Ukwamukelwa soMthethosisekelo "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile" unyaka owawuse?

Esikhathini magazini omusha uMthethosisekelo wase-USSR , yaphawula ukuthi "ubushiqela yesigaba sabasebenzi" iyilandele ngokugcwele imisebenzi iye yabelwa ke neSoviet Union kwaba isimo ezweni lonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbhalo wabelwa isitho uhlelo ukuphathwa, usumisiwe ngaleso sikhathi. Njengegunya eliphakeme ayebhekwa Council Ephakeme. Amalungu ayo kuhlanganisiwe emakamelweni amabili: uMkhandlu bezizwe futhi uMkhandlu Union. elithi yakhe ladluliselwa iminyaka emihlanu.

Mayelana Senzeka ngamuphi unyaka ukwamukelwa soMthethosisekelo "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile", emagcekeni, ukuba bafake isandla ukubukeka kwaso, futhi izinguquko kuwo, ukufunda lesi sihloko.

uMthethosisekeleo Soviet

Ukutadisha umlando Basic Law wase-USSR has izici zezombangazwe, zenhlalo nezomnotho, angokwesayensi nolwazi okukhulu. Esinye sezici emaphakathi kwetinhlavu wekuba sive isiRashiya Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo ka "ithuthukiswe nezimboni". Unyaka 1977 kwaba yisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni ukuqhubeka lizwe.

Emlandweni likahulumeni waseSoviet kwaba kuphela 4 soMthethosisekelo: 1918, 1924, 1936 nango-1977. Kwakumelwe izinkathi ezahlukene sokusebenza, okubonisa ukuthi ezinye zalezi zinguquko ezenzeka emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababebonisana ukuvela ngcono entsha noma imiqondo ubudala. Futhi, Umthetho omusha ngamunye eziyisisekelo yezwe asonga isenzo ngaphambi, ngemva kwalokho isimo kuvula esigabeni esilandelayo sokuthuthuka.

isizathu esiyinhloko

Kutfutfukiswa idokhumenti entsha kanye ukwamukelwa eyalandela soMthethosisekelo "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile" lihlotshaniswa ukushintsha okuphawulekayo endleleni umbuso zezombusazwe e-USSR. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhlelo kwezenhlalo wayesalokhu ngokuqinile uhlelekile futhi iphethwe yi- abameleli kuphela party ekhona ezweni, isimo ekhululwa yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi autocracy owanikhuphula ngesikhathi sakhe I. V uStalin.

Nangobudlova nokungalungi, nokwesaba olungenamkhawulo wanqoba ngenkathi ngaphansi kombuso wobushiqela womunye umuntu - kwathiwa esidlangalaleni okulahlwa isinqumo Communist Party. Lapho izinyathelo ezithathwe bebheke amaphutha ukuvuma nokweqisa, ukuqinisekisa umphakathi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukubuyela umbuso wangaphambili, kukhona umbuzo ngalokho ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukutholwa okwalandela soMthethosisekelo USSR "ithuthukiswe nezimboni" kubalulekile.

Ukwakheka umsebenzi okhethekile

Kwanqunywa ukuqhubeka Esigabeni sokuqala inguqulo entsha yomthetho eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, usethe umsebenzi okhethekile eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Ukwakheka kwabo kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe umbiko kaNobhala we CPSU N. S. Hruscheva emhlanganweni of the Supreme Soviet 25 Apreli 1962 Ngosuku olufanayo kwakukhona umhlangano lapho ikomidi futhi yavunyelwa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala ngokushesha ukuqhubeka futhi Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo ka "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile" (umphathi project - N. S. Hruschev).

Lapho L. I. uBrezhnev waqokwa uNobhala Waqale ngokuzenzakalela wathatha phezu njengoba uSihlalo weKhomishana yoMthethosisekelo. Mangisho ukuthi ukwakheka lawo lashintshwa izikhathi eziningana, kodwa isimiso kumiswa azishintshile - Kwakukhona abantu lokuqala ubuholi isimo futhi party, abameleli Union kanye republic ezizimele, amasimu futhi izifunda, kanye izivakashi ezivela abasebenzi kanye abalimi, ososayensi, njll ...

Ukuthuthukiswa yephrojekthi

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala lokubhala kukhona umbuzo ngalokho kuyafana ngesikhathi nomphakathi wamaSoviet futhi kuphi ukuhambisa esikhathini esizayo. Isikhundla esekelwe "ubushiqela yesigaba sabasebenzi" elingadingekile, ngoba "ikilasi emzabalazweni" njengoba enjalo wayengekho lapho.

Ukuze ungasuki imibono ubudala futhi ukwakha umphakathi kwakudingeka isikhathi ngokuphelele entsha. Ngaphambi kwakukhona umbono 'ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile "bekulokhu cishe engu-15 edlule. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho kwakhiwa kwezisekelo zawo, uMthethosisekelo okusalungiswa wayebhalela hambisa isheshe.

izimfanelo

Kusukela ngesikhathi lapho uMthethosisekelo wamukelwa ngonyaka ka-1936, futhi kwakuthatha engamashumi amane ekuvumeni idokhumenti entsha. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, eSoviet Union sekube eziningi izinguquko eziphawulekayo, ngandlela-thile zazithinta zonke izingxenye zokuphila ukuphila emphakathini.

Umthethosisekelo langaphambilini, esenziwa ngo-1936, wafika evela yokuthi ukusungulwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni iphelile. Manje kwathiwa kahle, ukuthi eSoviet Union uyakhile umphakathi ovuthiwe futhi ithuthukiswe, esiye saholela umphakathi ezahlukene zabantu ngokuthi abantu baseSoviet.

Isimo, esadaleka ngesisekelo the "ubushiqela yesigaba sabasebenzi", manje seliye isizwe-wide, kanye nomnotho isidlulile ngokuphelele ku impahla sezenhlalo. IQembu LamaKhomanisi yandile ezinhlwini zayo, futhi yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni uhulumeni isibe esinomthwalo wemfanelo omkhudlwana.

Uhlelo lwe-socialism usufakwe par nezinye izinhlelo emhlabeni wonke, kanye nethonya ngamazwe nokuqashelwa zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi eziningana. Zonke lezi izimfanelo bathi ukuthuthukiswa kanye Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo ka "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile" babe ngenakugwemeka.

kushaywe

Le phrojekthi yomthetho entsha eziyisisekelo yanyatheliswa ngo ekuqaleni-June 1977, hhayi kuphela e-amaphephandaba emaphakathi kodwa ngesikhathi kazwelonke, esifunda futhi yesifundazwe. Wayelethwa ngenkuthalo okuxoxwe izinyanga ezine - kusuka ngoJuni 5 kuze kube sekupheleni September. Ngokusho idatha esemthethweni, phakathi nengxoxo yephrojekthi entsha yahanjelwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-140 million. Lesi kucishe Angaba yizingxenye ezine kuso sonke isibalo sabantu abadala zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. ingxoxo zomphakathi ngalolu daba esenze sakwazi ukuletha ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 450. Iziphakamiso izichibiyelo, eyayibonakala okuhloswe ngaso cacisa, ngcono noma ngaphezu izihloko okusalungiswa.

Letincenye eyinhloko izinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle

Isiqondiso eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa kweSoviet kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo kanye zomthetho wamemezela ngcono kanye nokuqinisa intando yeningi sezenhlalo. Futhi lokhu lula ukwamukelwa soMthethosisekelo "ithuthukiswe nezimboni". Ngezinye bani umqondo onjalo angase lwenteke? Yiqiniso, ngaphansi Stalin, bekungeke kube aphume umbuzo. Njengoba wokubusa kwakhe yedwa phezu kwaleli zwe namanye kuye kwashintsha kakhulu.

Futhi eMthethweni omusha Basic waqinisa isisekelo yezenhlalakahle likahulumeni waseSoviet - ubuhlobo obuqinile abasebenzi abalimi kanye nezazi. Wayesho zokufezekiswa homogeneity ethile yomphakathi kanye namathuba alinganayo bonke-round ukuthuthukiswa umuntu ngamunye.

Ngokuphathelene inqubomgomo angaphandle, uMthethosisekelo ngokucacile ubeka amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo ukusungulwa ukuthula, ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba kanye nevikeleko kizo zoke izizwe ngothi lwawo. Futhi wamemezela futhi izimiso okuqhubekayo ubuhlobo obuhle-ongumakhelwane phakathi kweSoviet Union nakwamanye amazwe. Ingxenye uhlelo sezenhlalo izwe emazweni Commonwealth nenqubomgomo efanayo ukuthi zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

umnotho

Ukwamukelwa soMthethosisekelo "ithuthukiswe nezimboni" kwaba ukuba anikele Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokuthandwa kokubili ejwayelekile kwamasiko nendwangu eziphilayo abantu baseSoviet. Kuze kube yimanje, sisungule isayensi-based futhi eside isu ekhethekile kwezomnotho. Iqhaza main kuwo eyadlalwa likahulumeni waseSoviet. Kwakufanele ukunikeza inhlangano zokukhiqiza, izimo ezikahle ukuze kwakhiwe i-material yesimanje futhi base lobuchwepheshe nokuthuthukisa iziqondiso ukuthi ngabe alawule ubudlelwane kwezomnotho.

I Onjiniyela yomthetho entsha eziyisisekelo aphuma yokuthi ukwamukelwa soMthethosisekelo "ithuthukiswe nezimboni" ngisho kangcono bahlanganise mshini emnothweni kakade ngokomlando enamandla, obumbene futhi isebenze kahle. Lo mbhalo isikhathi sokuqala ngqá esalotshwa ezingeni umthetho, uhlelo olukhethekile kwezomnotho-USSR.

ifomu ubunikazi

Ukwamukelwa soMthethosisekelo "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile", usuku ukwamukelwa kuphela Kuxhomeke isikhathi, esekelwe isimiso sezomnotho ukubeka ubunikazi sezenhlalo izindlela zokukhiqiza, delivshuyusya kumafomu ezimbili. Omunye wabo kwakungu-isimo emphakathini, kanye nezinye - co-operative. Nokho, kwaba khona omunye uhlobo impahla sezenhlalo - impahla inyunyana kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi. Kodwa amafomu ezimbili zokuqala kuphela kunqunywa uhlobo emnothweni kanye division of umphakathi zibe abameleli amakilasi friendly - abasebenzi futhi abalimi. Ngakho umsebenzi oyinhloko isimo, kuMthethosisekelo omusha, nokuvikelwa kwempahla sezenhlalo.

Soviet isimiso sezomnotho enikeziwe futhi ilungelo yangasese. Kwakuyisikhathi umthombo zomsebenzi emphakathini ewusizo. Umthethosisekelo ka 1977 yabeka amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo ngesimo esingokomthetho noma ngokuphikisana nazo zonke izinhlobo ubunikazi, nezikhonzi zabo.

Amalungelo nezibopho

umthetho eziyisisekelo okusha iqinisekisa ubulungiswa emphakathini, izakhamuzi zase-USSR. UMtsetfosisekelo ubetselela ilungelo ukusebenza, ukuphumula, imfundo, ukunxeshezelwa ngokwezimali uma ukulahlekelwa umondli noma ukukhubazeka. Ukhulume kule dokhumenti futhi inkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nabezindaba, imiboniso kanye nokumasha, imibuthano futhi imihlangano, nokunye. D.

Kungumsebenzi abantu baseSoviet bayalelwe ukugcina imithetho yase-USSR, ukuze sifanelekele isihloko isakhamuzi zase-USSR, futhi ngokholo okuhle ukusebenza futhi zinikezwe isiyalo emsebenzini, ukuze bavikele izithakazelo isimo futhi ngazo zonke izindlela kungasisiza kanjani ukuba siqinise negunya lalo kanye amandla, kanye nabanye.

Endaweni ehlukile, kuthiwa duty engcwele zonke izakhamuzi zaseSoviet - ngivikele lawobaba sezenhlalo. Lokuvukela umbuso - kuyicala ethuneni ngokumelene abantu babo. duty ohloniphekile we izakhamuzi zaseSoviet kwaba ezempi ngo-Armed Forces yezwe.

Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo

IKomiti Kwakha luhlaka sidalwe kuseshini boPhezukonke oPhethe Okthoba 4, okuyinto unomthwalo ukulungiswa uhlaka lokugcina umthetho eziyisisekelo okungavamile. Futhi ngakho emhlanganweni futhi Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo ka "ithuthukiswe nezimboni". UBrezhnev zethula isipho ku imiphumela yentuthuko yomklamo nokuvunyelwa yayo othandwayo. Kulesi senzakalo, wenza njengoba 92 amasekela. Ngenxa yalokho, sanquma ukwenza ushintsho ngamacala ayisishiyagalombili, kanye ukwengeza isihloko esisha.

ivoti iPhini owawuse ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu, bese ukwamukelwa soMthethosisekelo "ithuthukiswe nezimboni". Usuku Okthoba 7, 1977 kwathiwa iholidi kazwelonke.