala ukudayisa futhi ukunwetshwa zezombusazwe, nokunye. D. Ngalesi sikhathi, onxiwankulu recaptures isikhundla, hhayi kuphela kwezombusazwe kodwa futhi kwezomnotho.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi kwakukhona kwathatha okuthiwa imfundiso classical eFrance, lapho kwakukhona khona esikoleni se-Physiocrats, umsunguli owawungumnyaka abadumile Fransua Kene.

Kuyini physiocracy futhi obani physiocrats?

Umqondo "physiocracy" livela ekubumbaneni lesiGreki "physis", okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "nemvelo '' Kratos", okusho ukuthi amandla, amandla, ukubusa. Physiocracy - igama yezindawo ethandwa kakhulu okuthiwa wezomnotho kwezombangazwe classical, futhi Physiocrats - ukuthi, ngokufanele, abamele lokhu kuthambekela. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi esikoleni owasungula eFrance phakathi nekhulu XVIII (e 1750, ngokusho emithonjeni kakhulu), lapho izwe ekhula crisis kohlelo amakhosi asendulo, igama elithi "Physiocrats" zaqala ukusetshenziswa ukubonwa ngekhulu XIX. It livele DuPont de Nemours, owakhipha imisebenzi umsunguli esikoleni French zezomnotho - F. Koehne. Ngokwabo abameleli ezindaweni ayethanda ukuzibiza ngokuthi uzishaya "zezomnotho" futhi inkolelo-mbono ukuthi ithuthukiswe futhi lapho abasekeli babe - ". Umnotho nakwezepolitiki" Physiocrats - abasekeli "ukuze yemvelo" empilweni nomnotho womphakathi, ngubani ngamandla bavikela umqondo wokuthi uhlobo umhlaba - lena kuphela isici esizimele ukukhiqizwa.

Umsuka wegama mbono Physiocrats

Ngokusho iningi isiNgisi, izazi-mlando Russian futhi isiJalimane, umsunguli wezomnotho kwezombangazwe kuyinto u-Adam Smith. Nokho, ososayensi French ukuphikisa lo mbono, bethi ukuvela kwalesi isayensi - i sokunconywa enesimo Physiocrats School. agumenti yabo wukuthi u-Adam Smith yena wafuna nikela umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko "Umcebo of Nations" umholi waqaphela we Physiocrats - Fransua Kene.

Physiocracy esikhundleni mercantilism okuthiwa, owawungumnyaka uhlelo ezingaphezu kuka theory. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mercantilists kuhlulekile ukwakha imfundiso agcwele ngokwesayensi. Ngakho-ke, Physiocrats bafanelwe okufanele zihlonishwe njengobukhosi evumelekile by abasunguli wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Sibeke phambili okokuqala emlandweni isimiso ukuthi umphakathi kunqunywa oda esingokwemvelo sokuphila. Ngokombono wabo, kwanele ukuthola imithetho ezithinta impilo nezomnotho, futhi sizokwazi ukwakha imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhiqiza kabusha nokusakazwa ngengcebo amalungu omphakathi. Nge zabo indlela deductive kuyafana indlela u-Adam Smith kanye nabanye abameleli eliqavile ezomnotho "classical".

Imfundiso kaZiqu-Physiocrats Basics

Physiocrats - iyona nezitha mercantilism, empeleni wakwazi ukwakha isayensi jikelele kwezomnotho. Babonisa izithakazelo abalimi ezinkulu, capitalists, athi agriculturalists (abalimi) bawukuphela ekilasini elikhiqizayo emphakathini.

Imibono esemqoka ye Physiocrats zimi kanje:

1. Imithetho wezomnotho zihlukile uhlamvu zemvelo, okungukuthi, bakwazi ukuqonda umuntu ngamunye. Endabeni ukuphambuka kancane kusukela lezi inqubo nemithetho yokukhiqiza nakanjani siyabhubha.
2. Imfundiso kwezomnotho we Physiocrats kusekelwe phezu kwesisekelo sokuthi ukuvulwa umthombo umcebo iyona sphere zokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi kwezolimo.
3. Umkhakha wawubhekwa njengophawu oyinyumba, hhayi esikhiqiza ezibonakalayo sithombe.
4. Ngu inyumba ensimini physiocrats bexhumanisa imisebenzi yokuhweba.
5. Pure umkhiqizo Physiocrats uthathwa njengoba umehluko phakathi iqoqo imikhiqizo kwezolimo, futhi izindleko balindzeleke kwekutsi bakhicite kubo.
6. Ngemva kokuhlaziya eyingxenye ngempela yeSifundo dolobha, Physiocrats (abamele izithakazelo zabalimi) libike ukuthi omunye kufanele bahlukanise phakathi "kwentuthuko yonyaka" (kokusebenza), "kwentuthuko eyinhloko" (izimpahla fixed) kanye nezindleko yonyaka, okuyinto, ngokombono wabo, kukhona inhlangano abalimi ipulazi isikhwama esikhulu .
7. Izimali akufakiwe kunoma yiziphi zalezi zinhlobo kwentuthuko. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi "imali-dolobha" ngumqondo ukuthi ngokuvamile kakhulu usebenza ithiyori kwezomnotho zanamuhla, Physiocrats Nokho, akazange ukuyisebenzisa, bethi imali luhlanzekile, it has a ukubaluleka umsebenzi kwabo kuphela naphakathi zokwenana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukholakala ukuthi imali awukwazi, ngoba ngemva kokukhipha nabo kusuka kwegazi, bona beswela omunye wabo kuphela bayazuza, umsebenzi - ukuba esebenzisa ngempahla.
8. Udaba intela isifundiso Physiocrats zehla ezimisweni ezintathu eziyisisekelo:

- intela kusekelwe umthombo engenayo;

- izintela kumuntu kumele kudingeke ukuthi ukuhlangabezana imali;

- izindleko abezentela akufanele kube ngokweqile.

Fransua Kene futhi itafula lakhe kwezomnotho

Uphiko nomnotho womphakathi French Engxenyeni kwekhulu XVIII yesibili kwakunguDodayi eligcwele imibono uzwakalise futhi kusakazwe mass Physiocrats. Abamele lo mkhuba wezomnotho classical anqume imibuzo mayelana nendlela uqhubeke kufanele ubudlelwane kwezomnotho phakathi kwabantu e nemigomo ye-oda yemvelo, kanye yini okufanele izimiso of ubudlelwano idatha. Umsunguli isikole we Physiocrats Fransua Kene wazalwa Paris likaPondo 1694. Ngu mkhakha wayengeyena Economist, futhi wakhonza njengephayona udokotela esigodlweni uLouis XV. Izinkinga komnotho, waba nesithakazelo ukufinyelela engamashumi ayisithupha.

Umnikelo eyinhloko F. Quesnay kwaba ukudalwa "etafuleni kwezomnotho" abadumile. Encwadini yakhe ethi, wasibonisa indlela esingayenza ngayo umkhiqizo Imininingwane ukuthi kudalwa ezolimo, lihlukaniswe phakathi amakilasi ekhona emphakathini. Quesnay ngamnyama amakilasi alandelayo:

- ukusebenza (abalimi nabasebenza emapulazini);

- oyinyumba (abathengisi kanye abakhiqizi);

- lobunini (abanikazi bamazwe, kanye nenkosi).

Ngokusho Quesnay, ukuhamba umkhiqizo ingqikithi siqukethe 5 izinyathelo eziyisisekelo noma izenzo:

1. Abalimi ukuthenga kubalimi imikhiqizo ukudla inani franc 1 bhiliyoni. Lesi senzo ubuyela abalimi franc 1 bhiliyoni, no 1/3 komkhiqizo wonyaka ushabalala kwegazi.
2. PPB ngenxa yokukhuliswa ekilasini abanikazi Rents Abanini bomhlaba ukuthola imikhiqizo zezimboni wenza ikilasi "oyinyumba".
3. Nezimboni ukuthenga kwesigidi abalimi (the elikhiqizayo ekilasini) ukudla. Ngakho abalimi, futhi uya olandelayo bhiliyoni kakade 2/3 umkhiqizo yonyaka kuzonyamalala kwegazi.
4. Abalimi uthenge abakhiqizi ekhiqizwa imikhiqizo. Izindleko ethengwayo emananini komkhiqizo wonyaka.
5. Nezimboni ukuthenga bhiliyoni esukela abalimi izinto ezidingekayo zokusetshenziswa for imikhiqizo yabo. Ngakho, ukuhamba yonyaka komkhiqizo kunomthelela nokubuyiselwa kwezimali embonini futhi ngokuqinisekile kwezolimo, njengoba imfuneko esiyinhloko resumption yenqubo ukukhiqizwa.

Ngokuphathelene izintela, F. Quesnay wayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele ukushaja kuphela abanikazi bamazwe. Inani lentela kuyakuba, ngokombono wakhe, 1/3 komkhiqizo okumsulwa.

F. Quesnay ezihlelwe ngayo ngokwemvelo nomqondo lakhiwe, leli qiniso eliyisisekelo okuyinto ukuthi imithetho yokuziphatha, okufanele isimo futhi ngamunye isakhamuzi ngabanye akufanele kube ngokuphambene izithakazelo nasemphakathini wonkana.

Uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka Physiocrat A. Turgot

A. Turgot wazalwa ngo 1727 eFrance iziqu Sorbonne Faculty of Theology. Parallel kule, yayinesithakazelo ezomnotho. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili, kusukela 1774 kuya 1776 A. Turgot kwaba Comptroller Jikelele. Labor owanikhipha udumo Physiocrats, ngokuthi "Ukucabanga ukudalwa kanye ukwabiwa komnotho", yanyatheliswa 1770.

Njengezinye Physiocrats, A. Turgot waphikelela ngokuthi ukuhlinzeka inkululeko ngokuphelele imisebenzi yezomnotho kanye wagomela ukuthi umthombo yedwa enaleni mkhiqizo wezolimo. Wayengumuntu owokuqala ziqokonyiswe ikilasi "Abalimi" futhi ikilasi "bayo" abasebenzi, abasebenzi abazisebenzayo osomabhizinisi.

A. Turgot ukuthi zavela "umthetho entela elinciphayo", owawuthi ngamunye okunamathiselwe okwalandela ezweni, ukuthi zomsebenzi noma ozuze ngokwempahla enikeza nomphumela lincane okunamathiselwe langaphambilini, futhi esikhathini esithile kuza umkhawulo lapho umphumela ezengeziwe umane kwakungenakwenzeka ukufeza.

Okunye kwamalungu avelele alelo physiocracy

I indima eyadlalwa Physiocrats emnothweni eFrance akufanele ithathwe kancane. imibono yabo ziyabonakala ngemisebenzi enjalo ubuntu owaziwa ezifana Pierre de Lepezan Boisguillebert noRichard Cantillon.

Per De Boisguillebert eyaziwayo emlandweni njengoba umuntu owabeka phambili isimiso odumile «Laisser Faire, laisser besidindilize», kamuva elaba isimiso eyinhloko emnothweni. Yena ngokucijile wagxeka imfundiso yokuziphendukela mercantilism, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo babesekela umbono esakuthwala isisindo Physiocrats School. Abamele mercantilism, ngokuvumelana Boisguillebert kumele ubukeza umbono wabo emkhakheni umnotho, okuyinto ayihambisani amaqiniso samanje zokuphila.

Ngokusho Boisguillebert, kuyafaneleka kuphela labo izintela ezingekho ezingqubuzana nemvelo, futhi neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umsebenti wetemnotfo. Wakhuluma ngokumelene ukuphazamiseka engenabulungisa nguMbuso nokuphila kwezomnotho yenkosi, bafuna ukunika ilungelo nokuhweba ngenkululeko labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, he was fike of abalobi zabasebenzi imfundiso yokuziphendukela value, osho ukuthi inani langempela izimpahla liyakushunyayelwa kunqunywa zabasebenzi kanye izindleko ngesilinganiso - isikhathi sokusebenza.

R. Cantillon wazalelwa e-Ireland, kodwa okwesikhathi eside kakhulu wahlala e-France. Ngo 1755 wakhipha umqulu umsebenzi ezinkulu "Okuhlangenwe nakho nemvelo nohwebo." Encwadini yakhe ethi, ebona eziningi izingozi ezisongela izwe uma uzolandela mqondo "ukuthenga eshibhile futhi adayise ezibizayo." R. Cantillon waphawula ukuthi phakathi zamanje emakethe ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo, kunomehluko ngenxa ngalo kungenzeka ukuthola okuthile eshibhile futhi adayise, ngokulandelana, ezibizayo. Abantu abasebenzisa leli thuba kuzobazuzisa, akubiza ngokuthi "osomabhizinisi".

Ukubhebhetheka mbono Physiocrats ngaphandle France

Physiocrats - akuyona kuphela French ngubani wasungula isikole we Physiocrats wasivikela imibono yakhe kuleli zwe. Physiocrats futhi ayezibheka amaJalimane Shlettveyn, Springer, Movilon amaNtaliyane Bandini, Delphic, Sarkiani, Swiss Schaeffer, Olaf Runeberg, Hidenius, Brunkman, Westerman, nabasePoland Stroynovsky B., A. Poplavsky nabanye abaningi.

Physiocrats imiqondo etholakala ikakhulukazi abalandeli abaningi eJalimane. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kwaba lapha, uKarl-Friedrich, abazama ukuguqula isimiso intela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, khetha amadolobhana amancane eziningana, ukhansele zonke izintela odlule futhi esikhundleni wasungula intela eyodwa 1/5 of "umholo ophelele" ethathwe umhlaba imisebenzi.

E-Italy, i-mbono Physiocrats zibe nomthelela omkhulu ku izinguquko owawusekelwe ukuphila Tuscany, Leopold.

ESweden physiocracy futhi recaptures isikhundla. mercantilism kakhulu waphelelwa amandla, kanye Physiocrats akazange miss ithuba lakhe. Ecwebezelayo iningi umumele kwaba Hidenius wakhuluma omthombo kubangela ubumpofu isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma Yena umxhwele umbuzo ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Wazama ukuhlonza izimbangela zalesi simo futhi ukuthuthukisa amanyathelo okususa ke.

Mayelana Poland Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuleli zwe, ezolimo kwaba umsebenzi kuqala sabantu namanje kude kusukela ngekhulu XVI. Yingakho ibizwa ngokushesha kakhulu bathola abasekeli yayo umqondo wokuthi babegwedla physiocrats French. EPoland, umnotho kwavele izinguquko qualitative e lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila ka kwezakhi phakathi labantu kakhulu anda.

Kwenanela physiocracy eRussia

Nakuba eRussia lezwakala nabalimele omsulwa Physiocrats, kodwa izimiso ezithile zalesi mkhuba ngezinga elithile ukuthonywa wokubusa uCatherine II. Ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni yokuqala kokubusa kwakhe Empress usula izimboni ayitholwa lapho kuvezwa umkhiqizo, futhi Mashi 17, 1775 inyathelisa Manifesto ukuthi wamemezela isimiso zokuncintisana. Ngo-1765 idaliwe eFree Economic Society, elimalungu alo babe abalandeli Russian of Applied physiocracy. Omunye wabo kwakungu-sezolimo namahlathi Andrei Bolotov.

Dmitry Golitsyn kwaba isithunywa Russian eParis futhi ngokuvamile waba nengxenye emihlanganweni Physiocrats French. Ziphefumlelwe imibono yabo, kutuswa uCatherine II ukuthumela umfundi Pierre Quesnay de la Riviera isimemo sokuvakashela Russia. Lapho befika kuleli, Riviere wenza isiphetho esidumazayo ukuthi serfdom ngokuphambene "ukuze yemvelo", ukuveza umbono wakhe ayilungile, futhi ekugcineni, ngemva kwezinyanga 8, ngaphindiselwa France.

Golitsyn yena, abeke phambili umqondo ukuvumela abalimi nenkululeko umuntu ubanikeze unelungelo lobunikazi impahla siqu. Izwe wanikelwa ukushiya impahla abanikazi bamazwe, okungase ukuqasha ke abalimi.

Njengoba 70-yalolucwaningo. Catherine XVIII leminyaka II Sakushintsha umbono wakhe mayelana Physiocrats. Manje uqala bakhala ngokuthi ezidla up obsessions wakhe siqu neseluleko ngawo wonke amathuba lizibiza ngokuthi "ranters" noma "zibukisa."

Nemibi izimfundiso Physiocrats

Futhi mercantilists futhi physiocrats ngokuvamile bagxekwa imibono yakhe. Phakathi amaphutha ezinkulu Physiocrats esikoleni esilandelayo Kumele kuqashelwe:

1. I ethile eyinhloko kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela isihambile yi physiocrats, ezihambisana ngokuyinhloko nombono oyiphutha wokuthi ezolimo yiwona mkhakha kuphela umnotho.
2. Zabasebenzi zinqunywa kuphela kwezolimo.
3. Physiocrats wagomela ukuthi ifomu kuphela enaleni yomkhiqizo kuyo ingumhlabathi iqashwe.
4. Bagcwalisa umyalezo oyiphutha ngalokho belingana izindleko zomsebenzi futhi kuwumthombo komhlaba.
5. Ahluleka ukuqhuba kokuhlaziya nokuqondakalayo inqubo yokuzala, kusukela ukukhiqizwa yezimboni awuzange libonwe yibo deku value.

Uyabaqinisa izimfundiso Physiocrats

Phakathi ezicini ezinhle Umbono wokuthi Physiocrats kufanele ugcizelele lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Okunye okufanele esemqoka ye Physiocrats wukuthi bakwazi ukudlulisa ucwaningo emkhakheni zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo sabo kwalandelwa yonke wezomnotho kwezombangazwe classical.
2. amafomu Onxiwankulu ka Physiocrats ukukhiqizwa kubhekwe njengento bokuphila, okusho yemvelo futhi izimele abantu ngeke noma isakhiwo ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi. Lokhu kwakuyisiqalo isifundiso umnqopho imithetho kwezomnotho.
3. Bavikela umbono wokuthi umcebo iyona ukusetshenziswa-value, hhayi imali.
4. Zazizinde ososayensi lokuqala ababenikele ukuhlukanisa elikhiqizayo emisebenzini engatheli.
5. Banika kwencazelo "dolobha."
6. Kufaneleka division of umphakathi zibe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko.
7. F. Quesnay e "etafuleni kwezomnotho" yakhe wenza umzamo ukuba afeze zihlolisisa isimo inqubo zokukhiqiza.
8. Ukulanda isihloko exchange okulingana, le Physiocrats aqeda onzima isifundiso mercantilists futhi wafakazela ukuthi exchange ngokwako akusona umthombo ingcebo.

Njengoba Physiocrats ingeyamakhosi umqondo yokudala ingcebo kuphela kwezolimo, safuna ukuthi uhulumeni ukukhansela zonke izintela endaweni yezimboni. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakukhona izimo sokuthuthukiswa evamile capitalism.