Ubuciko ovulekile Ephakathi Eziyisikhombisa

At inhliziyo European isiko medieval ubeke zamagama kobuKristu, ifa lasendulo futhi ubunikazi izizwe ngowezizwe. izici Isici kwenkathi - ukwenqaba nolwazi oqondile isipiliyoni zezwe ezingokwemvelo kanye womuntu, kanti ke into esiyibhekile umqondo wemfundiso yenkolo. Ngenxa egqamisa incazelo yobuKristu yonke yokujama tsi of Sciences amaningi ekhulu V ukuze XIV uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "omnyama." Noma kunjalo, ngisho le nkathi wokwandisa ulwazi lomuntu zomhlaba, uyaqhubeka siqala ifomu okushintshiwe kakhulu, isiko lamaGreki namaRoma wezemfundo, zikhona namanje "ubuciko ovulekile eziyisikhombisa".

Ngesisekelo ulwazi

Ukuqala Ephakathi wacabangela kokuwa eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga ekhulwini V. Ngokwemvelo, izizwe abasafufusa kanye States baye bamukela eziningi ovulekile, okunenjongo futhi wadala esikhathini Antiquity. It yayiphumula futhi isisekelo ohlelweni lwezemfundo: isiyalo, okuyinto, ngokusho amaGreki namaRoma asendulo, yayidingeka njengoba isigaba yokulungiselela obulandela cwaningo wefilosofi. Seven ubuciko esifakwe lolimi dialectic (logic), ubugagu, izibalo, i-geometry, umculo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Izifiso zakhe zokuqala ezintathu yahlanganiswa ku trivium - simiso humanities. Arithmetic, i-geometry, umculo besayensi yezinkanyezi kuyamangalisa quadrivium - izibalo eyala ezine.

Endulo

Quadrivium wathatha ijamo esikhathini endala ngasekupheleni. Isayensi main uyazicabangela izibalo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi EGrisi naseRoma lasendulo, ubuciko ovulekile amakilasi yilezo ongeke ukwenze kwezigqila. Bakhandwa kuphela ezihlobene nemisebenzi yethu engokwengqondo akazange okudinga umzamo omkhulu emzimbeni. Ngu art futhi akaqondi umbono bokubeka emhlabeni, futhi izindlela eziphumelelayo ekuqondeni ubunjalo ngokubhekisisa.

ekugcineni Trivium kamuva kwamiswa, e ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Kwakuwusuku lokuqala esigabeni lemfundo. Kube ngemva kokufunda eyala trivium kungaba uqhubekela quadrivium.

Isonto namagugu lasendulo

Ngo Ephakathi, ngaso enhliziyweni yonke yolwazi nokuqonda zomhlaba zisala ubuKristu. Abaholi benkolo bephikisa ukholo yesizathu, zikhetha ngowokuqala. Nokho, amaphuzu amaningi imfundiso ayikwazanga zichazwe ngaphandle kokuba ukusetshenziswa zefilosofi zasendulo.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ukuhlanganisa ulwazi yamaGreki namaRoma kanye nokuqonda Christian zomhlaba ngazama Martianus Capella. Ngo indatshana yakhe "Ngo umshado kolimi kanye Mercury" ubuciko eziyisikhombisa ovulekile wahlukanisa ku trivium futhi kvadrivy. Capella wakhuluma kafushane mayelana nazo zonke eyala kufakwe ohlelweni. Trivium wachaza okokuqala.

ukuqhubeka trivium futhi quadrivium abathintekayo Boethius futhi UCassiodorus (VI ekhulwini). Bobabili ososayensi baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lwezemfundo Ephakathi. Boethius athuthukile izisekelo indlela esikoleni. UCassiodorus izindlu zakhe e-Italy wasungula "Vivarium", futhi izingxenye zazo - isikole, umtapo kanye scriptorium (indawo lapho izincwadi akopishwa), - kamuva owaba angangabazeki zezindela isakhiwo.

isigxivizo wenkolo

ubuciko ovulekile Ephakathi Seven abefundisi bafundisa futhi oveza ngokuhambisana nezidingo esontweni. Izifundo cwaningo kunalokho olukha phezulu - kuphela ezingeni lapho kuyadingeka ukuqonda umqondo wemfundiso kanye nokuphathwa amasevisi yobuKristu. Zonke ubuciko ovulekile Ephakathi eziyisikhombisa ukubuqonda nge ezikwenzayo okuwusizo kakhulu futhi ngendlela imikhawulo esincane:

• Mpendulo edingekayo nokulungisa amaphepha isonto nezintshumayelo ngokubhala;

• lolimi afundiswe ukuba baqonde imibhalo Latin;

• dialectic kungagcini bacabanga letihlelekile naletingakahleleki obuqinisekisa izihloko wokholo;

• Wafundisa akhawunti aphansi izibalo futhi asetshenziswa inqubo kuhunyushwa izinombolo uyimfihlakalo;

• geometry adingekayo umdwebo amathempeli;

• Umculo kubalulekile ukulungiselela nasekubulaleni umculo isonto;

• Izazi zezinkanyezi esetshenziswa ukubala izinsuku ngamaholide enkolo.

Ezemfundo Ephakathi

Esikhathini ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi eziyisikhombisa ubuciko khulula abangu wafunda kuphela izikole Izigodlo. Kwenqwaba lwabantu lulokhu abafundile. ifa zefilosofi zasendulo sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi cishe ngesisekelo esontweni abaningi, ngakhoke izifundo cwaningo lancipha amaphuzu ngenhla. Nokho, e-scriptorium ukopishwe ngokucophelela hhayi kuphela imibhalo Christian, kodwa futhi isebenza, izinkondlo kanye nefilosofi, abalobi basendulo. Izigodlo babe inqaba imfundo nolwazi lwesayensi.

Izinto zaqala ukushintsha e X leminyaka. Njengoba lokhu ekhulwini kwaqala inkathi izimbali zesiko medieval (X-XV eminyaka.). It libhekene ukwenyuka kancane isithakazelo izici egxile ezintweni zezwe, ukuze umuntu womuntu. Kukhona wesikole sombhishobhi, okwakuthatha abefundisi, kodwa futhi abavamile. Ngo XI-XII cc. kukhona amayunivesithi okuqala. Impucuko kancane kancane ukuguquguquka kusukela zezindela namasonto izikhungo ezisemadolobheni.

isigaba Transitional phakathi kwalezi izinkathi ezimbili kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento inkathi Carolingian Renaissance.

ubuciko ovulekile ngaphansi uCharlemagne Eziyisikhombisa

Ekupheleni kwekhulu VIII. isimo Frankish united izindawo eziningi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. ukuphakama kwalo, umbuso safinyelela phakathi nokubusa noKarla Velikogo. Inkosi wayeqaphela ukuthi isimo esinjalo zingalawulwa kuphela ngokwakha kahle iyunithi izikhulu. Ngakho-ke, uKarl Veliky isinqumo sokuchibiyela uhlelo lwezemfundo olukhona.

Kuzo zonke sezindela nayo yonke isonto ngaqala ukuvula izikole yabefundisi. Ezinye zaqeqeshelwa nabantu abavamile. Isimiso sasihlanganisa ubuciko eziyisikhombisa ovulekile. Indlela ayeqonda ngayo Nokho, namanje kungagcini izidingo esontweni.

Karl Veliky abamenyiwe Abantu bafunda bakwamanye amazwe, ihlelwe isikole esigodlweni, lapho izinkondlo, ekukhulumeni, ukufunda izinkanyezi futhi wafundelwa dialectic yabakhulu.

imvuselelo Carolingian yaphela ngemva kokufa inkosi, kodwa wakhonza njengomdala Umfutho ukuqhubeka nesiko European.

ubuciko ovulekile Ephakathi Eziyisikhombisa, njengoba nasendulo, kwakungasehlane laseBeti inhliziyo imfundo. Nokho, kubhekwa kuphela ngaphansi kohlaka ewumngcingo kwesicelo esiwusizo izidingo amukelwa yisonto lobuKristu.