Intando yeningi Athene ngaphansi Pericles: ngobuhle nangobubi bawo

Igama elithi "intando yeningi" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "abantu amandla". Esikhathini umqondo ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla yabantu abe namalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abantu. Siyalingana phambi komthetho, indoda kanye nowesifazane, isazi sezombusazwe kanye ukuzihlanza, abacebile nabampofu, nomfokazi kanye ongowokuzalwa isimo.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho izwe libe khona esivela uhlelo isigqila, abantu abavamile baphupha ukulingana. Khona-ke umqondo wegama elithi "intando yeningi" kwaba bemvelo kuyiwa. Iningi eduze umqondo kakamuva kwaleligama ayesondela intando yeningi Athene ngaphansi Pericles. It lethiwa engu wokubusa kwakhe - The Age of Pericles.

Pericles

Pericles wazalelwa emndenini zasebukhosini. Unina agarista babevela omunye edume kakhulu e-Athens nokubeletha - Alcmaeonidae, noyise, Xanthippus induna imikhumbi Athene, phakathi neMpi yamaGreki Persian wayinqoba impi Cape Mycale.

Pericles esewusana bephilile futhi benamandla, kodwa uyathandeka okwesikhathi uhlasela ikhanda elikhulu ukumbiza kwakunzima. Ngakho-ke, zonke abadwebi kanye Okugweda wachaza umbusi kuphela isigqoko sokuzivikela. Futhi, ngenxa yalokhu ukungabi namahlaya ethelevishini wanikwa isidlaliso "Lukovitsegolovy".

Njengoba Pericles wayevela emkhayeni ezihloniphekayo, wayazi kahle abafundile kwadingeka othisha ovelele.

imfundo nokuqeqeshwa Excellent esadlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwama-Pericles. Wayengumuntu yisikhulumi esihle futhi useye wakwazi ukuzuza abantu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Omunye umehluko isici phakathi komholi we-demo-Athene yaba ikhono kunoma isiphi isimo sihlale sizolile. indaba Akaziwa, lapho omunye izakhamuzi abebengeneme balandela Pericles, sypya ukuthukwa, yonke indlela ekhaya, kodwa ohlakaniphile hhayi kuphela ukuze ajezise omonile, kodwa futhi wathi encekwini yakhe ukuze afeze impudent ekhaya lakhe.

Njengoba Pericles waba umholi we yeningi Athene

Umsebenzi wakhe waqala nge Pericles nomkhankaso wempi. Wagwema nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe ngoba wayesaba zingaxoshwa ngenxa yokufana yayo yangaphandle nge ilungelo ngaphambili Pisistartom engumashiqela. betembusave ozama ngazo zonke izindlela ukululaza ithonya lakhe, ngokuvamile ngensimbi ukunaka kwabantu ku ukufana kwamazwi izwi futhi ngendlela tenkhulumo Pericles ukuze zikamashiqela.

Ngenxa yokuthi ngaleso sikhathi e-Athens lalingabafanele osopolitiki (afa, kodwa iningi zaxoshwa), Pericles abakakhethi ukuba izikhundla eziphakeme. intando yeningi Athene ngaphansi Pericles abathintekayo singakunaki ukuphila komuntu umholi, ukuthi kwadingeka bayeke inkhulumomphendvulwano nezihlobo ahlukile futhi imihlangano nabangani abadumile.

Naphezu inani elikhulu izitha iqembu ahlukile, Pericles kuze kube sekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe, aphethwe uhlelo yeningi.

Inqubomgomo ukuphathwa Athens engu-Pericles

Democracy ngaphansi Pericles, ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo, lapho ungabona ngokufunda kulesi sihloko kuze kube sekupheleni, akukakabi uhlobo lapho zisetshenziselwa abantu bekubona namuhla.

Nokho, leholele ukuze amandla Pericles e-Athens izakhamuzi uvele amalungelo okuningi. A igxathu elikhulu towards intando yeningi kwaba ukuqedwa amandla ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela yase-Areyophagu futhi ukudluliswa amalungelo ache LoMhlangano labantu. Manje izakhamuzi ezivamile zonke izigaba ngenkatho nokuvota, umhlangano, thatha zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile. Archons - esiphezulu imizimba kuphela.

ISishayamthetho Sikazwelonke yakhiwa zonke izakhamuzi Athens, Okuhlukile abalimi kuphela abenqabayo ashiye ifa yabo ukuze bahlanganyele emisebenzini ethile yezombusazwe.

Cabangela izici eziyinhloko intando yeningi Athene ngaphansi Pericles, u-Aristotle kuphawulwe.

Ukhetho lamaphoyisa

Izikhulu ngonyaka abakhethwe kubantu emhlanganweni jikelele. Amathiphu, okufanele kubandakanye zonke phyla, akhethiwe ngokudweba eziningi. Fila ngamunye kuletha ukhetho amahlanu, omunye phyla ngendlela efanayo pritanov ebekiwe. Esakhiwe ukukhetha indawo lapho umhlangano kuzoba nomhlangano, ukulungiselela uhlu lwemibuzo nsukuzonke ezibhekwa emhlanganweni webhodi, futhi ukufihla ukukhetha abantu okuyibona abazobamba iqhaza empini kanye nomkhakha wezokuvikela wezwe. Pritanov isahluko futhi ichaza draw akhethiwe likwazi ukufinyelela yengcebo, wonke amadokhumenti zomphakathi kanye zokunyathelisa.

Tucked nje ukhombe imihlangano emine, ku inhlangano main ihlolwe ukuba semthethweni kohlelo neziphathimandla abakhethiwe, kuxoxwa kokuvikeleka kokudla kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho. On the yesibili uhlola izicelo kumangala. I yesithathu neyesine sikazwelonke kudingeke ucabangele ezinye izici zokuphila ezihlukile kazwelonke.

Council livuma archons futhi abanye abaholi kwezepolitiki ukuthi, akhethiwe yiSigungu Sikazwelonke.

intando yeningi Athene ngaphansi Pericles, umbango

Betebulungiswa iyatholakala ngabe kuya kubantu abavamile, okuyinto njalo ekhona geliastov sokwahlulela.

Ukukhuluma ngendlela rabovladelchiskaya intando yeningi ngaphansi Pericles, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi amandla ngisho isiqondiso ewumngcingo ezinjalo, njengoba inkantolo lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona inani elikhulu labantu.

Kasibili njalo isakhamuzi Athene wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba amangalele sezombusazwe abonakele, eyabonakala phambi Yabantu Tribunal. Ngemva kokucubungula Kulokhu, uma izinsolo ayaqinisekiswa, isikhulu sikahulumeni kumele basuswa ezihlalweni zabo, mhlawumbe ngisho adingiswa futhi impahla yakhe wadayiswa endalini.

Ukusuka kuchungechunge ethandwa ababekhethiwe archons, baphathwe izikhalazo yasendlini (isib, ukuxhashazwa kwezingane, hhayi kokuba abazali) kanye nezikhalo mayelana abaqavile emphakathini. Nge ukudweba archons ayisishiyagalolunye ijaji akhethwe.

I amacala abucayi kakhulu, afana nokubulala, ukulimala sibanga usizi njll, ezazibhekwa Areyophagu, lapho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, njalo wahlangana ingxenye izakhamuzi, okuyinto iyehlisa kungenzeka abamangalelwa ukugwazela amajaji.

Izisekelo intando yeningi Athene ngaphansi Pericles - ukwabelana ukulawula indawo indlela isimo phakathi inombolo enkulu izakhamuzi ngamunye.

inqubomgomo Social in engu Pericles

Naphezu bengabakaJehova kwamadoda asebukhosini, Pericles wazama zonke indlela ukwenza ukuphila kube lula ukuze abantu abavamile. Ngokwethula umthetho ukuthi avunyelwe ukuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini ethile yezombusazwe futhi banezikhundla okusezingeni eliphezulu hhayi kuphela abantu abavela emindenini ecebile, kodwa futhi izakhamuzi phakathi futhi amakilasi abampofu, umholi we-demo-Athene baqonde ukuthi ukukhathazeka njalo ngesimo sabo sezimali, abantu abavamile abakwazi thembeka futhi okunengqondo iqhaza kuhulumeni. Ngakho-ke, izakhamuzi abaphethe izikhundla emkhakheni wezepolitiki, kwanqunywa ukuba zenze izinkokhelo endaweni yomcebo isimo.

Futhi intando yeningi Athene ngaphansi Pericles ibeke nezinzuzo zezenhlalo yazikhubaza nezintandane. izakhamuzi engenayo ephansi ukuthola inkokhelo ukuthengwa amathikithi ebhayisikobho, okuyinto wadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni isimo sengqondo abantu.

Ukuqinisekisa ezweni abase-Athene nabezinye umsebenzi

ikhanda ngobuhlakani kwencwajana namademo Athene baqonde ukuthi inhlalakahle yabantu kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa hhayi kuphela ngosizo lwezimali emphakathini, kodwa futhi nokunikeza imisebenzi izakhamuzi khulula base-Athene. Pericles ngonyaka ukubeka phambili amaphrojekthi ezinkulu zezakhiwo kanye nezinye imisebenzi, enikeza indawo ababazi ahlukahlukene. Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela, i-Athene yaba isikhungo samasiko, ezazidume ngokutshala izakhiwo zalo ezinhle ongenangqondo.

Thina ofakelwe minyaka emashumi mathandathu Thier, lapho nabasebenza ungaqopha iyiphi Athene futhi wamukele imali inkonzo.

Ukuze sandise imingcele Attica, kwanqunywa ukuba ukusungula ensimini ka angamalungu e-Athene nemizana umbimbi-cleruchy, lapho yisiphi isakhamuzi lase Athens laligcwele izithixo ungase uthole isiqephu sendawo ukuze kusetshenziswe.

Njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo, intando yeningi ngaphansi Pericles kwadingeka pluses kanye minuses.

Phakathi amaphutha wokubusa kwakhe, izazi-mlando zithi izakhamuzi kuphela labo abase-Athene kabani bobabili abazali babesebenzisa yisakhamuzi Athene.

Futhi-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iqhaza ekuphileni zezombusazwe kwamalungelo abesifazane wezwe ayengathobekile.

Slaveholding intando yeningi ngaphansi Pericles (dlala)

Ekhuluma intando yeningi ngesikhathi, kungaba okungalungile ukuziba umbuzo zokugqilazeka Athens.

Half-Athens chetyrehsottysyachnogo labantu laliphakathi izigqila. Ngokuvamile unconsenting baba iziboshwa zempi, abangakwazanga angazenzela isihlengo. isimo sesigqila ngofuzo, ngakho ingane ezalwe kwesigqila, lalizobhujiswa isiphetho efanayo nabazali babo.

Izimpawu intando yeningi ngaphansi Pericles ebonakalayo ngisho ebugqilini. I Sebawoti ayenqatshelwe iphathe kabi izinceku zabo. Inceku kwadingeka ukuba bondliwe futhi begqoke kunokubuthwa Athene of labo abahluphekayo. Babevunyelwe ekugubheni amaholide ahlukahlukene enkolo, ukunikeza iziqinisekiso ngokumelene unya amajaji nabezombusazwe. Endabeni kabi izinceku anikezwe ukukhoseliswa.

I ezingcolile, ekhaya nasemsebenzini onzima owenziwe izigqila. Nge kwemvume abanikazi izigqila ababeqashwe isimo ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo. Nceku waphoqeleka ukuba awuyeke lo umholo wakhe kumnikazi.

Umsebenzi onzima iziboshwa ezimayini ibeke intando yeningi rabovladelchiskaya Athene ngaphansi Pericles, umlando la izingozi Kwakuqabukela enesiphetho esijabulisayo.

Lapho Pericles izikweletu ebugqilini uyekwa, ukuze ubaba awudayise ebugqilini namadodakazi akhe kuphela uma incrimination ekuphileni kwabo antule ukuzithiba.

Ukuphela wokubusa Pericles

Pericles wakhetha kusho owaleli iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umphumela omuhle isimo intando yeningi Athene ngaphansi Pericles, izenzakalo kwesikhathi, ezihlobene nempi Sparta, kubukela kakhulu igunya owaleli unomphela. Futhi abantu, wakhohlwa ukunakekela izinzuzo ukuthi esilethe isimo, ngemva uchungechunge kwezithiyo ezempi kanye isifo e-Athene Pericles kusolwe zonke ukwehluleka nokusebenzisa kabi izimali futhi isigwebo esindayo. ngokushesha Pericles waphathwa isifo futhi wafa.