Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Inani: incazelo, izinhlobo nokusetshenziswa. Imfundiso enaleni Inani: incazelo

ithiyori Classical lenani lunikezelwe esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezokuhlalisana nezomnotho. Ngaphandle-ke kunzima ukucabanga ukuhweba yesimanje kanye nobudlelwane malini abakhiqizi ehlukahlukene abathengi.

ithiyori classical

Imfundiso aziwa kakhulu ase-value obizwa imfundiso zabasebenzi zenani elikhulu. Umsunguli wawo iyona edume wamazwe Scottish u-Adam Smith. He qamba isikole sesiNgisi wezomnotho we-classic. I mqondo eyinhloko usosayensi Bekulokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi inhlalakahle yabantu lungakhula ngokusebenzisa kwenyuswe umkhiqizo zomsebenzi wakhe. Ngakho-ke, Smith wakhuluma obala lokwenza ngcono izimo zokusebenza kuso sonke isibalo sabantu ngesiNgisi. inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela ukubaluleka uthi umthombo ukubaluleka iyona division yezenhlalakahle zomsebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlaka ukukhiqizwa.

Lokhu mqondo lakhiwe omunye Economist oluvelele Isiqalo XIX leminyaka Davidom Rikardo. I eyiNgisi umangalele ukuthi intengo yimuphi lezimpahla kunqunywa zabasebenzi adingekayo ukukhiqizwa yayo. Ukuze theory Ricardo Smith sika value ubelokhu isisekelo sakho konke umnotho zama-Capitalist.

ithiyori kaMarx

Labor imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukubaluleka usefunde nangenye Economist owaziwa. Sazo sasingamashumi Marx. sefilosofi isiJalimane ideologist watadisha ngempahla emakethe futhi waphetha ngokuthi yonke imikhiqizo (ngisho heterogeneous kakhulu) okuqukethwe efanayo uhlamvu yangaphakathi. Kwakuwusuku izindleko. Ngakho-ke, yonke imikhiqizo ayalingana nomunye ngokuhambisana ingxenye ethile. UMarx wabiza le ikhono Inani lokushintshisana. Le mpahla kuyadingeka esivela kunoma yimuphi umkhiqizo. Ngesisekelo lesi simo sibangelwa zabasebenzi emphakathini.

Marx ithuthukiswe imibono yakhe ayisihluthulelo Smith. Ngokwesibonelo, yena waba umsunguli umqondo ukuthi umshikashika has a imvelo ezimbili - kokubili eziphathekako abstract. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, usosayensi German ahlele ulwazi lwabo emkhakheni wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kwaziswa imibono amaqiniso baba isisekelo imibono emisha kaMarx. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-theory okuthiwa enaleni value. Kwaba esisodwa-agumenti labalulekile eluLwimi critique wesimanje kohlelo zama-Capitalist.

Inani isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona

A theory entsha value Marx wawuthi umsebenzi ngokuthengisa umsebenzi wabo siqu, nokwaziwa bexhashazwa onxiwankulu. Phakathi sabasebenzi futhi capitalists kwakukhona ingxabano, imbangela owawungumnyaka izindleko ohlelweni komnotho European. abanikazi Imali sanda kuphela ngokusebenzisa zomsebenzi, futhi yilo oda Marx wagxeka kakhulu.

Izindleko kwezimpahla, okuyinto usungula i-capitalism, uhlale mkhulu kwenani lika-labour oqashwe sabasebenzi. Ngakho, nxa bephikisana nonxiwankulu abavimba inzuzo ngenxa yokuthi anda amanani ngeholo labo siqu. Kukho konke lokhu umsebenzi uye wakhokha njalo amaholo aphansi, ngoba babengakwazi ukuphuma siqu imvelo yabo esizakala ngawo. Bazithola esimweni ukuncika umqashi.

Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona ukubaluleka

Imfundiso kaMarx zabasebenzi Izindleko sihlanganisa eside ezifana "ngokuphelele isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona ukubaluleka". Yini-ke lokho? Lokhu value isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona, okuyinto etholakala ngokuzikhandla capitalists ayewukela ngosuku zokusebenza abangaphansi.

Kukhona othile isikhathi ozimele ezidingekayo kulo ukuze likhiqize izimpahla. Lapho abanikazi ukwenza sabasebenzi ukusebenza ngaphandle le mikhawulo, ukuxhashazwa kuqala imihelo.

I abekelwe emaceleni izindleko

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni, noma ngenye indlela - imfundiso yokuziphendukela izindleko abekelwe emaceleni kuwumphumela ucwaningo eziningana zezomnotho owaziwa kwekhulu XIX: William Jevons, Carl Menger, Friedrich von Wieser, njll Wayeqale wanikeza incazelo ubudlelwano phakathi intengo kwezimpahla kanye nesimo sengcondvo lesibi ngokwengqondo .. umthengi. Ngokusho iziphakamiso zayo ezisemqoka abathengi ukuthenga lokho kungase kube umthombo wabo wokwaneliseka noma injabulo.

Asemphethweni Umbuso mbono uye wenza izinto ezibalulekile eziningana. Okokuqala, sibonga kwathiwa washayelwa indlela entsha ekutadisheni izinkinga zokukhiqizwa kahle. imithetho Okwesibili, saqale esetshenzisiwe. Kamuva, wamangalelwa ifaniswe ngamanye mbono eziningi kwezomnotho. Theory yezindleko abekelwe emaceleni buye baphoqa ososayensi bayeke izingqondo zabo ucwaningo eziyisisekelo ukuze yokugcina izindleko zokukhiqiza yi. Futhi ekugcineni, okokuqala maphakathi isifundo, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi ukuziphatha abathengi.

marginalism

ithiyori Classical eyigugu, okuyinto efundisa abalandeli abangu Smith, Bakhipha Marx, wayekholelwa ukuthi ukubaluleka lezimpahla - kuba value inhloso, njengoba kunqunywa inani zomsebenzi owenziwe ekukhiqizeni. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni futhi inikeza indlela ehluke ngokuphelele le nkinga. Iphinde waziwa Marginalism. Imfundiso entsha wukuthi ukubaluleka impahla kunqunywa hhayi izindleko zokukhiqiza kwezemisebenzi, kodwa lapho sibona umphumela kungenza kumthengi.

Ingqikithi Marginalism kukwazi ukwakhiwa kanje. Abathengi baphila ezweni eligcwele izimpahla ezehlukene. Ngenxa ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo amanani kukhona subjective. Bathembele kuphela ukuziphatha mass yabathengi. Uma izimpahla kuyoba ziphoqa ke amanani ukuqala nokwanda. Kulokhu, akunandaba ukuthi singakanani nomkhiqizi esichithwa kuye ngemali ngaphambi. Zonke lebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umthengi ufuna ukuthenga umkhiqizo. Lobu buhlobo kungabuye imelelwa uchungechunge izidingo umthengi, Umbuso indawo enhle, izimiso zayo futhi intengo kokugcina.

Umthetho Inani

ithiyori Classical lenani ucabangela umthetho ukubaluleka njengoba esinye zezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezokuhlalisana nezomnotho kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngempahla kwenzeke kuze kufike emuva eGibithe nase-Aramu Naharayimi iminyaka acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ezedlule. Lokhu kwavezwa usosayensi isiJalimane owayejwayelene kakhulu noKarla Marksa , uFriedrich Engels. Khona-ke kwaba khona umthetho zenani elikhulu. Nokho, esetshenziswa kakhulu wakuthola ngenkathi ukuchuma zama-Capitalist. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umnotho emakethe esikhiqiza izimpahla iba okwandile.

Kuyini umthetho kwazuzisa? Uyini umlayezo zawo eziyinhloko? Lo mthetho uthi ngempahla kanye ukukhiqizwa zabo yenziwa ngokuvumelana izindleko kanye zabasebenzi kunesidingo. Lobu buhlobo evumelekile kunoma yimuphi umphakathi lapho kukhona exchange. Liphinde isikhathi esibalulekile ukusebenza ichithwa ukudalwa kanye nokulungisa impahla ukudayiswa. Ayanda Inani, intengo ephakeme kuthenga.

Umthetho i-value, kanye theory eyisisekelo ukubaluleka wukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngamunye zabasebenzi isikhathi emphakathini kudingekile kumelwe ilingane. Lezi zindleko amazinga athile, okumele abakhiqizi nikubeke ezinhliziyweni zenu. Uma bengakwazi ukuhlala babhekane nalesi, kuyoba zilimale.

Imisebenzi yomthetho Inani

Ekhulwini XIX imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezomnotho lenani isibaluli umthetho ukubaluleka indima enkulu ekwakhekeni ubudlelwane kwezomnotho. Izinto zesimanje emakethe emazingeni omhlaba kanye kazwelonke, kuqinisekisa lokhu mqondo kuphela. Umthetho uhlinzekela izici ukuthi kukhona ukukhuthazwa umnotho kanye ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza. ukusebenza kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho ubuhlobo nabanye imihlola kwezomnotho - mncintiswano, okunguye yedwa nokusakazwa yemali.

Kuvele umsebenzi obalulekile umthetho ukubaluleka isofthiwe yayo nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi phakathi kwemikhakha ehlukene zokukhiqiza. It ulawula ukusetshenziswa izinsiza ezidingekayo ukwakha imikhiqizo futhi ukubukeka kwazo emakethe. Isici esibalulekile lesi sici Dynamics amanani. Kanye ukuguquguquka index emakethe kwenzeka nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kanye capital phakathi kwemikhakha ehlukene kwezomnotho.

Ukuvusa izindleko zokukhiqiza

Umthetho ukubaluleka kuvusa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Kanjani lo mkhuba? Uma umenzi kwenza siqu ngabanye zabasebenzi kwawo nomphakathi, khona-ke ngokuqinisekile alahlekelwe yimali. Kuyinto iphathini kwezomnotho esingenakuphikiswa. Ukuze hamba ayinamali, umenzi kuyodingeka ukunciphisa siqu zabasebenzi yabo. Ukuze lokhu kuphocelela ke ngumlayo value, esebenza kunoma iyiphi emakethe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakuyiphi a umkhakha othize.

Uma abakhiqizi ewohloza ukubaluleka ngazinye izimpahla, uzophila izinzuzo ezithile kwezomnotho phezu izimbangi zabo. Ngakho umnikazi akakwazi buyisela kuphela izindleko zomsebenzi, kodwa futhi ithola imali enkulu. Le ndlela yenza emakethe abadlali ngempumelelo labo abakhiqizi abatshala imali yabo ngcono ukukhiqiza ngesisekelo intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe.

Imfundiso yesimanje lenani

Kanye nekutfutfukiswa kwemnotfo emakethe futhi umbono ekushintsheni ngakho. Noma kunjalo, imfundiso yokuziphendukela yesimanje lenani is ngokuphelele esekelwe imithetho owasungulwa u-Adam Smith. Omunye izimangalo zawo enkulu mqondo ukuthi umshikashika yezenhlalakahle ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili - sphere zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe kanye sphere yokuzalana.

Yiziphi umehluko zabo? sphere yezesayensi lobuchwepheshe zomsebenzi yezenhlalakahle ihilela ukunyathelisa kwemikhiqizo emisha esekelwe okutholakele kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe. labunjwa njengoba ukusetshenziswa Inani (imfundiso entsha kwezomnotho futhi ibizwa nangokuthi i inani eliphelele).

nezinye izinto zokukhiqiza osensimini yokuzalana. kwakhiwa Kukhona yi isihlobo noma exchangeable, izindleko. Okunqumayo izindleko zamandla kabusha izimpahla namasevisi. Imfundiso yesimanje lenani kungenzeka ukunquma imithetho sokunquma ukubaluleka amaholo ngabanye. It ngokuyinhloko ixhomeke sengqondo zomphakathi maqondana ukusebenza futhi iwusizo okukhethekile ethile.