Izindaba neNhlanganoImvelo

Savannah: inhlabathi, izimila nezilwane. Ngumuphi umhlabathi okhona phakathi kwe-savanna?

I-Savannah yindawo engokwemvelo enezihlahla ezinotshani ezindaweni zenhlabathi ezibomvu. Le ndawo eyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo (i-PC) isakazwa phakathi kwamahlathi ashisayo kanye nama-desert aphansi. Indawo engaphezu kuka-40% ye-Afrika ithatha indawo enkulu ye-savannah. Izitshalo zombala obomvu zakhiwa ngaphansi kwezimila ezinotshani obuningi kanye nezinhlobo zezitshalo, izibonelo ezingavamile zezihlahla kanye nezihlahla.

Ihlathi elishisayo-i-steppe

I-Savannah, ngaphandle kwe-Afrika, ivamile e-Australia nase-Indian subcontinent. Lolu hlobo lwe-PC luhlanganisa i-campos neLlanos eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika. Ngokuvamile baqhathanisa i-savanna ne-forest-steppe yebhande elithuthumayo lase-Eurasia. Kunokufana okunye, kodwa kukhona umehluko omkhulu. Izici eziyinhloko ezichaza ama-savan:

  • Umhlabathi onokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-humus;
  • Izimila ezibandayo;
  • Izihlahla nezihlahla ezinekhanda elibhaliwe;
  • Imfuyo ecebile nehlukahlukene (ngokuphambene nezinyawo, igcinwa).

I-Campos - i-savan e-Highlands yaseBrazil - ikhiwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemiphakathi yezitshalo. I-Serrados ihlukaniswe ngokutholakala kwezihlahla ezincane nezihlahla. Imikhawulo yakha amahlumela aphezulu. I-Llanos ezinhlangothini zombili zoMfula i -Orinoco eNingizimu Melika zigcwele utshani obuluhlaza kanye namaqembu ahlukene ahlahla (amasundu).

I-Savannah yase-Afrika. Umhlaba kanye nesimo sezulu

Indawo yehlathi elishisayo-i-steppe isendawenikazi elishisayo cishe engama-40% ensimu.
ENyakatho Yezwe Elisha, ama-savan afinyelela emahlane asemadolobheni angama-16-18 °, eduze neLake Chad kanye namatshe aseSahara. Umngcele wokusatshalaliswa kwale PC yokwehla eningizimu yiTropic yaseNingizimu. I-Savannah ihlala ezindaweni ezihlala phansi futhi iphakame kakhulu endaweni ephakeme yase-East Africa.

Izinhlobo zezulu ezithandwa kakhulu yiziqu ezifudumeleyo nezishisayo. Ichazwe kahle phakathi nonyaka izinkathi ezimbili - zimanzi futhi zomile. Isikhathi sezimvula sinciphisa lapho sisuka e-equator siya ezindaweni ezishisayo kusukela ezinyangeni ezingu-7 kuya kwezingu-3-4. NgoJanuwari, lapho isikhathi semvula siqala eNyakatho Hemisphere, iNingizimu Yezwe YaseNingizimu Yomhlaba iyaqala. Ingqikithi yomswakama ifinyelela ku-800-1200 mm / ngonyaka. I-coefficient ye-humidity - engaphansi kwe-1 (okwanele imvula). Izingosi zomuntu ngamunye zithola umswakama omncane (ngaphansi kuka 0.5-0.3).

Luhlobo luni lomhlabathi emasimini olwakhiwa ezimweni ezinjalo zezulu? Ngenkathi yemvula, izakhi zihlanza ngokunamandla ngamanzi ezingeni eliphansi. Uma isikhathi esomile sifika, into ephikisanayo iyabonakala - izixazululo zenhlabathi ziyakhula.

Uhlobo lwezitshalo nesimo sezulu

Ngemuva kokuthola umswakama, ihlathi elishisayo-i-steppe e-Afrika liyaphila. Ama-shades aphuzi okwesibhakabhaka anesitshalo esomile athathwa esikhundleni semifino emerald. Amaqabunga akhula kulezo zihlahla kanye nezihlahla lapho amaqabunga ehla khona ngesikhathi sesomiso, utshani bubekwe ngokusheshisa, ngezinye izikhathi lufinyelela emamitha amathathu ukuphakama. Umhlaba wezitshalo nezilwane ze-savanna yase-Afrika yenziwa ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu. Izimo zokushisa kanye ne-humidification kuxhomeke endaweni yendawo yesayithi.

Kuseduze nomngcele wamahlathi ase-equatorial, inkathi yemvula ihlala cishe izinyanga ezingu-9. Lapha kuphakanyiswa i-savanna ende eluhlaza; Amaqembu ezihlahla nezihlahla ziningi kakhulu. Kukhona imimosa nemithi yesundu, okwakhiwa izigodi zamagquma eduze kwezigodi zomfula. Ummeli othakazelisayo kakhulu wombuso wesitshalo we-savanna yi-baobab. Isiqu somuthi ngokuvamile sifinyelela ku-45 m ku-girth.

Njengoba usuka e-equator bese usondela ezindaweni ezishisayo, inkathi yemvula iyancipha, ama-savannah ajwayelekile akhula. Umngcele onobude obuncane umhlaba uthola umswakama izinyanga ezintathu ngonyaka. Imifino, eyakhiwa ezimweni ezimile, ibhekisela kuhlobo lwe-desert lwe-savannah. Ngama-50 ° C ahluke kancane kusukela ehlane. Abantu baseNyakatho Afrika babiza lezi zindawo zemvelo ngokuthi "sahel", izakhamuzi zaseNingizimu Afrika - "isihlahla".

Yimuphi umhlabathi okhona kule savanna

Umhlabathi wehlathi elishisayo-i-steppe ngumbala obomvu obomvu, obanika izinsimbi zensimbi. Lolu hlobo lubonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-humus - kusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-3%. Ingxenye ephakathi yephrofayli iqukethe ama-clays, engezansi yindawo engapheli-carbonate. Izici ezingenhla zijwayelekile eMpumalanga Afrika, engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwekazi lase-Australia nasezindaweni ezihlukene zaseNingizimu Melika.

Luhlobo luni lomhlabathi e-savanna oluyokwakhiwa, kuxhomeke ekutheni luhlobo luni. Ngenkathi eyomile isikhathi eside, i-humus iqoqa ngenxa yokubola kancane kancane kwezimila. Inhlabathi evundile eningi eSannah eyomile ye-Afrika kanye nama-Steppes aseNingizimu Melika. Ngokugcoba njalo, isakhiwo se-granular noma igobolondo senziwa emhlabathini (ukuqina kanzima).

Izinhlobo zenhlabathi

Ngaphakathi kwendawo eyodwa yemvelo, inani elihlukile lemvula liyaphuma, kanti izinkathi ezomile ziyahluka esikhathini eside. Izici zokukhululeka nezimo zezulu zibeka impendulo ngohlobo lwezitshalo ze-savanna. Imhlabathi ikhiwa ngokusebenzisana kwazo zonke izici zinkimbinkimbi yemvelo. Isibonelo, izinsalela zezitshalo endaweni ehlathini yamaxhaphozi asinaso isikhathi sokubola, izakhi zihlanjululwa yimvula enkulu.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlabathi yesibhakabhaka ebomvu ye-ferralite yamahlathi ase- equatorial belt , ama-savannas aqoqa ama-humus amaningi. Ngenxa yesikhathi esomile, kukhona ukuwohloka okuncane kwezinsalela zezitshalo nokubunjwa kwe-humus. Uhlobo oluphakathi - ama-red ferralite ama-substrate amahlathi aguquguqukayo. Ngaphansi kwe-savannas ye-cereal ikhona ikakhulukazi enhlabathini ye-lateritic nebomvu-obomvu. Umhlabathi omnyama wenziwa ngaphansi kohlobo olomile lwendawo yendalo. Njengoba beya ezindaweni eziwugwadule, bashintsha indawo enobomvu obomvu. Umbala obomvu noma obomvu noma obomvu obunomhlabathi uthola ngenxa yokuqoqwa kwe-iron ions.

Wildlife Savannah

Imfuyo yasehlathini elishisayo-i-steppe iyamangalisa futhi ihluke ngokumangalisayo. Kukhona abamele bonke amaqembu ezinkomo zasendle. Izibhamu, izinyoka, izinyoka, izindlovu, amavubu, ama-rhinoceroses, amabhuji asendle athola ukudla e-savanna, efihla ekushiseni kosuku noma imvula. Nomaphi lapho kukhona khona izidalwa zobumba ezakhiweni ezihlala phansi ezivuselela ubuso bomhlaba we-savannah. Izitshalo zakhiwe yizicabucabu kanye namagundane amancane, zihlale zinezinkumbi ezinotshini - izinyoka nezinye izilwane ezinwabuzelayo. Izilwane ezinkulu - izingonyama, amahlombe - ngokufihla zifihla utshani obuphezulu ukuhlasela isisulu ngokungalindelekile.

Izintshe ziziphatha ngokucophelela: ukukhula okuphakeme nentamo ende kuvumela inyoni enkulu ukuba ibone ingozi ngesikhathi bese ifihla ikhanda. Izakhamuzi eziningi ze-savanna zibalekela izidakamizwa. Ukuqothulwa ibanga elide kungabhekana nezilwane ezimbi: amaqanda, amabhasi, ama-antelope, ama-buffalo. Ama-giraffes adla amaqabunga amancane emithini ephakeme kakhulu, futhi ogwini lwamachibi asezintabeni zotshani zivule amavubu angabonakali.

Ezolimo emazweni aseSana nasezinkuni

Izindawo ezibalulekile zehlathi elishisayo-i-Australia neNingizimu Melika zisetshenziselwa udlelo futhi zikhule ukotini, ummbila, amantongomane. Ezolimo zaseNdiya nase- Afrika, ama-savannas nezinkuni ziyasetshenziswa . Umhlabathi wombala obomvu obomvu uvundile uma uswakanyiswe futhi uqhutshwa kahle. Isiko lesitshalo esiphansi kanye nokuntuleka kokubuyisela kuholele ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo zokukhukhula. Indawo yaseSahel e-Afrika insimu yesimiso sezulu samanje esabangelwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezici zemvelo kanye ne-anthropogenic.

Izinkinga zokulondoloza inhlabathi ye-savanna

Imvelo ye-Afrika iyashintsha ngaphansi kwethonya lomuntu: amahlathi ayanqunywa, i-savanna iyalinywa. Imifino nezilwane zithinteka kakhulu yi-anthropogenic factor. Inombolo yezilwane ezidliwayo kanye nabangenayo iminyango isinciphisa, isibalo samantombazane sisengozini. Ukwephulwa kwesembozo semifino ngesikhathi sokulima i-savanna noma ukutshala kwemithi kuholela ekubhujisweni okusheshayo kwenhlabathi. Izikhukhula ziphulukisa isendlalelo esivundile esingenhla, sitshengisa ubuningi obukhulu bomhlabathi nezinsimbi zensimbi. Ihlanganiswe ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa kwezinga eliphezulu lomoya. Izenzakalo ezinjalo zenzeka ezindaweni zokulima okujulile nokudla. Inhlabathi enobomvu yemifino ifuna ukuvikelwa nokubuyiselwa ezindaweni ezinkulu emazweni asathuthuka ase-Afrika naseLatin America.

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