Qin kanye Han Dynasty. History of the Han Dynasty. Han Dynasty: umbusi, ngesikhathi sokuwa. izenzo zomthetho we ekuqaleni Han Dynasty

Amakhosi amadolobha aseChina aQin noHan abusa leli zwe ngo-221 BC. E. - 220 g. E. Ngalesi sikhathi, uhulumeni wabhekana nezimpi ezimbalwa zomphakathi, ezamukelwe eNdiya Buddhism futhi zihlaselwa njalo ngamademoni aseNyakatho ahlaselayo.

Ukusungulwa kweQin

Ubukhosi basendulo bamaQin babumbene eChina ngo-221 BC. E. Ukubusa kwakhe kwahlala isikhathi esincane kakhulu seminyaka engu-15, kodwa ngisho nangesikhathi esifushane, leli zwe lathola inqwaba yezinguquko ezithinta umlando wonke wesikhathi esizayo wesifunda saseMpumalanga Asia. I-Qin Shihuang iqede inkathi yaminyaka eminyaka yeMpi YoMbuso. Ngonyaka ka-221 BC. E. Wanqoba amakhomishana amaningi e-Inner China futhi wamemezela umbusi.

I-Qin Shihuang yakha isimo esiphethwe kahle , esilingana naleso sikhathi ngaleso sikhathi sasingekho e-Asia, noma eMedithera. Imibono eyinhloko yombuso yayiyiqiniso - imfundiso yefilosofi, eyaziwa nangokuthi "isikole sabameli". Isimiso saso esibalulekile ukuthi iziqu zombuso nezethulo zaqala ukusakazwa ngokuvumelana nokufaneleka kwangempela namathalenta omuntu. Lo mthetho wawuphikisana nomyalelo osungulwe waseShayina, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izikhundla eziphakeme ezitholwa ngabameleli bomndeni ohloniphekile.

Umbusi wamemezela ukulingana kwabo bonke abakhileyo ezweni ngaphambi komthetho. Ukuzimela komphakathi kanye nomndeni kwakungaphansi kwesistimu yezwe elilodwa ngokuphathwa kwezinga eliphezulu. Imithetho ka Qin Shihuang yayikhathazekile kakhulu. Ngenxa yokwephulwa kwabo, izijeziso ezinzima kakhulu zazicatshangelwe. Ukumenyezelwa kwesithunzi njengombono ovelele kwaholela ekucindezelweni okukhulu kwabameli befilosofi yaseConfucian. Ukuze isakaze noma isitoreji semithombo ebhaliwe engavunyelwe, abantu bashiswa esigxotsheni.

Isikhathi sokuzalwa kombuso

Ngaphansi kwe-Qin Shihuana izimpi zangaphakathi zangaphakathi zaphela. Izikhulu zase-feudal zithatha isibalo esikhulu sezikhali, futhi amabutho abo aphinde ahanjiswe ngqo kumbusi. Insimu yonke yombuso waseChina yahlukaniswa yaba izifundazwe ezingu-36. Ukuhlanganiswa kwaphawulwa kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila komphakathi. Isistimu yezinyathelo nezisindo kwahlelwa, izinga elifanayo lokubhala ama-hieroglyphs lakwethulwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, okokuqala ngesikhatsi eside, iChina zizizwa njengezwe elilodwa. Kwaba lula ukuthi izifundazwe zihlanganyele. Ukuvuselela ubudlelwane bezomnotho nokuhweba embusweni, inethiwekhi enkulu yemigwaqo yakhiwe. Umphakathi usuhamba kakhulu futhi uxhumana nabanye.

Iningi labantu lahlanganyela ekwakheni kabusha izwe. Inamba enkulu yabalimi nabasebenzi babandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile. Iprojekthi ebaluleke kunazo zonke yenkathi yeQin kwakuyi-Erection of the Great Wall of China, ubude obufinyelela cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-9 000. "Ukwakhiwa kwekhulu" kwakudingekile ukuvikela leli zwe kusukela emaduneni aseNyakatho. Ngaphambi kwalokho, bahlasela ngokungenakunqotshwa izikhulu zaseShayina ezihlakazekile, ngenxa yokuthi inzondo yabo yezombusazwe ayengakwazi ukunikeza isitha ukukhukhuma okukhulu. Manje, hhayi udonga kuphela lwavela endleleni yabantu base-steppe, kodwa futhi nobuningi bokuxhumana ngokushesha emagumbini omunye nomunye. Esinye isibonakaliso esibalulekile seKin Dynasty kwakuyiMpi yaseTerracotta - ukumbelwa izigcawu ezingu-8 000 zamasosha namahhashi embusweni wama-emperor.

Ukufa kweShihuana

UQin Shihuang wafa ngo-210 BC. E. Ushone ngesikhathi ehamba ngokuya eChina. Yonke isimiso sombuso esisebenzayo esiqinisekisa ukuthi ukuchuma kwezwe kwadalwa ngenxa yesibusiso. Manje njengoba esehambe, i-China isemgodini welasha. U-Emperor olinganisiwe wazama ukubhebhethekisa - bahlala isikhashana befihla izindaba zokufa kombusi futhi benza isivumelwano esisha, ngokusho ukuthi indlalifa yaba yindodana encane yomuntu oshonile.

U-Emperor Ershi Huang wayengumuntu obuthakathaka. Ngokushesha waba umphenyi nomeluleki wakhe uZhao Gao. Lesi sikhulu ngaphansi kweQin Shihuana sasiyinhloko yehhovisi lakhe futhi sinesifiso esikhulu. Izwe lazama ukungazitholi nalesi sikhadi esiyimpofu kanye nezinyathelo zakhe ezingemuva. Kwaphakama izimpikiswano eziningi. Isizathu se-mutiny kwaba ukungalaleli kwabasebenzi abathintekayo ekwakhiweni kwe-Great Wall yaseChina. Abantu abangu-900 ngenxa ye-mudslides nemigwaqo emibi abazange bakwazi ukufika ngesikhathi ngesikhathi. Ngomthetho, kwakufanele babulawe. Izisebenzi, ezingathandi ukuyingxenye yokuphila, zazihlela zibe yinkampani yokuvukela umbuso. Ngokushesha bahlanganiswa abaningi abanelisekile nohulumeni omusha. Umbhikisho kusuka emphakathini waba yombusazwe. Ngokushesha leli butho selikhule laba yizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu. Iphethwe yisizwe sabasimizi okuthiwa u-Liu Bang.

Ershi Huang ngo-207 BC. E. Ukuzibulala. Lokhu kwaholela ekuhlaseleni okukhulu nakakhulu eChina. Kwabe sekuvela abalingisi abangu-12 esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ngo-206 BC. E. Ibutho likaLiu Bana laxosha umbusi wokugcina we-Qin Dynasty. Wabulawa.

Ukuza kwamandla wenkosi yaseHan

U-Liu Bang waba ngumsunguli wendodana entsha kaHan, ekugcineni eyabusa izwe kuze kube ngu-220 AD. E. (Ngekhefu elifushane). Wakwazi ukusinda isikhathi eside kunazo zonke ezinye imibuso yaseShayina. Impumelelo enjalo yenziwa yenziwe ngokusungulwa kohlelo olusebenzayo lobuholi bukahulumeni. Eziningi zezici zayo zamukelwa yiShihuang. I-Qin Dynasty noHan yizihlobo zezombangazwe. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi umuntu wagijima izwe iminyaka engu-15, namanye amakhulu eminyaka amane.

Izazi-mlando zihlukanisa isikhathi sobukhosi bukaHane zibe izingxenye ezimbili. Okokuqala kwakungu-206 BC. E. - 9 g. E. Lona uHan noma i-Western Han enenhloko-dolobha yayo eCangan. Kwabe sekulandelwa isikhathi esifushane soMbuso we-Xin, lapho amandla engobuzwe obunye. Kusuka ku-25 kuya ku-220 AD. E. UHane uphinde ulawula i-China. Inhloko-dolobha yathuthela eLoyoyang. Le nkathi ibizwa nangokuthi uLate Han noma i-Eastern Han.

Ukubusa kukaLiu Bana

Ngokufika kwamandla, ubukhosi bukaHan baqala izinguquko ezibalulekile empilweni yezwe, okuvumela umphakathi ukuba uhlanganise futhi uhlale phansi. Imikhombandlela endala yomthetho ishiyiwe esikhathini esidlule. Iziphathimandla zamemezela indima enkulu yeConfucianism, ethandwa ngabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo zomthetho zokuqala kobukhosi bukaHan zakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo. Abasimilayo (iningi labantu baseChina) bathola ukululazeka okubonakalayo emithethweni eqoqwe yizizwe. Ukushintshanisa umthombo omdala wokubuyiswa kwemali yengcebo, uLie Bang waqhubeka nokwandisa izimali ezivela kubathengisi. Wethula imisebenzi eminingi yokuhweba.

Futhi, izenzo zomthetho zendodana kaHan zaqala ukulawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhungo sezombusazwe kanye nezifundazwe ngendlela entsha. Isigaba esisha sokuphatha sezwe samukelwa. Liu Ban empilweni yakhe alwa nabaphathi bezihlubuki ezifundazweni (vans). Abaningi babo umbusi esikhundleni salo kanye nezihlobo zabo nabasekeli abaqotho, okwanikeza ukuqina okunamandla kwamandla.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inzalo kaHan ibhekana nenkinga enkulu ebusweni be-Hun (noma i-Huns). Lezi zinhlayiya zasendle zasenyakatho ze-steppes zaziyingozi njengoba nje iQin. Ngo-209 BC. E. Babephethe umbusi wabo okuthiwa i-Mode. Wabumbene nomads ngaphansi kwegunya lakhe futhi manje beya empini ngokulwa neChina. Ngonyaka we-200 BC. E. UHunnu uthunjwe idolobha elikhulu laseShanxi. U-Liu Bang uqobo lwakhe wahola ibutho ukuze axoshe ama-savages. Ubukhulu bebutho bebukhulu. Kwakuhlanganisa amasosha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-320. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nemikhosi enjalo ayikwazanga ukusongela Imodi. Ngesikhathi ephikisana ngokuqinile, wenza uhambo olukhohlisayo futhi wagijima eqenjini likaLiu Bang, elimelela i-mineard yebutho lempi.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, amaqembu avuma ukuqala izingxoxo. Ngakho ngo-198 BC. E. AmaShayina nabakwaHuns baphetha isivumelwano sokuThuthukisa nokuThuthuka. Abomphakathini bavuma ukushiya umbuso waseHan. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, u-Liu Bang wazibonela njengesizotha kumakhelwane abasenyakatho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wanika Mode indodakazi yakhe. I-Tribute kwakuyisipho sonyaka esithunyelwe enkantolo yombusi we-Huns. Kwakuyigolide, ubucwebe namanye amanani ukuthi izwe eliphucukile lidumile. Kamuva, amaShayina namaHuns balwa amakhulu eminyaka. I-Great Wall, eyenzelwe ukuvikela abakwa-nomads futhi iqalile phakathi ne-Qin Dynasty, yaqedwa ngokuqondile noHan. Umbusi wokuqala walolu hlobo, uLi Bang, wafa ngo-195 BC. E.

Umbuso we-Xin

Eminyakeni eyalandela, i-China yalahlekelwa ukuzinza okwakubonakaliswa ubukhosi bokuqala bukaHan. Abamakhosi basebenzisa imali enkulu kakhulu ekulwa nabakwaHuns, ukungenelela okungenakuphumelela empilweni yasentshonalanga nasendlini. Isizukulwane ngasinye sabaphathi abakhokhelwa kancane kancane ezindabeni zezomnotho, ezemthethweni kanye nenhlalakahle yezihloko zabo.

I-Western Han Dynasty iye yaphela ngokwayo. Ngonyaka ka-9 AD. E. Ngemuva kokufa kukaMbusi Ping-di, amandla okuntuleka kwendlalifa ehamba phambili afika ebufakazini bukaVan Manu. Udale idolobha elisha le-Xin, kodwa alizange lihlale isikhathi eside. U-Wang Mang wazama ukwenza izinguquko ezinkulu. Ngokuyinhloko, wayefuna ukunqanda abanikazi bezinceku namakhophi amakhulu. Inqubomgomo yakhe yayihlose ukusiza izigaba ezimbi kunazo zonke zabantu. Kwakuyinkambo enesibindi futhi eyingozi, enikezwa ukuthi umbusi omusha wayengesiye emndenini odlulileyo odlule futhi empeleni wayengumqashi.

Isikhathi sibonise ukuthi uWang Man wayephutha. Okokuqala, wabeka i-aristocracy enethonya ngokumelene naye. Okwesibili, ukuguquguquka kwakhe kwaholela ekungezwani ezifundazweni. Izimpikiswano zasekhaya zaqala. Ukuvutshelwa kwezilwane ngokushesha kutholwe igama lokuhlubuka kombobo obomvu. Isizathu sokunganeliseki kwakuyizikhukhula zomfula omkhulu omkhulu. Inhlekelele yemvelo yashiya inamba enkulu yabantu abampofu ngaphandle kokukhosela kanye nokuphila.

Ngokushesha lezi zihlubuki zahlangana nezinye izihlubuki ezazingabasekeli bobukhosi base-Han. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basekelwa yi-Huns, abajabula nganoma yiliphi ithuba lokulwa nokuphanga e-China. Ngenxa yalokho, uVan Man wanqotshwa. Waboshwa futhi wabulawa ngonyaka ka-23.

Eastern Han

Ekugcineni, ngonyaka ka-25 ngemuva kokuphela kwempi nokuhlubuka kwabantu abomvu, isikhathi sesibili sobukhosi bukaHana saqala. Kwaphela kuze kufike ku-220 g. Lesi sikhathi saziwa nangokuthi i-Eastern Han. Esihlalweni sobukhosi kwakuyisihlobo esikude sabamakhosi base-Guang U-di. Inhloko-dolobha yakudala yabhujiswa ngabalimi ngesikhathi sempi. Umbusi omusha wanquma ukuthuthela eLoyoy. Ngokushesha le dolobha, phakathi kwezinye izinto, yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko samaShayina sobuBuddha. Ngo-68, ithempeli laseBaymas (noma ithempeli le-White Horse) lakhiwe lapho. Lesi sakhiwo senkambiso sakhiwe ngokusekelwa kanye nokuhlonishwa komzukulu weMing-heir kanye no-Guang U-di owalandela.

Umlando ngaleso sikhathi sobukhosi buka Han wawumelela isibonelo sokuthula nokuthula kwezombusazwe. Izinhlobonhlobo zezigodlo ziyinto yesikhathi esidlule. Abamakhosi baphumelela ekunqobeni amaHuns futhi isikhathi eside bawashayela ezandleni zabo ezingenalutho zasenyakatho. Ukwenziwa kwamandla kanye nokuqiniswa kwamandla kwavumela ababusi ukuba bathuthukise amandla abo kude nasentshonalanga kuze kube semingcele ye-Asia Ephakathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iChina yazuza ukuchuma komnotho. Abamabhizinisi abazimele, ababesebenza emayini yensimbi nasezimayini, baba abacebile. Kuzo zasebenzisa inamba enkulu yabalimi. Laba bantu, beshiya amabhizinisi ama-magnates, bayeka ukukhokha intela emalini, okwenze ukuthi uhulumeni alahlekelwe kakhulu. Intshisekelo yezomnotho yaphoqa uMbusi Wu-di ngo-117 ukuba avuselele ukukhiqizwa kwamatshe nokukhiqiza usawoti. Enye inzuzo yokuzimela yombuso kwakuwukukhiqiza utshwala.

Oxhumana nabo bangaphandle

Kwakuyikhulu le-I-II. Umbusi ngamunye wenkosi yaseHan wayeyaziwa kude kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngaphesheya kwezwe lasendulo, enye impucuko yaseRoma yayithuthuka. Ngesikhathi se-hegemony enkulu kakhulu, umbuso waseKushhan ne-Parthia kuphela wawukhona phakathi kwezizwe ezimbili.

Izakhamuzi zaseMedithera yaseChina zazinesithakazelo esiyinhloko ezweni lasolika. Imfihlo yokukhiqizwa kwalendwangu ayizange isuke eMpumalanga ngamakhulu eminyaka. Ngenxa yalokhu, ababusi baseShayina bathola ingcebo engapheli ngokuhweba ngezinto eziwusizo. Kwakuyizikhathi eziyisikhathi sokuthi i- Great Silk Road yaba yinto ejabulisayo , futhi yikuphi izimpahla eziyingqayizivele ezazisentshonalanga ukusuka empumalanga. Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-embassy evela eChina yafika eRoma ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe- Octavian Augustus ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala le-1 AD. E. Abahambi bachitha iminyaka emine emgwaqweni. EYurophu bamangala ngombala ophuzi wesikhumba sabo. AmaRoma ngenxa yalokhu ayekholelwa ukuthi eChina "ezinye izulu."

Ngo-97, ibutho lempi elisempumalanga eliholwa yi-battle of war Ban Chao lihlehliselwe entshonalanga ukuze lijezise abantu abaphangi abaphangi abathengisa izimpahla zabo e-Great Silk Road. Ibutho lahlula iTien Shan eliqhelile futhi lachitha i-Asia Ephakathi. Ngemva kwalolu hambo, izinxusa ezishiya entshonalanga zashiya izincazelo zabo zoMbuso WaseRoma, owawubiza ngokuthi "Daqing" eChina. Abahambi baseMedithera nabo bafinyelela emazweni asempumalanga. Ngo-161, i-ambassy yathunyelwa eLoyoyang, ithunyelwe ngu-Antony Pius. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lezi zihambeli zahamba zaya e-China olwandle olwandle olwandle.

Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaHan, kutholakala indlela elula eya eNdiya, eyahamba ngeBactria ensimini ye-Uzbekistan yanamuhla. Abaphathi babelinakekela izwe eliseNingizimu. E-India, kwakukhona izinto eziningi ezingavamile ezithandekayo amaShayina (kusukela ezinsimbi kuya ezimpondweni ze-rhino kanye nezibhamu ezinkulu). Kodwa-ke, izibopho zenkolo eziphakathi kwezifunda ezimbili sezibaluleke kakhulu. Kuvela eNdiya ukuthi iBuddhism ingena eChina. Lapho bexhumana kakhulu izakhamuzi zala mazwe baba khona, imfundiso yenkolo nenkolelo yezwe eyasakazeka phakathi kwezihloko zombuso waseHan. Iziphathimandla zithumela ngisho nezinkampani ezazifuna ukuthola indlela eya eNdiya nge-Indochina yanamuhla, kodwa lezi zenzo azizange zenziwe ngempumelelo.

Ukuphakama kwamaBhande Aphuzi

Isizukulwane seMpumalanga Han sekwephuzile sabonakala ukuthi cishe bonke ababusi bayo babe esihlalweni sobukhosi ebuntwaneni babo. Lokhu kwaholela ekubuseni kwabo bonke ababhalisa, abacebisi nezihlobo. Amakhosi amiswa futhi anqatshelwe amandla ngabathenwa kanye namakhadi amakhanda asanda kumemezela. Ngakho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-2 ubukhosi bukaHan bufaka isikhathi sokunciphisa kancane kancane.

Ukungabikho kwamandla aphakathi kwamanye umuntu kumuntu omdala futhi onamandla othanda ukungaqiniseki akuzange athembise ukuthi kukhona okuhle kumbuso. Ngo-184, kulo lonke elaseChina, ukuvuvukala kwama-bandage aphuzi kwaqhamuka. Ihlelwe ngamalungu wehlelo elidumile laseTaipindao. Abasekeli bakhe bashumayela endaweni ehluphekayo yabantu abahluphekayo, bengenelisekile ngesimo sabo kanye nokubusa kwabacebile. Imfundiso yehlelo iqinisekisile ukuthi ubukhosi bukaHan kufanele buqothulwe, emva kwalokho inkathi yokuchuma izoqala. Abalimi babekholelwa ukuthi uMesiya Lao Tzu uzoza ukusiza ukwakha umphakathi omuhle futhi onobulungisa. Ukuhlaselwa kwezikhali ezivulekile kwenzeka lapho iqembu selivele linamalungu amamiliyoni ambalwa, futhi ibutho lalo lalilinganiselwa ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane, futhi lesi sibalo sakhula njalo. Ukuwa kobukhosi bukaHane kwenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu kuvuswa okudumile.

Ukuphela kobukhosi buka Han

Impi yamazwe yahlala iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Abahlubuki bahlukunyezwa kuphela ngonyaka ka-204. Amandla ombuso okhubazekile akakwazanga ukuhlela nokuxhasa amabutho ayo ukuze anqobe abampofu abashisekayo. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ubukhosi bempumalanga Han babuthakathaka yizinhlobonhlobo zamabhiliyoni. Abahloniphekile nabanyathelisi abanikela imali emabuthweni beza ukumsiza.

Okuvamile, ukuphatha la mandla, kwasheshe izibalo zezombusazwe ezimele. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ojenene ikakhulukazi avelele Cao Cao futhi Dong Zhuo. Basiza ukunqoba kombuso ka abalimi, kodwa lapho kuqala emhlabeni saphela afeze oda kwamandla futhi engafuni ukucisha. IsiShayina Han Dynasty elahlekile asizakale yayo kanye nempi, okuyinto amashumi amabili eminyaka ukuba wazizwa ngayo amandla ezimele. Abaholi bezombusazwe waqala yempi engapheli nomunye ngethonya nezisetshenziswa.

Esikhathini enyakatho yezwe esungulwe Cao Cao, ngubani amqoba zonke izitha zakhe esifundeni 200. Eningizimu, kuyakuba khona ababili umbusi esanda kubalwa. Kwaba Lyu Bey futhi Sun Quan. Ukuchitheka phakathi ojenene abathathu kwaholela ekuhlukaneni we China kanye united izingxenye ezintathu.

Umbusi lokugcina Han lwamakhosi uMbusi Xian ka Han ngokusemthethweni asiyeke e 220. Ngakho ilizwe laba izingxenye ezihlukahlukene kakade fixed ngokomthetho, nakuba eqinisweni lokhu isimiso sezombangazwe yasungulwa ekupheleni kwekhulu II. Han lwamakhosi iphelile futhi waqala Three Yemibuso. Le nkathi eyathatha iminyaka engu-60 futhi lokhu kwaholela nokwehla kwezomnotho i zokuchitha igazi eside nakakhulu.