Territory emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba: umqondo nezinhlobo

umthetho International inikeza nombono wokuthi "indawo" ukubaluleka bonke ubuso Earth. Ihlanganisa ezweni futhi ingxenye aqueous, le emathunjini omhlaba, wezasemoyeni futhi emkhathini, futhi nabo ezintweni zasemkhathini, waqaphela (noma evulekile esikhathini esizayo) zesimiso sonozungezilanga.

Concept futhi izinhlobo ezindaweni umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe

"Territory", njengoba umqondo amalungelo, ixhunyaniswe "isimo", futhi, njengoba umqondo wezomthetho obaluleke. Ukuze ngaphandle ensimini ka isimo akusona. Empeleni, limbozwe endaweni imingcele ethile, njengoba abantu abahlala kuso, kuba semininingwane isimo.

Ngokusekelwe eyabelwe umbuso amalungelo, kubalulekile ukwehlukanisa izinhlobo izindawo. Ngo umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kukhona ezintathu:

- yensimu eyabelwa isimo esithile;

- nge ukuxuba oda zomthetho;

- ensimini kuhleleka ngekubaluleka ngamazwe.

indawo esimweni

Kuyingxenye surface eMhlabeni, engaphansi kokulawula isimo esihlukile. izimpahla zayo indawo etholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele obonwa umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba. Insimu isimo emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba kusho hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa futhi ezungezile izindlela zokuphakelwa kwamanzi, isikhala emoyeni futhi phezu isikhala (kufika ku 110 km) kanye kugcwele (idokhumenti ayikho imikhawulo, ngempela - kwi ukujula etholakalayo).

Insimu isimo, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe is kulawulwa, kungenziwa inqanyuliwe emifuleni, emiseleni, ulwandle (isimo eziqhingini), noma insimu ka ezweni elingumakhelwane (umphakathi wakule ndawo wawuhlukaniswe). Zonke izindawo ezisensimini kazwelonke, kungakhathaliseki ikakhulukazi indawo, kuyinto isimo ebalulekile futhi indivisible ngaphansi kwegunya layo nobukhosi bakhe.

Ngu amanzi isimo ezihambelana, ngokuhambisana Yezizwe uMthetho Sea (1982), amanzi ezilwandle, kwi insimu, njengoba fula maphakathi nezwe, amachibi, imisele, amatheku, esogwini lwe-okuyinto emikhawulweni esisemthethweni umbuso owodwa (ububanzi bay kusukela ogwini ogwini akukwazi angaphezu kuka-24 nautical miles), i-bay kanye itheku, futhi amanzi amatheku mlando.

indawo Air isimo emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba - ivuliwe insimu yonke isikhala emoyeni wezwe: phezu ingxenye izwe, ulwandle kanye amanzi kwangaphakathi endaweni ibhande. Air isikhala, kanye bonke sovereignty nezinye nesembozo, iziqondiso kanye isimiso somthetho sangaleso isimo, isibonelo, izosebenza imithetho izindiza emoyeni liner.

eNgophezukonke ukulingana

Imithethonqubo ngamazwe iqukethe ilungiselelo ku sokulingana okuphelele kwawo States. Inikeza isiqinisekiso yimaphi amazwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yabo ukuze lelisu yokudlondlobala indawo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi amandla esimweni esithile ensimini eyabelwe kuye kuyinto iziphathimandla njalo ephakeme nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho noma abantu abahlala ensimini yaleli isimo. Kukhona futhi ayifakiwe amandla kunoma yisiphi esinye isizwe, futhi umthetho, zokwahlulela, executive, nezokuphatha, njll Ingabe ilungelo akusebenzi kubantu kuphela izakhamuzi zezwe, kodwa futhi ukuba abantu kwamanye amazwe, kanye zomthetho (ngaphandle uma kungenjalo enikeziwe nezinye izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe).

Insimu isimo emthethweni international esifundazweni ngezinga kazwelonke kanye kwendawo yemvelo abantu kuleli zwe, emikhawulweni lapho amandla obuphakeme isimo.

Kvaziterritoriya

Ngu ebhekisela isimo division indawo kunemibandela isicelo kvaziterritorii. Lokhu Holdings umhlaba ezisingatha ohambweni zokubonisana kanye namahhovisi ezimela uthi angaphandle. Futhi ukuze kvaziterritoriyam zihlanganisa imikhumbi, izikebhe, zezindiza nemikhumbi-mkhathi. Abanaso ukulingana welithi "insimu" emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba, njengoba aliveli izici eziyinhloko lo mqondo. Kwakungenxa nje lisuselwa ekutheni lezi zindawo enwetshiwe ethile eyasungulwa isimo, wachaza ukuhlonza lezi kvaziterritory ne State.

Nge ukuxuba oda zomthetho

Lena kobuso izilwandle. Kubandakanya ngaphansi kwamanzi ezilwandle ezwekazini ne ezindaweni ezakhelene, kanye indawo etholakala phesheya kolwandle indawo. Isici esiphawulekayo lezi zindawo - engekho nakunoma yisiphi isimo. Kodwa amazwe eduze ngokushesha, banelungelo ukuhlola nangemva ukusayinwa imibhalo efanele, ukuthuthukiswa lezi zindawo ngenjongo ukongiwa kanye nekusita amaminerali kanye nemithombo yemvelo, kanye izilwane zasendle.

emifuleni International futhi becindezelwe, iziteshi iziqhingi (okuyinto babe amandla ubudlelwane samazwe onke) futhi wabhekisela zika imodi okuxubile.

Insimu kuhleleka ngekubaluleka ngamazwe

Le ngxenye yezwe, wezasemoyeni amanzi hhayi ingxenye kunoma isiphi isimo. Wonke amazwe nginamalungelo elilingana zensimu. Territory (emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba) kuya kuhleleka ngekubaluleka international - ke isikhala planethi, iziphuphutheki, lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, njll, Antarctica, zindawo eziphansi zomhlaba ezibhekene umngcele ngaphansi kolwandle zone Continental, olwandle ebusweni ngenhla kanye wezasemoyeni ngaphakathi kwemingcele amanzi. . Futhi-ke kungenziwa eyayenziwe wadala iziqhingi, ukufaka kanye nezakhiwo, okungaba ukwakhela eshalofini okuqondene zwekazi kule ndawo bafika ngaphansi kombuso ekhethekile zomthetho, uMbuso mumbe, ngokuhambisana nomthetho wabantu bonke zasolwandle ngamazwe. Kulezi zindawo ke asisebenzi esisemthethweni amandla yomunye kazwelonke. Ziyakwazi umthetho kuphela yamazwe evumelekile.

Kunamaphuzu amaningana ezindaweni, ezibika amathuluzi zomthetho ngamazwe, aye ukuthuthukisa umqondo we ifa lomuntu. Isibonelo esimangalisayo inyanga kanye naleminye imitimba ambalwa yasezulwini (1979). Izwe, uholwe kwezinkambiso izimiso komthetho wamazwe omhlaba, ukuze esidlangalaleni ukuhlola emkhathini izinto ezingcwele. Ngo-1982, i-UN ngazimemezela indawo yokulalela ukuze ngamazwe, ngezansi ngamazwe kolwandle nemithombo yawo yemvelo, ngaphandle amalungelo ngayinye emazweni losayinayo.

umthetho International ensimini Russian Federation

Sovereignty of Russian Federation, ngokuya nge-Athikili 4 soMthethosisekelo, osebenza ku lonke insimu yalo. A imithetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise yomThethosisekelo ophakeme kunabo bonke endaweni yeRussia.

I Russian Federation ibona kudingeka ukuba banakekele ubuqotho futhi indivisibility impahla yawo.

Ingxenye eyodwa Article 67 soMthethosisekelo Russian eliyibiza ngalo endaweni Russian Federation indawo ezifunda kuzo zonke izikhonzi zawo, kolwandle indawo, amanzi maphakathi nezwe futhi wezasemoyeni phezu lonke izwe.

Ukuze isigaba somhlaba we Russian Federation ngokukhethekile, babhekwa njengabantu ezweni amanga enyakatho nogu lolwandle lwe-Russian e-Arctic Ocean, noma mhlawumbe evulekile esikhathini esizayo. Babonakala ngumtsetfo wemave emhlaba, uma bewa phakathi meridians ukuthi ukuxhuma North Pole kanye nephuzu ka esogwini yeRussia.