KumiswaIndaba

Ubukhulu Novgorod. Izici Zabantu ubukhulu Novgorod

Maphakathi nekhulu le-12 e Kievan Rus kwamiswa 15 principalities ezincane nezinkulu. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, inani labo sekuvamile ukuba 50. Ukuwa isimo kwadingeka elibi hhayi nje (attenuation phambi ayehlasela amaMongol), kodwa futhi omuhle.

Russia esikhathini kwehlukana izinduna

Kwezinye principalities izigodi waqala ukukhula okusheshayo emadolobheni waqala ukwakha nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwane nokuhwebelana aseBaltic namaJalimane. Obonakalayo babe noshintsho amasiko endawo: zemihla ngemihla zadalwa, ukwakha izindawo ezintsha kanye nokuningi.

Amazwe Okukhulu

In the state kwakukhona principalities eziningana ezinkulu. Lezi, ngokukhethekile, kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento Chernihiv, Kyïv, Seversk. Nokho, ngobukhulu abangu sacabangela izici ezintathu: Galicia-Volhynia eningizimu-ntshonalanga, Novgorod futhi uVladimir-Suzdal e enyakatho-mpumalanga. Lawa kwakungamadodana izikhungo main zombusazwe isimo ngaleso sikhathi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke kwadingeka izici zawo siqu ehlukile. Manje, ake sixoxe ngalokho babe izici ubukhulu Novgorod.

Uhlolojikelele

Kusengenzeka imisuka akucaci kahle ngokuphelele, kusukela olwaqala ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ubukhulu Novgorod. Ukukhuluma bokuqala umuzi omkhulu esifundeni basonta ngonyaka 859-th. Nokho, kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyilapho mlando akawasebenzisanga amarekhodi sezulu (ayebonakala 10-11 ekhulwini), futhi eqoqwe labo legends ezibe ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu. Ngemva iRussia yathatha izintambo isiko WaseByzantium izindaba kwakhiwa, abalobi kwadingeka ngiwaqambe, ngokuzimela kulinganiswa usuku ngaphambi kokuqala amarekhodi sezulu. Yiqiniso, lena ukuphola olungalungile kude, ngakho musa umethembe elandelayo ngokuphelele.

Ubukhulu "Novgorod Land"

Yayiyini esifundeni endulo? Novgorod kusho "omusha edolobheni." Umuzi e Rus lasendulo elibizwa isiphetho zizungezwe izindonga. Abavubukuli bathole nemizana emithathu atholiwe endaweni, okuyinto bekwi-ubukhulu Novgorod. Isikhundla ezindawo ka ezindaweni ebekiwe kwelinye zemihla. Ngokusho endaweni ulwazi ebhange kwesokunxele Volkhov (kukhona manje ezibiyele).

Nge kwesikhathi nemizana benziwe eyodwa. Izakhamuzi eyakhelwe amandla jikelele. Ubethula ngokuthi Novgorod. Umcwaningi Bow yasungulwa umbono ekhona kakade ukuthi eyandulela zomlando zomuzi entsha laliwumuzi wasendulo. Laliqhele kancane ephakeme eduze umthombo Volkhov. Ngokusho zemihla ngemihla, komnikazi lasendulo kwaba isiphetho enezivikelo eziqinile. Yahlala izikhulu ubukhulu Novgorod nababusi babo. mlando zendawo ngisho wazwakalisa ngempela nokucabanga ngokugqamile ukuthi yokuhlala ayephila futhi Rurik. Kuyona inikele konke lokhu, kungashiwo ukuthi isiphetho sale ndaba kanye ubukhulu Novgorod. Geographical indawo imibhoshongo angabhekwa njengephuzu lokuphikisa ezengeziwe. Lwalumi phezu iVolga-Baltic indlela futhi kubhekwe ngesikhathi umsebenzi wezandla kahle esikhulu futhi izikebhe, ezempi kanye iphuzu zokuphatha.

Izici Zabantu ubukhulu Novgorod

Ekhulwini lokuqala khona, le ndawo lalilincane (ngezindinganiso zanamuhla). Novgorod kwaba lokhuni ngokuphelele. Laliqhele ku ezimbili izinhlangothi emfuleni, okuyinto kwaba ngempela into eyingqayizivele, ngoba ngokuvamile nemizana babe egqumeni futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Abakhileyo bokuqala bakhela izindlu zabo eduze kwamanzi, kodwa hhayi eduze kakhulu kuwo, ngoba labo abakhahlanyezwe yizikhukhula kunalokho njalo. Streets ezakhiwa perpendicular Volkhov. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwangena a 'abhidlize ukuphuma "kwindlela ukuthi wagijima parallel emfuleni. On ibhange kwesokunxele izindonga aphakeme we Kremlin. Ngaleso sikhathi-ke lalilincane kakhulu kunaleyo oma Novgorod namuhla. Ngakolunye yasebhange edolobhaneni elise Manor Slovenian futhi enkantolo kwesikhulu.

zemihla Russian

ubukhulu Novgorod ezishiwo amarekhodi lincane ngokwanele. Nokho, le mininingwane bambalwa yinzuzo. Encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla sangomhla 882, ngonyaka, wakhuluma umkhankaso Prince Oleg Kiev kusukela Novgorod. Ngenxa yalokho, thina ehlangene ezinkulu Eastern izizwe ezimbili Slavic: Fields futhi Ilmen lwamaSlav. Kungaleso sikhathi futhi iqala indaba Old isimo Russian. Record 912, ngonyaka zisikisela ukuthi ubukhulu Novgorod ikhokhwe Scandinavians ngonyaka 300 hryvnia e ekugcinweni kokuthula.

Amarekhodi bezinye izizwe

ubukhulu Novgorod ezishiwo zemihla WaseByzantium. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi uConstantine VII wabhala mayelana Rousseau ekhulwini 10. Ngo le milando zaseScandinavia sahlanganisa ubukhulu Novgorod. I zinganekwane bokuqala uvele kusukela wokubusa bakwa-Sviatoslav. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, phakathi kwamadodana akhe amabili Oleg futhi Yaropolk a emzabalazweni. Esikhathini 977 ngonyaka th empini kwenzeke. Ngenxa yalokho, it Jaropolk wanqoba amabutho Oleg futhi baba Grand Duke, utshaleke Novgorod posadniks yabo. Kwakukhona futhi umzalwane lwesithathu. Kodwa ukwesaba kokuba ibulewe, uVladimir wabalekela eScandinavia. Nokho, akhe ngabikho kwakuhunyushwa ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela. Ngo 980, ngonyaka wabuyela ubukhulu Novgorod nge amaViking esiqashiwe. Khona-ke wanqoba posadniks futhi zayiswa Kiev. Kube Jaropolk uVladimir wagudluzwa livela esihlalweni sobukhosi futhi waba iNkosi Kiev.

inkolo

Novgorod ubukhulu isici kuyobe akuphelele uma asizange nhlobo sikhulume mayelana ukubaluleka kokukholwa izimpilo zabantu. I 989 wabhapathizwa. Okokuqala, kwaba ekhatsi Kiev, bese eNovgorod. Amandla anda ngezithukuthuku inkolo yobuKristu futhi ubudlelwane phakathi kokukodwa nokuningi yayo. Inhlangano ibandla elakhiwa phezu kwalo ngendlela phezulu. It isibe yithuluzi elinamandla kumiswa wekuba sive Russian. Ngonyaka umbhaphathizo Novgorod wathunyelwa Joachim Korsunianin (umpristi WaseByzantium). Kodwa, mangisho ukuthi ubuKristu nje lajwayeleka. Izakhamuzi eziningi babe ekujaheni sokumukisa okholweni wawoyise. Ngokusho abavubukuli, amasiko amaningi yobuqaba ngasinda kuze kufinyelele 11-13 eminyaka. Futhi, isibonelo, Mardi Gras kuyinto lodumo namuhla. Nakuba leli holide wanginika Umbala yobuKristu.

Umsebenzi Yaroslava

Ngemva uVladimir baba iSikhulu Kiev, wathunyelwa Novgorod Vysheslav indodana, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe - Yaroslav. Igama wesibili umzamo ahlobene ukuqeda ithonya Kiev. Kusukela 1014, unyaka Yaroslav wenqaba ukukhokha intela. UVladimir sezwa ngalokho, waqala ukuqongelela squad, kodwa ngesikhathi elungiswa ngokuzuma. Enyukele sobukhosi Svyatopolk Damned. Wabulala abafowabo Svyatoslav Drevlyansky futhi kamuva ubalwe njengenye saint futhi Boris Gleb. Yaroslav ubekade ngempela esimweni esinzima. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayengumuntu neze ekuthatheni izintambo eKiev. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi - isikwati wawungenawo amandla. Khona-ke wanquma baphendukela Novgorod inkulumo. UJaroslav wanxusa abantu ukuba ziyombamba Kiev, ukubuyela ngaleyo ndlela ngokwabo emuva konke sasuswa ngesimo inkokhiso. Izakhamuzi wavuma, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile Battle of Liubech Svyatopolk ukuthi ikhanda wanqoba futhi wabalekela Poland.

kuzokwenzekani

Ngo 1018, unyaka, kanye ithimba Boleslaw (ubaba yomkakhe bese Inkosi yase-Poland) Svyatopolk ebuyela eRussia. Empini balwa nemibuso Yaroslav ngokuphelele (wagijima namabutho ezine kusukela emkhakheni). Wayefuna ukuya Novgorod, bese ahlela ukuthuthela eScandinavia. Kodwa abantu ngeke makenze it. Bagawula zonke Ehlasela, imali eqoqwe, futhi ibutho elisha, okuvumela Prince ukuqhubeka ukulwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, siqiniseka ukuthi ihlala ngokuqinile ngokwanele sobukhosi Svyatopolk babexabana neNkosi yase-Poland. Zibancishe ukwesekwa, walahlekelwa empini Alta. UJaroslav emva kwempi Novgorod ezikhishwe ekhaya, ebanikeza izitifiketi ekhethekile - "Nangeqiniso" nesithi "Articles of Association". Ngokusho kwakhe, kwadingeka ukuba aphile. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandela, ama-ubukhulu Novgorod kwakuxhomeke Kiev. Okokuqala abe ngumbusi Yaroslav wathumela indodana yakhe u-Ilya. Khona-ke wathumela uVladimir, okwathi ngo 1044, unyaka wabeka inqaba. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-umyalo wakhe uqalwe nokwakhiwa yesonto entsha itshe esikhundleni UZandile sokhuni (okuyinto washisa). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ithempeli lifanekisela ingokomoya Novgorod.

isimiso sezombusazwe

Yena yanda kancane kancane. nezikhathi ezimbili ivelele emlandweni. Ekuqaleni kwakukhona republic amakhosi asendulo, okuyinto lalibuswa kokwesikhulu. Futhi yesibili - control ingeyamakhosi oligarchy. Phakathi nenkathi kuqala ku ubukhulu Novgorod yayikhona zonke izitho ezinkulu kahle kwemandla embuso. Institute Ephakeme uyazicabangela Boyarsky UMkhandlu kanye nesiKhulu Chamber. Amandla esiphezulu ukuthi athweswe tysyatsky nezinkantolo kwesikhulu, burgomaster, imeya, volosteli nokulawula volostelyami. Funky waba nencazelo ekhethekile. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi njengegunya eliphakeme lapha futhi ngajabulela amandla bukhulu kunalobu obunye principalities. Funky ixazululwe nezindaba imvelo ezifuywayo angaphandle, wadingiswa noma wakhetha umbusi, suburban kanye nezinye izikhulu. Iphinde kuba inkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke. Enye somzimba oPhethe boyars. Lesi sitho wayegxilile lonke ukuphathwa uhlelo ezisemadolobheni. Ukwakheka uMkhandlu yahanjelwa ovelele ezicukuthwaneni, abadala, tysyatskiye, posadniki, kusho u-Archbishop futhi Prince. Kwamandla yombusi wawumncane kanzima izici ivolumu, kodwa nakanjani umholi imizimba ukuphathwa. okuxoxwe candidacy Okokuqala kwesikhulu esizayo kwakuyisizathu oPhethe boyars. Ngemva kwalokho, wamenywa ukuba basayine kuciniswa inkontileka. It ezilungisiwe ngesimo esingokomthetho nesimo nezibopho iziphathimandla maqondana umbusi. Isikhulu wayehlala enkantolo yakhe emaphethelweni Novgorod. Umbusi kwadingeka ilungelo lokwenza imithetho, zimemezele impi noma ukuthula. Bekanye Posadnik Prince wayala ibutho. I izingqinamba etholakalayo akazange avumele ababusi ukuhlanganisa edolobheni wazibeka isikhundla elawulwa.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.