Uhlelo lokujikeleza nokuphefumula kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Izitho ezenza uhlelo lokujikeleza lwezilwane ezincelisayo

Kulesi sihloko sizocubungula uhlelo lokujikeleza lwezilwane ezincelisayo, izingxenye zalo nezici zokusebenza. Kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kungukuqaliswa kokushintshaniswa kwegesi, ukuthuthwa kwezakhi, ukwakhiwa kokuzivikela kanye nokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis. Yiziphi izici ezingenzeka kumisebenzi enzima kangaka?

Ubani izilwane ezincelisayo?

Izilwane zaseMammalia zinenani lezici ezihlelekile. Okokuqala, lokhu kuyindlela yokudla ama-cubs nobisi, okwenziwa yizinhlayiya ezikhethekile zezinsikazi. Zonke izidalwa ezincelisayo zinezitho ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesiqu, futhi izinwele ezishintsha ngezikhathi ngesikhathi se-molting. Esikhunjeni salezi zilwane akukhona nje kuphela ubisi, kodwa futhi ukuthuthumela, izigulane ezinamafutha ezihlabayo. Izidumbu zitholakala kuphela eziphilayo ezifudumele, eziqinisekiswa yizici ezikhethekile ze-circulatory system.

Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu ye-circulatory yezilwane ezincelisayo

Izici ezihamba phambili kakhulu zesakhiwo se-circulatory system phakathi kwama-vertebrates yizithunywa zabamakhompi bekilasi. Ihlanganisa inhliziyo enamacala amane kanye nesistimu yemisipha evaliwe. Igazi lingagcwalisa imisebenzi yalo ngokusebenzisa ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke, izitho ezakha uhlelo lokujikeleza ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zakhiwa ikakhulukazi izicubu zomzimba. Futhi inhliziyo ayiyona into.

Liyisitho esingenalutho esingumzimba esakhiwa ngamagumbi amane: ama-atria amabili nama-ventricles. Le minyango ihlukaniswa yiziqeshana eziphelele futhi zihanjiswa ngamagagasi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, igazi elingenayo i- venous negazi alinakuhlanganiswa, okuyinto kanye nezindlela eziphelele zokufudumala ezithinta ukushisa okubangelwa ukufudumala kwezidalwa ezincelisayo.

Kuyini ukugcina imfudumalo

Izilwane ezifudumalayo zilabo abathintekayo ekuziphatheni komzimba akuxhomeke emvelweni. Leli qembu lihlanganisa izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, kuhlanganise nabantu. Kungani ezinye izilwane zingenalo uphawu oluqhubekayo? Konke mayelana nesakhiwo senhliziyo. Cabanga ngalolu daba ngokuqhathanisa abameleli bezinyunithi ezahlukene ezihleliwe. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokujikeleza lwezilwane ezincelisayo nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo lunokuhluka okuphawulekayo. Inhliziyo yalesi sakhiwo iqukethe amakamelo amathathu, phakathi kokuhlukanisa okungaphelele. Lokhu kuvimbela kancane ukuxubana kwegazi elimnyama nelomzimba. Ngakho-ke, zonke izilwane ezinwabuzelayo zinegazi elibandayo futhi ziyaphoqeleka ukuba zisinde esikhathini sasebusika ngaphansi kwamagciwane amanzi, enhlabathini nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala.

Imijikelezo emibili yokujikeleza

Uhlelo lwegazi lwezilwane ezincelisayo luphinde lufake imikhumbi. Igazi ligeleza kubo. Imishanguzo ivela enhliziyweni, enkulu kunazo zonke ebizwa ngokuthi i-aorta. Ngokuqhubekayo bayagxuma futhi badlulisele kuma-capillaries. Lezi yizitsha ezincane kakhulu. Inethiwekhi ye-capillary iqoqwe emaveni. Kancane kancane banda ububanzi. Ngakho ifomu lezimvini ezithwala igazi enhliziyweni.

Uhlelo lokujikeleza lwezilwane ezincelisayo luyakha imijikelezo emibili yegazi. Okuncane kudlula kuphela emaphashini. Iqala nge-ventricle efanele futhi ithwale igazi emithanjeni, ama-capillaries kanye nemithanjeni yalesi sitho kuya kwe-atrium kwesokunxele. Ngenxa yalokho, i-oksijini evela emoyeni equkethwe emaphashini idlula egazini, futhi i-carbon dioxide - ngendlela ehlukile. Umjikelezo omkhulu wokujikeleza kwegazi uqala nge-ventricle engakwesokunxele futhi, udlula ezitsheni zazo zonke izitho zomzimba, uthwala igazi ku-atrium efanele.

Ukwakhiwa kwegazi

Uhlelo lwe-circulatory lwezilwane ezincelisayo ngeke lukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yalo ngaphandle kwezicubu ezikhethekile zamanzi ezihamba ngesistimu yezinsalela. Kuthiwa igazi. Isisekelo salesi sicubu singumuthi we-intercellular - i-plasma. Kuwo yizici ezifanayo zemihlobo emithathu, ngayinye eyenza imisebenzi yayo. I-Plasma idlulisela imikhiqizo yokuphela yesimetabolism kusuka ezicukheni kuya ezingxenyeni ze-excretion, uketshezi oludlulayo kanye nosawoti. Njengoba isisekelo segazi ngamanzi, esinekhono eliphakeme lokushisa, ligcina ukushisa komzimba okuzinzile kwezilwane ezincelisayo.

I-erythrocytes yenza ukushintshaniswa kwegesi, ukuhambisa i-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide. Lawa maseli nawo abangela umbala wegazi obomvu, ngoba aqukethe insimbi. Ama-leukocyte enza ukuzivikela kwezinto eziphilayo. I-intracellularly igcina izinhlayiya zangaphandle nge-phagocytosis. Ama-platelets ahlinzeka ngenqubo yegazi coagulation. Lena inqubo yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi yokuguqula amaprotheni ibe ifomu elingenalutho. Ngenxa yalokhu umzimba uvikelwe ekulahlekelweni kwegazi. Kodwa ukuqaphela kwayo yonke le misebenzi ebalulekile kungenzeka kuphela ngomsebenzi ohlangene wale maseli, imithambo yegazi neyegazi.

Izici zesistimu yokuphefumula

I-circulatory system yezilwane ezincelisayo iyasebenza futhi isebenza ngokuhambisana nesistimu yokuphefumula. Lezi zinsuku zimelelwa ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ngezindiza kanye namaphaphu. Okokuqala kuhlanganiswa nesigxobo se-nasal esihlangene, i-nasopharynx, i-larynx, i-trachea nama-bronchi amabili. Zifakwe ukukhanya, okuqukethe inani elikhulu lamabhula amancane kakhulu - i-alveoli, eboshiwe yinethiwekhi enamandla kakhulu yezikebhe ze-capillary. Ku-alveoli ukuthi ukushintshwa kwegesi kwenzeka. Ukuphefumula kwezilwane ezincelisayo kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ihlanganisa imisipha ye-intercostal, udonga lwesisu nesisu.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlelo zokujikeleza nokuphefumula kwezilwane ezincelisayo

Izinhlelo zokuphefumula nezokuphefumula ezincelisayo zihlobene kakhulu. Uma u-inhaled, i-oksijini ingena emgodini wokuphefumula ungene e-alveoli yamaphaphu. Ngakho-ke lifaka phakathi kwama-capillaries. Ukungena egazini, i-oksijini ifakwe kumaseli abomvu egazi. Lawa maseli esikhundleni se-nuclei aqukethe into ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-hemoglobin. Iqukethe amaprotheni kanye ne-iron-containing container - heme. Lesi sakhi samakhemikhali sakha isakhi esingazinzile nge-oxygen. Ngokugeleza kwegazi, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu athatha konke kuwo wonke umzimba. Ngokunikeza i-oxygen, bafaka i-carbon dioxide, futhi iphinda ingene emaphashini. Nge-exhalation lo mkhiqizo we-metabolism ususwe emzimbeni.

Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokujikeleza lwezilwane ezincelisayo lubangela inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Inhlobo oluvaliwe. Izici eziqhubekayo zesakhiwo salesi simiso kuba khona kwamakamelo amane enhliziyo nokuhlukanisa okuphelele phakathi kwabo. Lokhu kunquma ukufudumala kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Uhlelo lokuphefumula luxhunywe ku-circulatory ngokomzimba futhi lusebenza kahle. It liqukethe airways kanye amaphaphu. Kuphela ngenxa yomsebenzi odidiyelwe walezi zinhlelo ukuphefumula kwezidalwa ezincelisayo ezincelweni zamaselula, izicubu kanye nezilwane.