"Smerch" (MLRS): i-TTX nesithombe se-rocket system eminingi

Ngemuva kokuthi "Katyusha" akhenge akhunjulwe emabutshweni ethu, ahlale ekhokha ngokukhethekile amasistimu e-rocket. Lokhu akumangazi: basuke beshibhile, kulula ukukhiqiza, kodwa basuke behamba phambili kakhulu, baqinisekisa ukunqotshwa kwesandla sezitha kanye nesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo noma kuphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kulwa kuphi.

Omunye wabameleli abaphumelela kakhulu kulo mndeni kwakuyihlelo elithi "Smerch". I-MLRS lokhu sonke isikhathi sesicelo sayo isiqinisekisile ukuthi iyisikhali esisebenzayo futhi esinokwethenjelwa kakhulu.

Kungani uhlelo lungasetshenziswa?

"Smerch" yenzelwe ukubhubhisa kokubili izitha zesitha kanye nezimoto ezinamandla kakhulu . Ngesizo salesi simiso, izikhungo zokulawula kanye nezikhungo zokuxhumana zingabhujiswa, futhi amamayini angaba kude kuya ku-70 km asekude.

Umlando wendalo

Ngo-1961, amaSulumane ase-USSR athatha i-M-21 MLRS, izici ezingazange zanelisekile ngokuphelele ngamasosha aseSoviet. Yingakho ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 ku-SNPP "Splav" ukucwaninga kwesayensi okuhloswe ngayo ukudala uhlelo lwe-rocket amaningi, okuzoqinisekisa ukunqotshwa okunamandla kwemigomo ngokunikeza ama-shells anamandla okuqukethwe okuphezulu kweziqhumane, kwenziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi nonyaka we-1980 uhlaka lwe "Smerch" lwathunyelwa kuKhomishane Yomhloli Wombuso ukuze kucatshangelwe. I-MLRS lokhu inikeze ukulethwa kwe-projectile ibanga elinganiselwa ku-70 km. Khumbula ukuthi izidingo zamasosha zanikezela i-chassis, ukuhlinzeka ngokuhamba endaweni ngejubane elifinyelela ku-70 km / h (nge-highput output).

Isiqalo sokukhiqiza

Uhlelo olusha lwe-"Smerch" olusebenzayo luhlangene nazo zonke izicelo, lwaluba nethemba elihle ngenxa yokukhiqizwa okuncishisiwe, ngakho-ke ngo-1985 ikhishwe isimemezelo ekuqaleni komsebenzi ekukhiqizweni kwe-serial yesistimu. Kakade ngo-1987 umsebenzi wawusuqedile ngokuphelele, kanti "ama-Smerchs" yokuqala aqala ukudubula.

Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo i-MLRS (ngokubheka ngokuqedwa kokushiyeka okuthile kanye namazwi) ekugcineni yanconywa ukuba yamukelwe yizwe.

Izici eziyisisekelo zalesi sibonelo

Uhlelo olwamukelwe luphephe amagobolondo angama-200 mm, ngokuhlukumeza okuphumelelayo kwesitha 20/70. Inzuzo enkulu yemicibisholo yohlobo oluphakeme kakhulu yukuthi isenzo sabo sasingekho ngaphansi kwezimpawu zokulwa ze "bastards" asetshenziswe ngaphambili.

Ngakho, ububanzi bokunqotshwa kwesitha (!) Ukungena emkhunjini kudlula amamitha angu-1300 ukusuka ku-epicenter kokuqhuma kwecala. I-chassis eyodwa yesibhamu ingathatha ama-shell angama-25 kuya ku-35.

Izinhlamvu zesistimu ezamukelwa ngenkonzo

Naphezu kwazo zonke i-TTX ezibalwe ngenhla, ochwepheshe bezempi babengenelisekile ngokuphelele ngombutho oshaya amagobolondo. Ngemva kokuqedwa kokukhanya, inguqulo yokugcina ye-Smerch MLRS, i-TTX yayo eboniswa ngezansi, yabonakala.

Ngakho-ke, lesi silinganiso sakhuphukelelwa ku-300 mm, isisindo se-projectile sanyuka sibe ngu-815 kilogram. Inkokhelo ngokwayo ye- explosive inesisindo esingaphezu kuka-250 kilogram. Ibanga lokudubula lahlala lilinganayo (esiphezulu - amakhilomitha angu-90). Ngalesi sikhathi abakhiqizi abahlinzekiwe kuphela okulandelwe (into 123), kodwa futhi i-chassis yesondo esekelwe ku-MAZ-543A.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iMLRS 9k58 "Smerch" - lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa izakhi eziningana ezakhayo.

Izingxenye eziyisisekelo

• Chassis 9A52-2 ngokusekelwe MAZ-543A.
• Umshini wokuthutha nokulayisha 9T234-2.
• Amagobolondo ngokwawo.
• Ukulawulwa komlilo okuzenzakalelayo kanye nesistimu yokulungisa "Vivarium".
• Kusho ukuqeqeshwa nokuqeqeshwa kwabaqhubi benkimbinkimbi.
• Imoto eyinkimbinkimbi yokwenza ucwaningo lwezokwelapha endaweni 1T12-2M.
• Ukufaka uhlelo 1B44.
• Izinsiza zokulungisa nokugcinwa kwesigaba 9F381.

I-TTX esusiwe

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, i-chassis 9A52-2 isekelwe emotweni ye-MAZ-543A, elinesondo layo elingu-8x8. Ngokuqondene neyunithi yezinqola, iqukethe iziqondiso eziyishumi nesithupha, indlela yokuguqula ngomshini nemishini yokulungisa, kanye namadivaysi e-electromechanical and hydraulic stabilizing.

Indlela yokuqondisa nezindlela zokujikeleza zingaqondisa ama-projectiles engeni lika-5-55 degrees. Isiqondiso esiphezulu - ngaphakathi kwama-degree angu-30 kusiqondiso ngasinye. Lolu hlelo olusebenzayo "I-Tornado" ngezindlela eziningi alufani naso "Isiphepho" esifanayo, lapho umkhawulo wokuqondisa uhamba khona - izilinganiso ezifanayo ezingama-30 (ama degree angu-15 ngakwesinye). Ukuze i-unit ibe yinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi sokudubula, kunezinyathelo ezimbili zokumisa amanzi ngemuva, uhlele kabusha ngesandla.

Inzuzo yinkimbinkimbi iwukuba iqiniso lokuthi imicibisholo ingathunyelwa ngqo eziqondisweni. Ukucabangela ukuthi imoto ye-chassis ifakwe amadivaysi ombono ebusuku futhi isiteshi somsakazo ophezulu, ngisho nokuthutha ebusuku akusikho ubunzima obuthile.

Ulwazi lomhlahlandlela

Imikhombandlela ngokwayo iyenziwa ngendlela yamapayipi angenalutho, ezindongeni ezikhona i-screw groove, lapho ipini lemali esebenzayo ehlanganisa ngesikhathi sokudubula. Le pin i-analog yokuqhuma emiphongolweni yezingalo ezincane, ngoba icacisa i-vector edingekayo yendiza ye-projectile.

Iqoqo eliphelele lemikhombandlela ligxilile ngokuqinile emgodini wesimo se-rectangular. Ngenxa yemigqa emibili ehambisana nayo ehlanganiswe nomshini ophezulu, lesi sisekelo singaqondiswa ngokunembile esihlokweni ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokujikeleza.

Emgwaqeni owenziwe, ukukhokhwa kuqhutshwa ngokusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo (njenge-RPG shots). Uhlelo lomlilo we-volley "Smerch" isikhathi esisodwa luhlanganisa kuphela amahektha angama-67!

Ngokuvamile, ukudubula kuqhutshwa ezikhundleni ezivaliwe. Kungenzeka ukulawula umlilo ngqo kusuka ku-cab. Ukubala kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kubandakanya abantu abane ngesikhathi sokuthula futhi ayisithupha empini. Umlawuli we-BM, oyedwa wesibhamu, nomshayeli womshayeli bamiswa. Inani lamasosha abesebenzisa isibhamu lihluka.

Okuncane ngamagobolondo

Akufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi izingqimba ze "Smerch" ziyi-banal blasting charge. Njengamanje, sekusetshenziswe izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zazo, kanti izinhlobo ezintsha zemikhiqizo zihlala zakhiwa.

I-projectile ephezulu ephezulu yokuqhuma i-9M55F isetshenziswa kaningi. Ingxenye yekhanda inamandla, isisindo se-explosive asidluli i-kg kg. Isetshenziselwa ukusingatha izinqaba ezithuthukisiwe zesitha, ukulwa namabhanoyi angenalutho kanye nokubhujiswa kwezimoto ezikhanyayo zokuzivikela emakethe.

Ikakhulukazi ekubhujisweni komsebenzi wesitha, isibonelo se-9M55K sakhiwa. Ekhanda le-projectile ngayinye kunezici ezingu-72 ezingabonakali (2 kilograms ngayinye) equkethe iziqhumane nezici ezihlasela. Amacala angu-10-12 kuphela akwanele ekubhubhiseni ngokuphelele inkampani ehamba phambili yokuhamba ngezinyawo.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, okwakhiwe ngokukhethekile ukulwa nezinqola zempi (kuhlanganise namathangi amakhulu), kwakhiwa i-projectile 9M55K1. Ekhanda layo ingxenye kukhona ama-projectiles amahlanu ngokubona okuzenzakalelayo. Uma uhlelo lwe-"Smerch" lokulwa lusetshenziselwa indima "umzingeli wamathangi", khona-ke ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwenkampani yonke ye-tank (!), I-Volley eyodwa yezimoto ezine kuphela ngokwanele.

Ezinye izindlela

Ingxenye ejikelezayo yomshini yinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke kudivayisi yayo. Umklamo wayo uhlanganisa isihlalo esiqhaqhazayo, ukujikeleza, ukuphakamisa nokubuyisela izindlela, kanye nenqubo yokuqondisa ibhukwana kanye nesiteshi somsebenzi we-opharetha. Izindlela zokubaluleka ezibalulekile (kufaka phakathi ukugudluza ama-hydraulics), okuyinto ukuchithwa kokudubula kuncike ikakhulukazi. Indlela yokubuyisela isinxephezelo ihlanganisa i-pair of torsion bars kanye nokugxila izingxenye.

Ngokuvamile, i- "Smerch" i-MLRS, isithombe esitholakala kulesi sihloko, ngaphansi komlilo we-volley sibhekene nokuqapha okukhulu, ukuze kungabi nje ukuthi ukunemba kokudubula kuncike esimweni sezinqubo zokukhokha, kodwa futhi nokuphepha kokubala konke.

Kumodi evamile, ukushayela kwe-hydroelectric kusetshenziselwa ukuqondisa iziqondiso ekuhlosweni. Uma lo mshini uhluleka noma ukhutshaziwe, kukhona i-drive manual. Uma uhamba, zonke izingxenye ezijikelezayo zivinjelwe ngokuvala izivimbe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxubha kwe-hydraulic ye-rocker kunciphisa kakhulu konke okuyinkimbinkimbi uma udlala.

Idivaysi yokuhlosisa ifaka hlangana nesiboniso esiqinisekisiwe nesiqinisekisiweko D726-45. Idivayisi enkulu ijwayelekile ye-gun panorama PG-1M evamile.

Iyini inxanxathela ethi "Smerch"?

• Gcwalisa ukucabanga kokuphepha, okunikeza ikhono lokuqhuba kokubili ukulwa nokuqeqesha okufakiwe.
• Kungenzeka komlilo ongashadile nomlilo. Uma i-volley isusiwe, wonke ama-projectiles ayahamba ngemizuzwana engu-38. Lezi zikhali ezisebenzayo "Smerch" zihlukile kwabanye abalingani bayo, okudinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokudubula.
• Uma kunamathuba okushaya isibalo sokudubula ngesibhamu noma ukuphazamisa umlilo wezitha, kungenzeka ukulawula umlilo kusuka endaweni yokukhosela, etholakala kude kumamitha angu-60 ukusuka emotweni.
• Izingxenye ezingaphezu kwengxenye yezingxenye zokulawula ziphindwe kabili. Ngisho noma izakhi eziyinhloko zihluleka, ungakwazi ukuhlosela ekuhlosweni bese udubula ngesandla.

Ezinye izici

Njengoba isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi samukelwe esikhathini esisheshayo (ngo-1987), manje akukahlelwe ukukhipha ukukhiqizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla izinhlelo eziningana zenzelwe ukuvuselela "iTornado" ekhona.

Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona ohlelweni lwalolu hlelo ukuthi lezi zinkimbinkimbi zathola uhlelo lokulawula umlilo oluzenzakalelayo i-Vivarium, nakuba ngaphambi kwalokho "i-Kapustnik" ifakiwe, eyasetshenziswa ngokufanayo e-Uragan MRSA.

Ngokujwayelekile, abaklami bethu baye banakekelwa ukusebenza okungenakuqhathaniswa kwazo zonke izinhlelo kulezo zimo zezulu ezingasetshenziswa kuyo yonke indawo ye-Union yangaphambili. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokuqothulwa kwesiphepho "Smerch" lungasetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa ukusuka ku -50 kuya ku-45 degrees Celsius.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla abaqhubi bempi yokulwa banakho ikhono lokubona ngokucacile lokho okuhlosiwe, ngisho noma kungekho izixhumanisi ezikhishwe ngaphambilini noma uxhumane nomuntu oshaya isibhamu. Iqiniso liwukuthi (ngokugcwele ngokuhambisana nesimiso sokuvuselela kabusha kuze kube ngu-2020) imishini ye-"Smerchs" ebuyekeziwe isebenza kahle ngokuthunyelwa kwezimoto ezingenalutho ezingenalutho, okwamanje nazo zamukelwa amabutho ethu ahlomile.

Okufanayo kuya kwezinye izinhlelo zokuqondisa ezenzekelayo, ezisesevisi noma zithuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni zokulwa, opharetha bangasebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqondisa "Iziphepho" noma "Amagxolo". Ngokuvamile, "Smerch" - i-MLRS iyamangalisa "ipulasitiki", ehlinzeka ngobubanzi obukhulu bamathuba okusetshenziswa kwayo.

Ukuhlelwa kokusetshenziswa kokulwa

Njengazo zonke ezinye izimo, ukusetshenziswa kwalesi simiso somlilo we-rocket kuncike ngokuphelele ekuhlinzekeni okukhethekile kwe-Charter.

Okokuqala, ukuthunyelwa komyalo weqembu lomshini we-MLRS kufanele uthole ulwazi mayelana nesitha, kanye nendawo yokuthunyelwa kwakhe. Ngokusekelwe kolwazi olutholiwe, izibalo zenziwa mayelana nokuqondiswa komthelela. Khetha uhlobo lwezinhlamvu, ubuningi bomlilo, nokulungiswa kwalo, kuye ngezimo ezisehlabathini. Ngemuva kwalokho, lonke ulwazi ludluliselwa emaphoyiseni okuthunyelwa kwesigaba, okhethwe ukuxazulula umsebenzi olwawo wokulwa.

Ngemuva kwalokho, abasebenzi be-oda bahlola idatha etholakalayo, baqondana nabo ngezinsiza ezikhona. Uma sicabanga ukuthi "i-Smerch" iyisistimu esebenzayo, ukusebenza kwayo kudinga indawo evulekile futhi evulekile, kusukela ezimweni zendawo eningi enezinkuni noma zezintaba, ukuqaliswa kwama-projectiles kungabonakala kungaphephile kubaqhubi ngokwabo.

Ulwazi ludluliselwa kubaphathi bamayunithi, obhekene nomthelela ezikhundleni zesitha.

Idatha edluliselwayo isetshenziselwa imishini yekhompyutha yebhethri "Smerch" (imishini eyisithupha). Konke kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, ngoba ibutho lempi liye lathola ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi indlela enjalo ikwandisa ukuphumelela komlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ulethe izinkimbinkimbi zokulwa emakhulu izikhathi.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, abalawuli beyunithi balinde umyalelo wokuvula umlilo ezikhundleni zesitha.

Yilokho okushiwo "i-Tornado". Le MLRS yaba isikhali esisebenzayo futhi esithembekile, futhi ngakho-ke imile namuhla enkundleni yamazwe amaningi emhlabeni. Izinguqulo ezilungisiwe zaso sonke isikhathi zithunyelwa emaqenjini ethu namuhla.