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Renaissance - kuba ... Yempucuko: isiko, ubuciko

I Renaissance, eqale e-Italy kwikota yokuqala yekhulu xv, waphenduka izwe ephakathi, ukuyishintsha phakade. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi French noma Italian "Renaissance" - a 'angazalwa ngokusha', okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ukuvuselelwa ubuciko ngamasiko asendulo. Renaissance - intuthuko enkulu lwesintu, ungakwazi akunakungatshazwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, idaliwe izimangaliso imidwebo, ebaziwe yokwakha. Ibhalwe (futhi ishicilelwe) izincwadi ezinkulu. Creations genius womuntu, adalwe amakhosi abadumile bakudala, qhubeka sokujabulisa kuze kube manje futhi ngeke ulahlekelwe charm yayo.

scary Ephakathi

It kubhekwa Eqinisweni owaziwa ukuthi Renaissance indawo Ephakathi, okwakukhona, njengenjwayelo, ebumnyameni, yebo, ezinzima, futhi elinesimo ezihlukahlukene zonya zenkolo - INkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki wezwa konke. Kukhona imithombo ukuthi ukusho nje ukuthi ngenxa namaqhinga esikhohlisayo of the Catholic Church kanye Renaissance kwaba ziyawohloka.

Ngokwengxenye, lo mbono izinto unelungelo ukuba sibe khona, kodwa neze kokufaneleka kwabefundisi kule nqubo kangako. Vele umphakathi wesintu lithuthuka ngemijikelezo, ngoba revolution ngamunye, kulandele yokusabela, kanye Renaissance waba isisulu sokuthunjwa izinqubo ezisemthethweni, ikakhulu njengoba abaningi imibono zawo zazilotshiwe engekho abangenalwazi, singayivumeli kubhubhane eziningi umphakathi ngalezo zikhathi. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba umuntu osesikhundleni yobuntu bakhe kwaphezulu, abampofu, engaphansi, usesimweni njalo ngenxa yokwesaba.

ISonto njengoba yindawo impucuko

Ezinye izazi-mlando ukusola Ephakathi okulungile ezihlukahlukene obugebengu aphambene nobuntu, ngisho nalapho lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithombo ithi thatha inkululeko bathi Ephakathi akazange ukuthuthukisa isayensi. Nokho, amanyuvesi eziningi zanamuhla European avele esizeni Isigodlo wangaphambili (Oxford) noma ngokusebenzisa kwemizamo yabefundisi (Sorbonne).

Akukho iphuzu e bephika ukuthi cishe yonke imfundo kwaba iSonto lasendulo (futhi baqhubeka ukuhlala ngakho iminyaka leminyenti ngaphezulu). Lena wachaza kalula: onesibalo esikhulu abantu aphansi ukufunda bagxila abefundisi kuphela, futhi uma kunjalo - ke ubani ukuba afundise futhi 'engenangqondo ozakwabo ", kodwa izindela nezinye abefundisi?

Ukuthuthukiswa impucuko ngokuqhubekayo. ngezinye izikhathi Ake esintwini kwadingeka ukuthatha isinyathelo emuva, kodwa isiko the Renaissance akasoze eyenzeke kwindlela siyazi ukuthi, ukube kwakungengenxa lidlule indlela olunameva ebumnyameni Ephakathi. Ngakho, umsebenzi omkhulu etemibhalo ngeke ngizalelwe, uma kungukuthi kwandulelwe umsebenzi eminyaka ubudala ka okuyigugu eminingi (omsebenzi wakhe sikubiza temdzabu kuphela ngoba amagama abo ahlale engaziwa). Ukube bezingekho medieval knight Poetics, akunakwenzeka ozoba futhi "ethi The Divine Comedy" Dante Aligeri, kanye sonnets ka Petrarch.

Imbewu kumele iwe ku evundile

Ukuze melanani inkathi edlule kulandela - akamuhle lesifanele. UVoltaire umangalele ukuthi indaba - kuyinganekwane ukuze lapho bonke bavumelana. Akunakwenzeka ukuba aqaphele iqiniso kwalesi ayebatshele zona behlakaniphile. Umlando Yenguquko, isakhiwo mkhuba futhi enezici, ayikwazi ngokuhunyushwa nangokunembile. Kukhona izinguqulo eziningi echaza ngalesi senzakalo esikhulu emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke nesintu, abaningi babo banelungelo khona.

Make esikoleni eqiniseka ukuthi Renaissance abaculi kungazelelwe wathola isiko lasendulo futhi ndawonye baqala ukumlingisa, ukuze hlonishwa njengomphakathi kwendikimba. Phela, izibonelo umsebenzi akayi ndawo art yamaGreki namaRoma, imisebenzi ebalulekile of abalobi basendulo lihunyushwe ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu, kusukela ekhulwini VIII, kodwa akukho Renaissance hhayi sisehlela enye eminyakeni engamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili.

Yiqiniso, ukuwa koMbuso waseRoma Okwesibili (waseConstantinople) ngo-1453, lapho ibutho abaculi ethukile Muslim (hhayi kuphela) baphuthuma West, wahamba nezincwadi umtapo, imifanekiso, futhi (okubaluleke) olwazini nakokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, iye yaba nendima enkulu. Ekugcineni, ithonya art WaseByzantium ku Renaissance ngokungangabazeki. Ake iSonto LamaRoma sinqatshiwe ezithombeni kodwa yena zaziphinde omunye ensimini. Isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu futhi edumile "eSistine Madonna" by Michelangelo nazo zonke umehluko - kokubili ubuchwepheshe kanye ukugcwaliswa - isithombe yowesifazane efanayo nengane efanayo.

I confluence izimo zazizinhle

Imvuselelo senziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba confluence izici eziningi futhi izizathu, enye yazo ngempela ukuthi Renaissance - uhlobo Ukusabela of the Catholic Church, aba nethonya elikhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ingcebo eningi - azinakubalwa, futhi isifiso sokuba namandla - ezinganeliseki. Lesi simo emenza umbhikisho nomphakathi onamandla: okuthukelayo ukujabulela imfundiso enokhahlo futhi ebekiwe yonke imikhakha yempilo ka ukuzila. Le ndoda yayinemibuzo ukuba njalo bazizwa phezu Vishny (ekubeni nobutha) amandla okungaziphuca nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ziwela phezu kwakhe, ukujezisa ngezono zabo. Izidingo ongcwele ephambene isonto kakhulu nemvelo uqobo.

Isici sesibili, yebo, Ukwakheka okusheshayo isimo. amandla Ebhizinisi, ukuthola yokwehlayo anokuhambisana nezimali ezinkulu ukuhola izifundo zakhe, akakuthandi ukuba bavume entendeni emandla akamoya. Izibonelo udlame phakathi kwesonto ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha enamandla - into engavamile emlandweni. Omunye wabo, Yempucuko ukweleta ukufa yayo.

Isizathu sesithathu cishe ngezinga elifanayo iqiniso lokuthi Yempucuko - ngesikhathi lapho empilweni yamasiko kokushiya Isigodlo, lapho yena wagqunywa iminyaka eminingi ngokujabula, futhi ugxile emizini elikhula ngokushesha futhi ngokuya ocebile. Sinzima umbhedesho enquma abaculi ukubhala ngakho nje hhayi ngenye indlela, kuncike ukulinganiselwa nokunye. D. Ayikwazi kubangele ukujabula nabantu abanamakhono ngempela. Babefuna inkululeko, bona besithole.

Okwesine, isimo kubalulekile kokuzalwa Renaissance, kwadingeka imali ngababhuqayo kungase kuzwakale. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane njengoba ligcwele ngalezo zinsuku Italy inzalo esibonga akweleta phuzu Is lowo ashila lesi sitayela okukhulu. Renaissance wazalwa hhayi impilo yobumpofu. I ezinika umculi kumelwe uyolamba, kuyinto untenable. Zonke Renaissance - ubufakazi. UMdali naso kufanele - ngakho udinga Ama-oda, kwabezindaba kanye isikhala ukusetshenziswa ithalente lakhe.

ebusisekile Florence

Konke lokhu litholakala e Florence, futhi sibonga okokugcina kuya umbusi womuzi - Lorenzo le Ezinhle. Igceke ukuthi blistatelen nezicukuthwane. Abadwebi abanamakhono kakhulu, Okugweda futhi bamapulani ezitholakala Lorenzo abavikela okuthembekile. Edolobheni eyakhelwe izigodlo eziningi, amasonto, amasonto neminye imisebenzi yobuciko. Abadwebi zathola imiyalo eminingi.

Njengoba ojwayelekile, ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu Yenguquko, kodwa abanye abacwaningi zihlanganisa elinye - the okuthiwa Protorenessans namanje lihlotshaniswa Ephakathi, kodwa kuthatha ku entsha, egcwele izici ukukhanya. Esinye sezenzakalo eziphawulekayo kakhulu ka isikhathi ukwakhiwa kwalesi Florence Cathedral (XIII ekhulwini) - izindawo ezinkulu nge Interiors elimangalisayo.

ekuseni Renaissance

Emva "pre-ukwelashwa" esiteji by Early Renaissance: iminyaka ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwesikhathi mlando ukubiza kuhle ngazwilinye - kusukela 1420 kuya eminyakeni 1500. Eighty kwathatha ukuqeda canons esiqinile wabizela yisonto, kanye namagugu amadlozi ekhazimulayo. Phakathi nale nkathi, alingise onobuhle lasendulo iba omkhulu. Izithombe zomzimba womuntu nqunu nge reflection ngothando kwemisipha encane kunazo zonke futhi emithanjeni elinesimo entsha, elingaziwa kubo amaKatolika aseYurophu isitayela. Renaissance baba ingoma wangempela ubuhle umhlaba, ngezinye izikhathi sung amafomu nezisobala ezinjalo, okwakuyoholela esabisa izilaleli ukuthi eminyakeni engaba ngu-ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu edlule.

Asinakusho ukuthi kule mikhuba bathole ukuqonda phakathi kwazo zonke ababephila ngesikhathi Babelwela oshisekayo ne Renaissance, okuyinto ngemisebenzi yalo emkhakheni obscurantism safinyelela ezingabazisayo nenkazimulo yaphakade. Isibonelo esiyinhloko salokhu inhloko yabangamashumi Florentine Dominican sezindela - Savonarola. Yena wayengumbulali umhlaziyi zisetshenziswa ka sezifundo "ukuziphatha ngendlela engafanele" futhi akazange anqikaze ushise umkhiqizo, ngakho-ke ubuyophazamiseka. Phakathi ukulahlekelwa irretrievable - imidwebo eziningana amakhosi adumile kwenkathi, kuhlanganise Sandro Botticelli. Izandla zakhe basonta enjalo ezidumile Yenguquko, njengoba "Ukuzalwa Venus", "Spring", "Kristu futhi athweswe umqhele wameva." Mangisho ukuthi imidwebo cishe yonke abasindile umbhali enikelwe izingqikithi kweBhayibheli, futhi indoda yesimanje kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi kungase kubaphazamise eDominican ezinzima.

Nokho, inqubo saqalwa, futhi ngemva kwaba okusemandleni ukuze uwumise. Savonarola washona ngo 1498, kanti imvuselelo waqhubeka ehamba kuleli zwe, banqoba idolobha elisha - Rome, Venice, nase-Milan, eNaples.

Phakathi abameleli enhle kakhulu futhi isici ekuseni Renaissance umqophi Donatello ngokuthi, abadwebi Giotto futhi Masaccio. Phakathi nale nkathi, e Umdwebo aqalwa isicelo imithetho ngombono, evulekile ekhulwini xv. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kamuva ukwakha ngakuthathu, ukucinga indikimba yendaba ezintathu-ntathu of the Renaissance - lokhu ngaphambili ayitholakali kubaculi.

Umklamo we-vector yentuthuko okwengeziwe owabuzwa Filippo Brunelleschi, udala Dome omangalisayo Santa Maria del Fiore.

Renaissance okusezingeni eliphezulu

Isiqongo kwenkathi kwaba yinkathi wesithathu Renaissance - High Renaissance. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa iminyaka engu-27 kuphela (1500-1527) futhi lihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi amakhosi esikhulu, esimagama aso bayazazi yilowo nalowo kithina: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo futhi Raphael.

Ngalesi sikhathi, inhloko-dolobha yamasiko Europe lisuswe kusuka Florence eRoma. Pope entsha uJulius II (esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1503) wayeyindoda esingavamile, Admirer enkulu yobuciko umnikazi ngempela enomqondo ovulekile. Ukube bekungekhona ukuthi umusa yomuntu engokomoya, abantu ngeke babone imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko okuyinto kubhekwa iparele nakumasiko emhlabeni.

Amakhosi engcono, bezibonakalisa bengamaKristu ubuhlakani, ukuthola oda eziningi. City eyisimanga ukwakhiwa. Architects, Okugweda futhi abadwebi side by side (futhi ngezinye izikhathi "bakubheka isikhundla") ukusebenza, ukudala imisebenzi yabo siqu ongafi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingabe laklanywa futhi waqala ukwakhiwa Basilica iSt Peter sika - ethempelini edume kakhulu futhi ezinkulu we enkolweni yamaKatolika.

Umdwebo we eSistine Chapel, Michelangelo wenza isandla sakhe ngabo, emelela lonke incazelo, ubuhle nobuhle, owasinika lo Renaissance abaculi, abakhethe maphakathi yakhe yonke, indoda (yebo, ngonobumbakazi): nenhlalakahle olunjengolukaNkulunkulu, umdali, okuyinto amathuba cishe angenamkhawulo.

Konke luphela

Ngo-1523 uPapa baba uClement VII njengombusi, futhi ngokushesha bahileleka impi uMbusi Carlos V, udala okuthiwa Coniacian league, ezazihlanganisa Italian lizisho omkhulu eFlorence, Milan, Venice, nase-France. Upapa engafuni ahlanganyele ukubusa abakwaHabsburg futhi kwadingeka bakhokhele ukulala naso Lomuzi Waphakade. Ngo-1527, ibutho uCharles V sika, isikhathi eside ayitholanga iholo (Emperor bayisaphaze imali phakathi nempi), kuqala bevimbezela futhi wabe esephuma futhi aphanga eRoma ngo izigodlo zalo namathempeli. umuzi omkhulu depopulated, kanye High Renaissance yabhujiswa.

Encyclopedia Britannica ithi njengoba ephelele okuqinisekile komlando Renaissance, ikhulu leminyaka (1420-1527) abusa i-Italy elibusisiweyo iphelile. Labo bengavumelani ne drafters lwemibhalo edume kakhulu emhlabeni, ngokuthi inkathi, lwaqala ngemva 1530, ngasekupheleni Renaissance futhi basalokhu bengakakwazi nivumelana, futhi uma iphelile. Kukhona ama-agumenti esivuna 1590s kanye 1620s, ngisho 1630s, kodwa neze abanye imiphumela asalile kungenzeka izimpawu inkathi.

epoch ukonakala

Ngaleso sikhathi, imicimbi yamasiko wehlukile kakhulu, kukhona izitayela okuyinto abhekwa zokubonisa isimo esibucayi futhi ukonakala ubuciko (ezifana Florentine banomkhuba). It libhekene a pretentiousness ezithile, okuwundendende, gxila "umqondo umculi", itholakala kuphela kumbuthano emincane Ongoti. Ukuqopha, izakhiwo kanye Umdwebo Renaissance owayehlala asuke efuna ngokuvumelana wakhala postures ezingezona ezemvelo, whorls engapheli kanye nemibala ezinkulukazi umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya izitayela ezintsha emhlabeni art.

Nokho, ngenkathi ukhuluma ngani Ukubhujiswa kokugcina Yempucuko ekuseni. Kwamanye amadolobha Italian abaculi wayesaphila Yenguquko, abahlale bethembekile emasikweni okukhulu. Ngakho, i-Titian okukhulu, okungase uthathwa njengoba ummeleli bhá Yenguquko, wasebenza Venice kuze 1576.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Italy naseYurophu lapho ubhekene nezikhathi ezinzima. Ukulandela iyoke yenzeke kuleli nenkululeko Ephakathi owaletha nalo kwenkathi Yenguquko, kwavela ukusabela okukhulu. Reformed yeHhovisi Elingcwele waphinda wathatha izintambo ezandleni zabo. On ezindaweni zishiswe imililo - ekudleni komlilo kanye izihlubuki, futhi imisebenzi yabo.

It labhujiswa cishe zonke izincwadi ezenziwe entsha uPapa Paul IV LamaRoma "Inkomba lwezincwadi ezinqatshelwe" (ngaphambi nje kokuba uhlu elihambisana yashicilelwa eNetherlands, Paris kanye Venice). Ekuqhubeni Ezihlubuki beyimabhombo, ngoba the Renaissance kwavela yokunyathelisa - ekupheleni kwekhulu xv Gutenberg wakwazi ukwakha iBhayibheli lokuqala elinyathelisiwe. Izimemezelo zezihlubuki ehlakazekile abaphika Yenguquko, yebo, hhayi izigidi, kodwa nobaba ongcwele kwadingeka ukwenza okuthile.

Izazi-mlando zithi ushushiso senkolo e-Italy babe abesabekayo eYurophu - retribution nesihluku i engu-inkululeko nobuhle.

Northern Renaissance - omunye izenzakalo Yenguquko

Ngokuvamile, lapho sikhuluma Yenguquko, cabanga Italian Renaissance - into wazalwa wafinyelela nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo lapha. Namuhla, e-Italy, kwafika lonke idolobha kubhekwe njengento izikhumbuzo bokwakha, umdwebo bese ebaziwe kwenkathi.

Kodwa-ke, phakathi Apennines Yenguquko inkathi wayengekho elinganiselwe. Okubizwa ngokuthi Northern Renaissance umsuka e-Europe, eduze maphakathi nekhulu XVI futhi wanika ezweni imisebenzi eminingi yamandla. Isici nobuntu lesi sitayela waba nethonya enkulu ephakathi art Gothic. Lapha ifa lasendulo elinikwe amehlo kangako, kokubili e-Italy futhi ubuqili anatomy ukukhombisa nandaba ngaphezulu. Ngu abadali ngenkathi Northern Renaissance kukhona Dürer, Van Eyck, Cranach. Esikhathini izincwadi, lo mcimbi kwaphawulwa imisebenzi kaShakespeare futhi Cervantes.

Ithonya Renaissance isiko alikwazi overstated: likhulu kakhulu. Ukuchaza kabusha nezicebisayo isiko lasendulo, Yempucuko wadala yakhe - futhi, kuye kwanikeza isintu omningi imisebenzi okungenakufa yobuciko ngokuqinisekile ngcono umhlaba esiphila kuwo.

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