Ethology - isayensi yokuziphatha isilwane

Man kwenzeka ukuba bagcine ukuziphatha izilwane, bazama ukuqonda futhi ukuwuqonda ngolimi lwabo. Kukhona isayensi ekhethekile yokuziphatha yezilwane. Mayelana futhi mayelana into isifundo sakhe kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni.

Uyini cwaningo yokuziphatha yezilwane?

ukuziphatha Animal kusukela umbono izisekelo begazi lithathelwe isilwane kwendawo ezihlala izifundo ethology. Igama elithi ngesiGreki lisho "ekutadisheni nemvelo." Kuyinto isayensi yokuziphatha isilwane endle. Abantu ababeka efanele wahlanganyela ekutadisheni imikhuba yezilwane, ethologists, ukukhokhela ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ukuze ukuziphatha zofuzo isilungisiwe. Futhi watadisha izinhlobo zokuziphatha isilwane, echaza isipiliyoni yazuza inqubo yentuthuko zomlando. Njengoba Izazi zawo owasungula K. Lorenz noN Tinbergen isayensi yokuziphatha yezilwane linemigomo ezilandelayo:

• ukuhlonza izimbangela izenzo zokuziphatha kwezilwane;
• funda indlela kumiswa isenzo ekuziphatheni ukuthuthukiswa ngalinye isilwane;
• ukuthola ukuthi yini kubaluleke ngani emphilweni isilo;
• baqonde indlela ukuziphendukela isenzo kokuziphatha.

Imibuzo ethology ecacile, kodwa mayelana nocwaningo izindlela izingxabano. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa bona nibaningi, futhi lokho kungaba kuphela ukwenza kokuma ezimweni zemvelo. I umbono abasekeli ethology womuntu kuyehla kube ukuqashelwa kwelungelo ukubukela izilwane imvelo yizenzo zabantu. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ethology unelungelo lokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola isilwane Psychology: yokumodela, ucwaningo, ucwaningo.

imikhuba yezilwane

Ethologists ukuhlola ukuziphatha njengoba enemisebenzi isilwane nokuxhumana imvelo. Ukuziphatha kusho noma yimuphi umsebenzi ngalo ziphephile ngabanye. Okunqumayo imigomo emibili: yokusabela ebumbeneko begazi futhi ifomu yokuziphatha. Ukuhlanganisa ikhaliphe ephawula ukuphendula ebumbeneko. ifomu eziphilayo yokuziphatha ibizwa ngokuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi elihambisana izigaba impilo ukuziphatha, isibonelo, ukudla, ukuzivikela, ucwaningo, kanye nezinye umzali.

Ngenxa kokuma izilwane zawo ngokwemvelo, isayensi yokuziphatha yezilwane isinqume ukuthi, isibonelo, izinja zidle ukudla uketshezi namanzi, bemi, elele phansi ukudla izingcezu okuqinile - Udla ukuziphatha. Ukunakekela nenzalo yabo phakathi amabhere njengoba bear izinyanga eziningana isezandleni amawundlu e umhume, uyazondla, bawuphundle izinqolobane zalo - oqaphela ukuziphatha komzali.

Lapho kufanelekile observation ethologists?

ulwazi Ethological kuyadingeka, ikakhulukazi ukuchaza ukuziphatha izilwane. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa abashushumbisi ethologists emsebenzini, enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba uthuthukise ulwazi ekhona mayelana izilwane, ukuze sandise ulwazi ukuziphatha kwabo.

Isayensi imikhuba yezilwane inikeza ulwazi oludingekayo e nemfuyo. kokuma Ethological abesifazane egqoke udoti uvumele abelusi ukucacisa lapho ongakulindela ukulethwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ebona ukuthi inkomo baba udlubulunda, njalo siguqula isikhundla, ukuzama ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, umfuyi uyaqonda ukuthi kudingeka alungiselele ukuvela ilungu elisha yepulazi. Ngokubuka indlela amahhashi ukuphakamisa onesimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwalezi zilwane. Umlimi noma umqeqeshi kufanele inake ulwazi ethological, ebonisa ukuthi ihhashi abantu ngikhetha ngokweqile kakhulu. Bahlangana trust nokulalela kwakhe kuphela kulabo uyabakhathalela, uyamhlonipha futhi incoma kubo.

Ngaphandle ulwazi ethological abaqeqeshi kanzima. Idatha kwi yokwenziwa yokusabela ukuzivikela ku izilwane, onikeza ethology (ucwaningo imikhuba yezilwane), ugweme izingozi. Ngakho, bebona ukungabi namizwa baxhashazwe tiger Umqeqeshi uthulisa isilo, ukuthi indodana yami yayingeke ehlaselwa. Lapho ukusebenza huskies Umqeqeshi kufanele inake imiphumela ethology, abathi ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela engekho kulezi izilwane - bamane ukukhombisa nobubi - asebenzayo yokusabela ukuzivikela.

Abathandwayo observation ethological

Ezinye kugcinwa izilwane ezithakazelisayo kakhulu.

• Uma imithini elele ngesisu emanzini bese ubamba on esidladleni ngalesosikhathi they ukulala.
• Puppies, abafana imidlalo nge imidlwane, amantombazane ngokuvamile bangaphumeleli ikakhulukazi ngokubanika ithuba lokujabulela ukunqoba.
• Kunezilwane, isibonelo, amaprotheni ukuthi ukusithatha imfundo amathole nezinye izinsikazi.
• Izinkomo kukhona abangane abakhulu. Bayakwazi ukuba abangane nabanye asebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sabo bakhulume naye, ukunakekelwa ngaye.