Imfundo:Umlando

Uhlelo lweWestphalian. Ukuwa kwe-Westphalian uhlelo nokuvela kwe-oda elisha lomhlaba

Uhlelo lwe-Westphalian luwumyalo wenqubomgomo yamazwe omhlaba owasungulwa eYurophu ngekhulu le-17. Yabeka isisekelo sobudlelwane banamuhla phakathi kwamazwe futhi yanikeza umfutho ekwakheni amazwe amasha kazwelonke.

Imfuneko yokuqala yempi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu

Uhlelo lwe-Westphalian lwamazwe omhlaba lwasungulwa ngenxa yeMpi Yezinkulungwane Emashumi Amathathu ka-1618-1648, ngesikhathi lapho isisekelo se-oda lomhlaba wangaphambilini sabhujiswa khona. Kule mpikiswano, cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu ayebandakanyeka, kodwa isisekelo saba ukuphikiswa kwamakhosi amaProthestani aseJalimane kanye noMbuso WamaRoma Ongcwele wamaRoma, esekelwe enye ingxenye yezikhulu zaseJalimane. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, ukuhlangana phakathi kwamagatsha ase-Austrian naseSpain yendlu kaHabsburg kwakha imigomo yokubuyisela umbuso kaCharles V. Kodwa ukuzibusa kwamakhosi angamaProthestani aseMelika, okuqinisekiswe ukuthula kwe-Ausburg, kwakuyisivimbelo kulokhu. Ngo-1608 lezi zinkosi zakha i-Union Protestant, ezisekelwa yiNgilandi neFrance. Ngokungafani naye ngo-1609, kwakhiwa i-Catholic League - umlingani waseSpain noPapa.

Inkambo yokusebenza kwempi ka-1618-1648.

Ngemuva kokuba uHabsburgs iqinisa ithonya labo eCzech Republic, okuyinto eholela ekuphuleni kwamalungelo amaProthestani, ukuvukela kwenzeka ezweni. Ngokusekelwa yiSonto LamaProthestani, kwavela inkosi entsha ezweni - uFrederick of Palatinate. Kusukela kulo mzuzu uqala isikhathi sokuqala sempi - iCzech. Kubonakala kunqotshwa amabutho amaProthestani, ukuthunjwa kwamazwe enkosi, ukudluliselwa kwe-Upper Palatinate emandleni eBavaria, nokubuyiselwa kwamaKatolika embusweni.

Isikhathi sesibili yisiDanishi, esibonakala ngokungenelela kwamazwe angomakhelwane ngesikhathi sezinhlupho. UDenmark wayengowokuqala ukungena empini ukuze abambe ogwini lwaseBaltic. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amabutho ehlangene ne-anti-Habsburg ahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa ye-Catholic League, kanti iDenmark uphoqeleka ukuba ihoxise empini. Ngokuhlasela kweNyakatho Jalimane, amabutho kaKing Gustav aqala umkhankaso waseSweden. Ukuphuka kwempande kuqala esiteji sokugcina - i-Franco-isiSwidi.

Izwe laseWestphalian

Ngemuva kokungena kweFrance empi, inzuzo yoMbuso wamaProthestani yaba sobala, okwaholela ekudingeni ukufuna ukungezwani phakathi kwamaqembu. Ngo-1648, kwaqedwa ukuthula kwaseWestphalian, okwakunezivumelwano ezimbili ezilungiselelwe ezinhlanganweni zaseMünster nase-Osnabrück. Wabeka ibhalansi lamandla emisha emhlabeni futhi wagunyaza ukuhlakazwa koMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma waba izifunda ezizimele (ezingaphezu kuka-300).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ekuphethweni kwezwe laseWestphalian, indlela esemqoka yenhlangano yezombusazwe yomphakathi yiyona "isizwe-sizwe", futhi isimiso esibucayi sobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe ubukhosi bamazwe. Isici senkolo esivumelwaneni sabhekwa kanje: eJalimane kwakukhona ukulingana kwamalungelo amaCalvin, amaLuthela namaKatolika.

Uhlelo lwe-Westphalian lobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke

Izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo zaqala ukubukeka kanje:

1. Indlela yenhlangano yezombusazwe yomphakathi yindawo kazwelonke.

2. Ukungalingani kwezepolitiki: ukubusa okucacile kwamandla - kusukela ezinamandla kuze kube buthakathaka.

3. Isimiso esiyinhloko sobudlelwano emhlabeni jikelele ngubukhosi bamazwe kazwelonke.

4. Uhlelo lokulinganisa kwezombusazwe.

5. Uhulumeni ubophezelekile ukuba abambelele izingxabano zomnotho phakathi kwezifundo zawo.

6. Ukungathinteki kwamazwe ezindabeni zangaphakathi zomunye nomunye.

7. Sula inhlangano yemingcele ezinzile phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu.

8. Imvelo engeyona yonke indawo. Ekuqaleni, imithetho ebeka uhlelo lweWestphalian, isebenza kuphela eYurophu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bahlangana ne-Eastern Europe, eNyakatho Melika naseMedithera.

Uhlelo olusha lwamazwe omhlaba lwaqala ukubumbana kwezwe kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesiko, kubonakaliswe ukuphela kokuzihlukanisa kwamazwe ngabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusungulwa kwayo kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni okusheshayo ubudlelwane be-capitalist eYurophu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwe-Westphalian. Isiteji sokuqala

I-multipolarity yenqubo yaseWestphalian ibonakala ngokucacile, ngenxa yokuthi akekho owamanye amazwe angafinyelela i-hegemony ngokuphelele, futhi umzabalazo omkhulu wezinzuzo zezombusazwe wenziwa phakathi kweFrance, i-England ne-Netherlands.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe "sun king" kaLouis XIV, iFrance iphakamisa inqubomgomo yayo yangaphandle. Kwabonakala ngenhloso yokuthola izindawo ezintsha nokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo ezindabeni zamazwe angomakhelwane.

Ngo-1688 kwakuthiwa i-Great Alliance, isikhundla esiphezulu lapho u-Netherlands ne-England behlala khona. Le nyunyana iqondise imisebenzi yayo ukunciphisa ithonya laseFrance emhlabeni. Ngemva kwesikhashana iNetherlands neNgilandi bahlangana nabanye abakwaLouis XIV - Savoy, eSpain naseSweden. Bakha i-Augsburg League. Ngenxa yezimpi, enye yemigomo esemqoka eyamemezelwa uhlelo lweWestphalian - ibhalansi yezombangazwe ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe - yavuselelwa.

Ukuguquka kwesimiso seWestphalian. 2 isigaba

Ithonya lePrussia liyanda. Leli zwe, elisenhliziyweni yeYurophu, langena emzabalazweni wokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zaseJalimane. Uma izinhlelo zikaPrussia zihunyushwe empeleni, lokhu kunganciphisa izisekelo lapho uhlelo lwe-Westphalian lwamazwe ngamazwe luhlala khona. Esikhathini sokuqala kwePrussia, iMinyaka Eyisikhombisa neMpi Yelifa Lase-Austrian lavulwa. Lezi zingxabano zanciphisa izimiso zomthetho wokuthula owavela emva kokuphela kwempi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
Ngaphezu kokuqinisa iPrussia, indima yaseRashiya emhlabeni yanda. Lokhu kuboniswe yimpi yaseRussia-Swedish.

Ngokuvamile, ekupheleni kweMpi Yezinsuku Eziyisikhombisa, kuqala isikhathi esisha, lapho uhlelo lweWestphalian lwangena khona.

Isigaba sesithathu sokukhona kwesimiso seWestphalian

Ngemuva kweRussian Revolution Great, inqubo yokwakha amazwe kazwelonke iqala. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umbuso usebenza njengesiqiniseko samalungelo ezikhonzi zawo, uqinisekisa inkolelo "yezomthetho kwezombusazwe". Ingqikithi yayo eyinhloko ukuthi izwe likazwelonke linelungelo lokuba khona kuphela uma imingcele yalo ihambisana nezindawo zobuhlanga.

Ngemva kokuphela kwezimpi zaseNapoleonic eCongress of Vienna ngo-1815, ngokokuqala ngqa, bakhuluma ngesidingo sokuqeda ubugqila, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaxoxwa ngezimpikiswano eziphathelene nokubekezelelana nenkululeko yenkolo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, empeleni, kukhona ukuwa kwesimiso sokuthi izindaba zezifunda zombuso ziyizinkinga zangaphakathi kuphela zezwe. Lokhu kuboniswe yiNgqungquthela yaseBerlin e-Afrika kanye nezinhlangano zaseBrussels, eGeneva naseThe Hague.

Uhlelo lwe-Versailles-Washington lwamazwe ngamazwe

Loluhlelo lwasungulwa emva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe I kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibutho e-international arna. Isisekelo se-oda lomhlaba omusha kwakuyizivumelwano eziphethwe ngenxa yemihlangano yaseParis naseWashington. NgoJanuwari 1919, iNkomfa yaseParis yaqala umsebenzi wayo. Enhliziyweni yezingxoxo phakathi kwe-United States, iFrance, iBrithani, iJapane ne-Italy zafakwa "amaphuzu angu-14" nguWilson. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ingxenye yaseVersailles yesistimu yadalwa ngaphansi kwethonya lamaphuzu ezombangazwe nezombusazwe wezinqola zokunqoba eMpini Yezwe Lokuqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithakazelo zamazwe anqotshwe kanye nalawo avele avele ebalazweni lezombangazwe lezwe (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, njll). Izivumelwano eziningana zagunyaza ukuchithwa kwe-Austria-Hungary, amaRashiya, amaJalimane nabase-Ottoman futhi wabeka izisekelo ze-oda elisha lomhlaba.

I-Washington Conference

ISivumelwano SaseVersailles kanye nezivumelwano ezihlangene nezibambiswano zaseJalimane zathinteka ikakhulukazi naseYurophu. Ngo-1921-1922, inkomfa yaseWashington yayisebenza , eyayixazulula izinkinga zokuhlala emva kwempi eMpumalanga Ekude. Indima ebalulekile emsebenzini wale nhlangano yayidlala yi-United States neJapane, futhi yacabangela izithakazelo zaseBrithani naseFrance. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenkomfa, kunezivumelwano eziningana ezasayinwe ezazimisela izisekelo ze-subsystem eMpumalanga Ekude. Lezi zenzo zakha ingxenye yesibili ye-oda lomhlaba omusha okuthiwa i-Washington system yobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe.

Umgomo oyinhloko we-US kwakuwukuthi "uvule iminyango" yaseJapan ne-China. Baphumelela enkomfeni ukuze bafinyelele ekuqedeni inyunyana yaseBrithani neJapane. Ekupheleni kwe-Congress Congress, isigaba sokubunjwa kwe-oda lomhlaba omusha seliphelile. Kwakukhona izikhungo zamandla, okwakwazi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo oluhlelekile lobuhlobo.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo nezici zobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe

1. Ukuqinisa ubuholi be-United States, iBrithani neFrance enkundleni yomhlaba jikelele nokucwaswa kweJalimane, eRussia, eTurkey naseBulgaria. Ukunganeliseki ngemiphumela yempi yamazwe ahlule ngabanye. Lokhu kusengaphambili ukuthi kungenzeka ukubuyisana kabusha.

2. Ukususa i-US kusuka ezombusazwe zaseYurophu. Eqinisweni, inkambo yokuzihlukanisa yedwa yamemezelwa ngemuva kokuhluleka kohlelo lukaWilliam "amaphuzu angu-14".

3. Ukuguqulwa kwe-US kusuka kumboleki ukuya emazweni aseYurophu kuya kumkweletu omkhulu. Ngokucacile ukuthi izinga lokuthembela kwamanye amazwe ase-US libonise izinhlelo zikaDawes noJung.

4. Ukusungulwa ngo-1919 kwe-League of Nations, okuyinto ithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokusekela uhlelo lweVersailles-Washington. Abasunguli bayo basebenzela izithakazelo zomuntu siqu ebuhlotsheni bamazwe ngamazwe (Great Britain neFrance bazama ukuzibekela isikhundla esikhulu kunazo zonke ezombusazwe zomhlaba). Ngokuvamile, i-League of Nations yayingenayo indlela yokuqapha ukuqaliswa kwezinqumo zayo.

Uhlelo lwe-Versailles lwamazwe ngamazwe lwaluyinto yemvelo yonke.

Inkinga yesistimu nokuwa kwayo

Inkinga ye-subsystem eWashington yabonakala kakade kuma-1920 futhi yabangelwa inqubomgomo yeJapane enobudlova eya eChina. Emashumini ama-30 okuqala, iManchuria yayihlala, lapho kudalwa khona idokodo. I-League of Nations yalahla ukuhlukunyezwa kweJapane, futhi yahlubuka kule nhlangano.

Inkinga yesistimu yaseVersailles isinqume ukuqiniswa kwe-Italy neJalimane, amandla lapho ama-fascists namaNazi eza khona. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe ngawo-1930 kubonise ukuthi uhlelo lokuphepha oludalwe yi-League of Nations alusebenzi neze.

Ukubonakaliswa okucacile kwalenkinga kwakuyi- Anschluss yase-Austria ngo-March 1938 kanye nohlelo lukaMunich ngoSepthemba ngalowo nyaka. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi, ukusabela kwamakhansela kokuwa kwesistimu kwaqala. U-1939 wabonisa ukuthi inqubomgomo yokunciphisa ayifanele neze.

Uhlelo lwe-Versailles-Washington lwamazwe omhlaba, olunezinkinga eziningi futhi olungaqinile ngokuphelele, lwawa nokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II.

Uhlelo lobuhlobo phakathi kwezwe engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20

Izisekelo ze-oda elisha lomhlaba emva kwempi ka-1939-1945 zenziwa emibuthanweni yaseYalta nasePotsdam. Abaholi bamazwe e-Anti-Hitler Coalition bahlanganyela ezinhlanganweni: UStalin, uChurchill noRovelvelt (kamuva uTruman).
Ngokuvamile, isimiso se-Yalta-Potsdam sobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe sasinobuchophozi, ngoba i-US kanye ne-USSR bathatha isikhundla esiphambili. Lokhu kwaholela ekwakheni izikhungo ezithile zamandla, ezithonya kakhulu umlingiswa wesistimu yamazwe omhlaba.

Conference Yalta

Abahlanganyeli beNgqungquthela yaseYalta babebe ngumgomo wabo oyinhloko ekubhujisweni kwezempi zaseJalimane nasekudaleni iziqinisekiso zokuthula, ngoba izingxoxo zenzeke ezimweni zempi. Kule ngqungquthela, imingcele emisha ye-USSR (eduze komugqa we-Curzon) nePoland yasungulwa. Izindawo zokuhlala eJalimane phakathi kwamazwe omkhankaso wokulwa noHitler nawo asakazwa. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi izwe iminyaka engama-45 linamalungu amabili - i-FRG ne-GDR. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona ukwahlukana kwezindawo zethonya esifundeni saseBalkan. IGrisi yadlula ngaphansi kokulawulwa kweBrithani, eYugoslavia yasungulwa umbuso wamaKhomanisi we-IB Tito.

Ingqungquthela yasePotsdam

Kule ngqungquthela, kunqunywe ukuba kuhlaziywe futhi kuhlonishwe eJalimane. Inqubomgomo yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe yayingaphansi komthetho womkhandlu, owahlanganisa abaphathi-inhloko yezimpi ezine eziphumelelayo empini. Uhlelo lwePotsdam lwamazwe omhlaba lwalusekelwe ezimisweni ezintsha zokubambisana phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu. UMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wasungulwa. Umphumela omkhulu wenkomfa kwakuyimfuneko yokuzinikela kweJapane.

Izimiso nezici zesistimu entsha

1. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezombusazwe phakathi kwezwe "elikhululekile" eliholwa yi-United States namazwe omphakathi.

2. Umlingiswa wokuphikisana. Ukuphikisana okuhlelekile kwamazwe okuhola ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezempi nezinye izigaba. Le mpikiswano yafinyelela e-apogee yayo ngesikhathi seCold War.

3. Uhlelo lwe-Yalta lobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke aluzange lube nesisekelo esingokomthetho esiqondile.

4. I-oda elisha lakhiwa ngesikhathi sokwanda kwezikhali zenuzi. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kwenqubo yokuphepha. Umqondo wokuvimbela amandla enyukliya kwavela ngokusekela impi entsha.

5. Ukudalwa kwe-UN, ngesisekelo sonke isimiso se-Yalta-Potsdam sobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke esisekelwe. Kodwa ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwempi, imisebenzi yenhlangano yayikuvimbela ukulwa okulwa phakathi kwe-US ne-USSR kumazinga omhlaba wonke nesifunda.

Iziphetho

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, kwakukhona izinhlelo eziningana zobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Uhlelo lweWestphalian lwabonakala lusebenza kakhulu futhi lusebenza kahle. Izinhlelo ezilandelwayo zazingumphumela wokuphikisana, okwakusungula ukubola kwazo ngokushesha. Uhlelo lwesimanje lobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke lusekelwe esimisweni sokulinganisela kwamandla, okuwumphumela wokuzifunela komuntu ngamunye wezokuphepha.

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