Smolensk esifundeni labantu: inombolo kanye nokusungulwa yobuhlanga

"Castle mkhulu futhi eziningi abantu" - uchaza ekhazimulayo lasendulo Smolensk Ustyuzhanskaya zemihla ngemihla IX leminyaka. Itholakala kuleli vesi lokuqala ekhazimulayo Smolensk esifundeni. Ukuze kwenkulungwane yesibili yeminyaka anesithombe loMfula Dnieper muzi wasendulo Russian, okuyinto isibe isikhungo esiyinhloko lesifunda. Izikhangibavakashi ngokuvumelana endaweni iba ukutholakala wangempela esifundeni ekhazimulayo. It is ukujabulisa hhayi kuphela imvelo kanye izakhiwo, kodwa futhi labantu Smolensk esifundeni. Izivakashi njalo wabingelela ngokufudumele, nge shanela Russian.

Area Smolensk esifundeni

Umda wenu wasentshonalanga bezwe Russian nokuntula ekhazimulayo Smolensk umhlaba, okukhulunywa ngawo kungafaniswa nokuma kwesosha lingasuki ohlakaniphile elidala ababegcina ukuthula. Futhi, ngempela, izikhathi eziningi kuleli dolobha nobuqhawe waba isihlangu eRussia. Sam Smolensk itholakala sifinyelela engenhla River Dnieper at ibanga km 365 abavela eMoscow. Smolensk esifundeni kuyinto isihloko Russian Federation futhi Central Federal District.

Umuzi wazalwa emagqumeni eziyisikhombisa, lapho umzila obalulekile wezohwebo kusukela "Varangians namaGreki" yaba isikhungo kukhona nezindawo eziningi. Namuhla, Smolensk esifundeni has umngcele ezivamile nge Bryansk, Pskov, eMoscow, Kaluga, Tver esifundeni. Belarus eyakhelene emaphethelweni Smolensk, Vitebsk futhi Mogilev izifunda. Shaped esifundeni ngo-1937.

Incazelo emfushane endaweni

Smolensk esifundeni ithatha cishe 50 000 km maphakathi East European Plain. Kukhona lapha, njengoba upland kanye elisezansi. Isimo sezulu esipholile Continental, njengoba nesimo sezulu zone - ngokulinganisela. Ukushayela ngokusebenzisa le ndawo, ungakwazi ukubuka ebusweni mihlobiso, izindawo inamagquma futhi emfuleni izigodi.

On endaweni Smolensk esifundeni kukhona namaminerali amaningi kusuka imvelaphi sedimentary. Kukhona kungenzeka nazo ezigcine ansundu, Peat, idwala usawoti, loam nobumba. Bekhohliswa uhlobo la mazwe udaka ekwelapheni amanzi amaminerali. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona idiphozithi yanoma rock crystal, Silica, imikhando, ocher. izinqolobane Peat endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Ngokuba imisebenzi yokwakha misela isihlabathi, amatshe, Gypsum.

Ebusika kuwufanele okushisa fair nesithwathwa, ehlobo - efudumele futhi liyana. Qhubekisa ngokuthwebula ngokusebenzisa le ndawo kukhona nemingenela ka Dnieper njengoba Vyazma, Vop River, Desna, Sozh. Ngakho, gcwalisani ngaphezulu imithombo yamanzi yayo ezifana nemifula emikhulu njengoba iVolga kanye Oka, lapho ageleze Vazuza futhi Ugra.

Le ndawo esemqoka ye Smolensk esifundeni matasa Nuclear nenhlabathi podzolic. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona iziza anesihlabathi loamy. Kule ndawo kukhona amahlathi amaningi, izimfunda kanye namaxhaphozi. izitshalo Yande izitshalo kutshalwa. Laba bameleli be-eyinhloko emahlathini sonwele birch, e-aspen. Kancane kancane emelelwa oki, maples, umlotha, Linden. Nezilwane imelelwa kwezinhlobo eziningi ezincelisayo nezinyoni. Mayelana 50 kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi itholakala amanzi wendawo.

Imininingwane zomlando

Krivichi ekuqaleni waphila emazweni Smolensk, Smolensk esifundeni sabantu evela kubo. Khona-ke umuzi isikhathi eside yayingaphansi kokulawula kwe-Kievan Rus. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla le Smolensk ubukhulu ewela ngekhulu XII. Esikhathini esithile bezwe wawuyingxenye Duchy of Lithuania, futhi kamuva bahlanganiswe Isitatimende eMoscow. Inguquko sokugcina Smolensk amazwe State Russian okwenzeka ngemva kokuba le ngxabano Russian-Polish. Ngakho ekhulwini XVIII kwakukhona sifundazwe Smolensk.

Ekuqaleni nenkathi yamaSoviet, ezinye Smolensk esifundeni wawuyingxenye SSR isi-Byelorussian. Futhi kusukela ngo-1937 usezuze imingcele yesimanje.

Abantu bakubo Famous

Ngezinye Smolensk umhlaba ozalwa ngabantu abadumile, abaculi abanamakhono, abalingisi, brilliant bomculo, ababhali, izimbongi, Okugweda phakathi lapho. Abaningi wamshaya ubuhlakani bakhe wezingoma odumile Mikhail Glinka. Kwakuthinta lapha yazalwa Cosmonaut lokuqala Yuri Gagarin. clown Unforgettable, isekisi oyiculayo Yuri Nikulin futhi ongowokuzalwa Smolensk esifundeni. izakhamizi Uyaziqhenya endaweni geniuses ezifana Alexander Twardowski, NM Przewalski, S. Konenkov, Azimov, A. Griboyedov.

Umphakathi we Smolensk esifundeni

Zonke-Russian umbiko wokubalwa kwabantu ka-2010 wathola ukuthi ezifundeni 18 we Central District of Smolensk Region Federation senzeka 16. Inani Smolensk esifundeni sabantu ke kwaba abantu 985 500. leli nani liphindeke kaningi lashintsha inkambo zezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Ngokusho Rosstat, ngo-2013 kwabantu labantu Smolensk esifundeni zazilingana abantu 19,59 ngayinye sq / km. On the ukunciphisa ukuminyana ngesinye isikhathi kakhulu kuthonywa ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni.

Inani labantu ezisemadolobheni idlula kude inani labahlali yasemakhaya. Njengoba lokhu isilinganiso kuyinto 72% kuya ku-28% izakhamuzi yasemaphandleni. Inani labesifazane maqondana abantu futhi siphezulu kunamanye. Inani labesifazane kuleli qophelo ilingana 536.900 namadoda - 448,6 izinkulungwane.

Ngo esifundeni dolobha, emzini Smolensk, ku nezilinganiso Januwari 2017, inabantu 328,906.

Smolensk esifundeni, abantu emizini kanye nezifunda

Idolobha elikhulu Smolensk Yiqiniso, iyinhloko-dolobha ekhangayo esifundeni - Smolensk. Mayelana usayizi idolobha eshiwo ngenhla. Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo lesifunda ngobukhulu livela Vyazma ekhazimulayo, lapho abantu 54.259 baphile. Ngemva kwakhe kuza Roslavl idolobha elinabantu 51 775 izakhamuzi. Cishe inani elifanayo abantu izikhungo wesifunda Yartsevo futhi Safonovo (46 219 no-43 727). Edolobheni Gagarin, baphile abantu 26.916, Desnogorsk selinabantu 28.518. Nazi ezinye, idolobha kancane enabantu ka Smolensk esifundeni labantu:

• Ore - 9650.
• Yelnya - 9460.
• Pochinok - 8684.
• Sychovka - 8246.
• Velizh - 7078.
• Demidov - 6585.
• Dukhovshchina - 4125.

Population District, Smolensk Region has izici ezilandelayo:

• Velizh rn - 11.114.
• Vyazemskij rn - 77.359.
• Haharins'kyi N - 45.940.
• Glinkovsky rn - 4404.
• Demidov rn - 12.310.
• Dorogobuzh wesifunda - 27.376.
• rn Duhovschinsky - 15.484.
• Elninskaya rn - 13.846.
• rn Ershichsky - 6444.
• Kardymovsky rn - 12.499.
• Krasninskoe rn - 12.269.
• Monastyrschinsky rn - 9472.
• rn Novoduginsky - 9603.
• rn Pochinkovsky - 29.851.
• rn Roslavlsky - 71.990.
• rn Rudnyansky - 23.562.
• rn Safonovsky - 58.803.
• Smolenski rn - 53.889.
• rn Sychevskii - 13.807.
• Temkinsky rn - 5971.
• rn Ugransky - 8190.
• rn Hislavichsky - 8106.
• Holm-Zhirkovsky rn - 9754.
• rn Shumyachsky - 9909.
• Yartsevskiy rn - 54.231.

izibalo kwakamuva sabantu

Inani Smolensk esifundeni sabantu kwaba 958 600 abantu ngo-2016. Ngo-January 1 kulo nyaka, izakhamizi ezisemadolobheni, kwakukhona 690 000 (72%), izakhamuzi lasemaphandleni 268 600 (28%). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezingxenyeni zasentshonalanga yesifunda ezinabantu abaningi kunabanye. Kulazo zonke labantu ezindaweni empumalanga (Temkinsky, Ugra). Isibalo izingane nentsha abantu 336 000. Umphakathi we Smolensk esifundeni ngo-2016 kwehle uma ziqhathaniswa 2015 abantu 6000.

ukwakheka kaZwelonke

Abaningi banesithakazelo hhayi kuphela inani labantu Smolensk esifundeni, kodwa futhi ngezithako zawo yobuhlanga. U-97% abantu sebebonke Russian hlala Smolensk. Ibe isilandelwa kukhona abamele Belarus (0.83%). Isizwe Ukrainian umelwe lapha 0,64%. AmaJuda ukwethula i inani 0.56%. Roma ubambe 0.18% wesibalo sabantu. nengcosana kakhulu, kodwa isekhona endaweni base-Armenia, Azerbaijanis, AmaTatar, nabasePoland, Georgians, amaJalimane.

ezikhangayo yemvelo

Ukuze alondoloze izimiso zemvelo, kanye ngezinjongo zocwaningo endaweni Smolensk Lake District yadalwa. Leli gama le reserve sivela amachibi 35 ngaphakathi oyiyo. Ngamunye wabo idume ngobuhle bayo esiyingqayizivele. Amakhasimende Smolenskii Lake District bacwilisa ku isimo kumnandi. Phakathi esiqiwini kukhona izikhumbuzo zomlando eziningi. Omunye wabo kuyinto endala yedolobha Russian lasendulo Verzhavsk eye yaphila ngekhulu lesi-IX-XII.

Lezi zindawo amahle ngokumangalisayo nazo ezihambisana ne isihambi omkhulu nomhloli wamazwe kwamazwe Asian - N. M. Przhevalskim. izivakashi eziningi futhi abantu bendawo bazi umthombo ezidumile okuthiwa "Awu Ongcwele".

yezakhiwo

Kusukela izakhiwo yezakhiwo kakhulu lasendulo ungabahlukanisa Smolensk itshe inqaba castle. Yakhiwa namanje ngaphansi kobuholi inkosi Fedor Ioanovicha njengasezulwini XVI-XVII ngekhulu phakathi eMoscow ubukhulu kanye Rzeczpospolita uvele izingxabano indawo. mayelana 30,000 izisebenzi yasetshenziselwa lokhu kwakha. Lena lesikhumbuzo ezakhiwo izindonga zomuzi bangene bese 38 imibhoshongo, abanye ukufinyelela 33 metres ubude. Lona enamandla kakhulu odongeni Rus izikhathi. , Wengamela ukwakhiwa edumile Smolensk master Fyodor Kon.

Esikhathini Smolensk esifundeni, efana kunoma iyiphi enye izikhumbuzo walondoloza isiko Russian kwesikhathi pre-amaMongol. Lapha kukhona imisebenzi e isitayela Baroque, kanye nezibonelo okungenakuqhathaniswa isakhiwo sesonto.

Ngo Smolensk kukhona nezikhumbuzo eziningana, izakhiwo, ukukhumbula inkumbulo izenzakalo eziningi zamasosha. Futhi lapha kwakukhona eziningi izikhumbuzo elalinikezelwe bakubo abadumile. "Umgexo Green komuzi" - abantu lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi Smolensk amapaki yabo.

iminyuziyamu ezinkulu nama-Orthodox

Abaningi ekulalelweni Boldino emzaneni ukuthi Smolensk esifundeni. Isikhathi esining impela, izivakashi ukuhamba uhambo. Omunye izinto endala futhi emuhle kakhulu nansi Holy Trinity Monastery. It yasungulwa ngu St Gerasimos Boldin namanje ekhulwini VI. Izikhathi eziningana kakade abuyisela nethempeli, kodwa futhi liyaqhubeka lijabulisa izivakashi zayo.

Edolobhaneni Novospassky Smolensk esifundeni kuyinto Museum-Manor M. I. Glinki, lapho babehlala khona. Lokhu Manor lesikhumbuzo kuphela abazinikezele kulo umqambi wezingoma odumile waseRussia. I izindlu siqukethe uAnnexe main ezimbili storey indlu, ikhishi, isivakashi, ebhikawozi, indlu ikalishi, gazebos amahle ethempelini yokhokho. Isikhathi esining impela, ngoba amagama isivakashi uzwakale umsindo ebukekayo upiyano.

Leli dolobhana Hmelita Smolensk esifundeni wahlala ifa wangaphambili womndeni Griboyedov. Ezinye izinhlelo zale isakhiwo ingatholakala ahlekisayo yakhe ukungafi "Maye kusukela Wit". Lesi sigodlo futhi epaki Ensemble kuhlanganisa indlu itshe, 4 izindlu, epaki ezizungezile, 2 amachibi nethempeli.

Phakathi emizaneni Katyn Nest kanye Smolensk esifundeni kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ayisikhumbuzo "Katyn". Kwaphela isikhathi eside nenkathi yamaSoviet, le ndawo engashiwongo, kusukela ngonyaka ka-1940, kwezwakala sibhicongo. Kuyinto ehlathini lendawo wabe esemdubula eziningana amashumi ezinkulungwane izikhulu Polish kulezi ziboshwa nakwezinye. Isakhiwo yesikhumbuzo is esemancane ke lavulwa ngo-2000. Eyinhloko yokungena yisikhumbuzo senziwa ngesimo ingilazi target. Ngo maphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi uvelele engu- Orthodox kuso uya Memory Alley.

Esikhathini Smolensk esifundeni yakhiwa amathempeli amaningi kangaka, kodwa inkathi yangaphambi Mongol, bahlala ezintathu kuphela: Bandla intercession, Cathedral of kweNyuka, isonto St uSergiyu e-Church of the Ascension Monastery.