Ukuhlukaniswa kwemigwaqo emikhulu. Uhlu lwemigwaqo yezombusazwe eRussia

Imigwaqo yemoto yilezi zindlela zokuhambisa ezithinta izifunda ezahlukene kanye nezindawo zezwe. Imigwaqo kahulumeni yaseRussia ibaluleke kakhulu ezweni lethu. Kodwa ukubaluleka kweminye imikhakha yezimoto nakho akufanele kuncishiswe. Ake sithole ukuthi singahlukanisa kanjani imigwaqo, futhi sibhale uhlu lwemigwaqo yaseRussia.

Izinhlobo zokwahlukaniswa komgwaqo

Okokuqala, ake sithole ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezingenzeka ukuqoqa imigwaqo yezithuthi. Kuye ngezinqubo, kunezinhlobo eziningana zokwahlukanisa:

• Ngenani;
• Ngohlobo lokugqoka;
• On impahla;
• Ngekilasi;
• Ngesigaba.

Ngezansi sizobuka uhlobo ngalunye lokuhlelwa ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemigwaqo ngexabiso

Lolu hlobo lokuhlelwa ku-Russian Federation lunqunywe ngumthetho okhethekile wesifundazwe emigwaqweni, enyatheliswa ngo-2007. Ngokusho kwakhe, imizila ihlukaniswe imigwaqo yaseRussia, isifunda, ukubaluleka komphakathi kanye nendawo. Mayelana nokuthi kusho ukuthini lokhu, sizokhuluma ngezansi.

Izitimela zikahulumeni zaseRussia ziyindlela emigwaqo yokubaluleka kwezwe. Baxhaswa ngemali evela kwisabelomali sesifundazwe saseRussia Federation.

Imigwaqo yesifunda yimizila emigwaqweni eqhutshwa iziphathimandla ezifundeni. Sinesidingo sokubaluleka kwendawo, esifundazweni futhi sixhaswe ngemali esabelomali esifanele. Uma umzila wesifunda unikeza ukufinyelela emikhanini emikhulu yezimoto noma ezinye izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, khona-ke ngezigaba zomgwaqo waseRashiya zikhethwe yisiqalo A, futhi zonke ezinye yisiqalo K.

Imigwaqo yokubaluleka kokubambisana iqhaza ukuxhumanisa izindawo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesifunda esisodwa, kodwa ibe nezinga eliphansi lokubaluleka kunemizila yesifunda, kanye nemigwaqo emikhulu yeRussia. Yonke imizila ephakathi komphakathi ikhethwe yisiqalo H.

Yonke eminye imigwaqo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuvamile zingaphakathi kwemingcele yesifunda esisodwa noma ngisho nokuhlala futhi zinenani elikhulu kuphela. Baxhaswa ngezimali kusukela kulesabelomali saleso unit of self-government abakubo.

Izinhlobo zemigwaqo ngohlobo lokugqoka

Ngokwehlobo lokwaziswa, imizila yezimoto ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: eziqinile futhi zisehlabathini. Futhi okokuqala kuhlukaniswe ngama-subspecies amaningana: i-asphalted, i-out pavers, iqinisa amathrekhi okhonkolo, njll. Imigwaqo engaphansi komhlaba ayikho ikhava yokufakelwa.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlu lwemigwaqo ehulumeni eRussia alufaki noma iyiphi indlela engcolile. Futhi ngeke uthole noma yimuphi umgwaqo onjalo phakathi kwemizila yokubaluleka kwesifunda nokuphakathi. Kodwa phakathi kwemigwaqo yendawo bangakwazi ukuhlangana.

Izinhlobo zezindlela zobunikazi

Ngelungelo lobunikazi, imizila yokukhulumisana ihlukaniswe kuzwelonke, esifundeni nasezindaweni zangasese. Uma le nkinga ingaveli nencazelo yomnikazi wemigwaqo yomhlaba wonke kanye nesifundazwe, ngakho-ke ngezindaba zangasese, izinto zihlukile ngokuhlukile. Ngakho-ke, bangaba yinhlangano noma umuntu ngamunye. Kodwa-ke, siyaqaphela ukuthi umkhuba wemigwaqo yangasese eRussia awukajwayelekile kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi yonke imigwaqo ehlwini lwemigwaqo emikhulu yaseRussia inomasipala.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngesigaba

Kubuye kube nokuhlelwa ngokwezigaba zemigwaqo. Ngokusho kwalo, imigwaqo ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezintathu: izitimela, imigwaqo ephakeme futhi evamile.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemigwaqo emikhulu nemigwaqo elula yukuthi uhlobo lokuqala lomzila aluvunyelwe ukufinyelela emsakazweni wemoto emgwaqweni omkhulu onomlenze kwelinye izinga, kuyilapho uhlobo lwesibili lungenzeka.

Emigwaqweni evamile, imodi yejubane ephansi isethwe kunama-ngenhla amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nemigwaqo emikhulu nemigwaqo emikhulu, emigwaqweni enjalo ukuhamba ngezinyawo ngebhayisikili, imizila yemoto nezinyawo ngezindiza eyodwa kuvunyelwe.

Imfanelo evumelekile yemigwaqo emikhulu nemigwaqo emikhulu yilezi zindlela ezine noma ngaphezulu, ngobubanzi bazo zonke 3.75 m.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomgwaqo ofanayo kungaba nesigaba esihlukile.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke lezi zinhlobo zemigwaqo zifakwe ohlwini lwemigwaqo emikhulu yaseRussia, kodwa ayikho imigwaqo emikhulu emigwaqeni yesifunda.

Ukuphazamiseka komgwaqo ngesigaba

Ukuhlelwa kwemigwaqo ngesigaba kungabhekwa njengokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwemigwaqo ekilasini.

Zonke izitimela zingaphansi kwesigaba se-IA, imigwaqo i-IB, kodwa imigwaqo evamile ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezinhlanu ngesikhathi esisodwa: i-IC, II, III, IV no-V. Ukuhluka kwe-IC kuzo zonke ezinye izigaba zemigwaqo evamile ukuthi kudinga ukwehlukaniswa okuphoqelekile Ukumaka, kokubili emigwaqweni nasemigwaqweni emikhulu. Imikhakha esele yemigwaqo yohlu olujwayelekile iyahluka phakathi kwabo ngokwezibalo zomgwaqo kanye nobubanzi bayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nezinye izinketho, imigwaqo enezigaba IV neV ivumela ukuhamba ngezinyawo ngamathrekhi wesitimela ne-tram ezingeni elifanayo.

Yonke imigwaqo yesigaba IA, okungukuthi, izitimela, ifakwe ohlwini lwezinhlelo zombuso waseRussia.

Izindlela zokubaluleka kombuso

Manje ake sihlolisise ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezifakiwe ohlwini lwemigwaqo emikhulu yaseRussia. Kuhlanganisa ngokuphelele yonke i-autobahns exhuma eMoscow nezinhloko zezinye izinhlangano zombuso, noma ukuyixhuma namadolobha amakhulu asezindaweni zeRussian Federation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlu lwemigwaqo emikhulu yaseRussia ingafaka izindlela zokuxhuma izikhungo zokuphatha ezifundeni ezihlukene, uma imigwaqo enjalo ibaluleke kakhulu. Futhi kulolu hlu ngezinye izikhathi kufakwe imigwaqo ebaluleke kunazo zonke yokuxhuma, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlinzeka ngeminyango yezindlela ezinkulu zokuthutha ezokuthutha noma ukuxhumana ngokubaluleka kwe-federal, isibonelo, emachwebeni amakhulu.

Imigwaqo kahulumeni yaseRussia ibaluleke ngokukhethekile ohlelweni lokuthutha lwezwe.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemigwaqo yase federal

Yonke imigwaqo ehlanganisiwe ohlwini lwezindlela zikahulumeni zaseRussia zihlukaniswe ngokwazo. Mayelana nayo futhi ingxoxo yethu eyengeziwe izohamba.

Imigwaqo yaseRussia yaseRussia ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukusetshenziswa komphakathi kanye nemizila yaseYurophu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukubalwa kwemigwaqo ehlanganisa iMoscow namazizwe angaphandle noma izikhungo zesifunda isetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa, isiqalo se-M sisetshenzisiwe. Kulezo zindlela ezixhuma amadolobha aphakathi kwezifunda ngokwawo, isiqalo R. sisetshenziswa. Imigwaqo ehambisana ne-federal yaseRussia, ebaluleke kakhulu njengemigwaqo yokuxhuma nokufinyelela, ibalwa Ngesiqalo A.

Uhlu lwemigwaqo ehambisana nesibalo M

Manje ake sibheke uhlu lwazo imigwaqo yaseRussia. Imigwaqo ye-Federal ebaluleke kakhulu, ukuxhuma eMoscow nama-capitals aseYurophu nezikhungo zesifunda, unamagama alandelayo:

• I-M1 - kuya ku-Minsk.
• I-M2 - eya ku-Yalta.
• I-M3 - eya eKiev.
• I-M4 - ku-Novorossiysk.
• I-M5 - eya eChelyabinsk.
• I-M7 - eya ku-Ufa.
• I-M8 - eya e-Arkhangelsk.
• I-М9 - eya eRiga.
• M10 - eSt. Petersburg.
• M11 St. Petersburg - eMoscow (ekwakhiwa).

Uhlu lweminye imigwaqo yesifundazwe

Uhlu lwemigwaqo emikhulu yaseRussian Federation, ehlanganisa izindawo eziphakathi kwezikhonzi zayo, ifaka imizila engu-34. Okubaluleke nakakhulu kuzo:

• I-P23 Belarus - iSt. Petersburg.
• R56 Pskov - Novgorod.
• I-P92 Orel - i-Kaluga.
• P119 iTambov - i-Eagle.
• I-P120 i-Belarus - i-Orel.
• Р132 Ryazan - Kaluga.
• P208, P209 Penza - Tambov.
• I-P216 I-Stavropol - Astrakhan.
• P217- "ICaucasus".
• I-P239 i-Kazakhstan - i-Kazan.
• I-P298 I-Kursk - umgwaqo omkhulu P22.
• I-P351 iTyumen - Yekaterinburg.
• I-P402 i-Omsk - iTyumen.
• I-P404 Khanty-Mansiysk - iTyumen.
• I-P600 Ivanovo - Kostroma.

Imigwaqo emikhulu ye-Russian Federation, ekhonza njengemigwaqo yokuxhuma nokufinyelela, inezinto ezingu-75. Okubaluleke kakhulu nalokhu okulandelayo:

• Umgwaqo omkhulu we-A103 Schelkovskoe.
• Umgwaqo omkhulu we-A109 i-Ilinsky.
• I-A113 Ring Road.
• A164 - iTranskam.
• I-A181- "iScandinavia".
• A375- "East".

Imigwaqo yaseYurophu

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemigwaqo yaseFrance eRussia, enezimo zezokuthutha zaseYurophu. Lezi zihlanganisa imigwaqo elandelayo:

• I-E18 Finland - iSt. Petersburg.
• I-Estonia e-Estonia - eSt. Petersburg.
• I-Latvia - Ishim.
• E28 Poland - Kaliningrad - Lithuania.
• I-E30 Belarus - i-Omsk.
• E38 Ukraine - Voronezh - Kazakhstan.
• Е40 Ukraine - Volgograd - Kazakhstan.
• E50 Ukraine - Makhachkala.
• I-Ukraine I-Ukraine - Rostov-on-Don.
• E77 Poland - Pskov.
• E95 St. Petersburg - Belarus.
• E97 Ukraine - Georgia.
• E101 Ukraine - eMoscow.
• E105 Norway - Yalta.
• I-IS115 i-Novorossiysk - i-Yaroslavl.
• EZ117 Georgia - Amanzi Amaminerali.
• E119 eMoscow-Azerbaijan.
• I-Е121 iSamara-Kazakhstan.
• I-123 I-Chelyabinsk - Kazakhstan.
• I-IS125 Ishim - Kazakhstan.
• I-1212 i-Omsk - i-Kazakhstan.

Lezi zindlela eziphakeme zaseRussia ezibusiwe zibalulekile hhayi nje ngoba zihlinzeka ngemoto, kodwa futhi ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqinile kwezokuxhumana kwezokuthutha emhlabeni wonke.

Imizila yase-Asia

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezindlela zomhlaba wase-Asia. Esikhathini sokuhlelwa bahlongozwa yisiqalo AN. Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imizila yase-Asia ihlukaniswa ngesikhathi esifanayo njengama-prefixes M, P no-A, kuye ngokubaluleka kwalo mzila.

Isibonelo, umgwaqo P258 "Baikal", odlula e-Irkutsk kuya eChita, uyingxenye yomgwaqo wase-Asia AN6 iBelarus-Busan (iRiphabhuliki yaseKorea). Ngokufanayo, umgwaqo omkhulu waseM10 St. Petersburg-eMoscow (elinye igama lomgwaqo "iRussia") liyingxenye yomzila wase-Asia we-AS8 Finland-Iran kanyekanye nomzila we-Europe E105 Kirkenes (Norway) -Yalta.

Imigwaqo ekwakhiwa

Phakathi kwemigwaqo kufakwe kuhlu lwemigwaqo emikhulu yaseRussia, ngesikhathi esisodwa nje kwakhiwa - M11 St. Petersburg - eMoscow. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko kuyoba ukunciphisa ukugeleza kwezimoto ezivela emgwaqweni omkhulu we-M10 "Russia", ohamba cishe ngokufanayo futhi uxhuma izingqungquthela ezimbili zaseRussia. Ngokusho kwepulani, ezinye izingxenye zendlela emgwaqweni omkhulu we-speed high zizokhokhwa. Ngo-2014, kubashayeli, ingxenye yokuqala yomzila yavulwa. Ngaphambi kwalokho kwahlelwa ukuthi yonke indlela emgwaqeni izothathwa ukusebenza ngo-2018, kodwa ngenxa yenkinga yezomnotho evelele ezweni, imigomo ingashintsha kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamaphrojekthi amaningi athakazelisayo, okuthi, uma kusetshenziswe, abe nesimo semigwaqo yombuso. Kodwa manje bonke basesimweni somqondo kuphela.

Isimo somgwaqo

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi imigwaqo eminingi yenhlangano inezinzuzo ezanelisayo. Ngokuqondene nalawo mizila engaphansi kweziphathimandla zezifunda kanye nomasipala ngabanye, isimo sabo sihluke kakhulu. Konke kuncike kunoma yiliphi ingxenye yaseRussia, futhi kungakanani imali engabelwa ohulumeni basekhaya ngokulungisa nokubuyisela kwabo.

Yiqiniso, eRussia Federation imigwaqo eminingi yokubaluleka kwendawo isesimweni esihle, kodwa kunemigwaqo eyanele, isimo esicishe sibe yingozi, sidinga ukulungiswa ngokushesha kwendwangu.

Ukuphathwa koMzila we-Federal

Ukuphathwa kwemigwaqo yase-federal kugcinwe emahlombe enkampani yombuso uRosavtodor, noma, njengoba kubizwa ngokuthi, i-Federal Road Agency. Le nkampani yasungulwa ngo-2004 futhi ibika ngqo kuMnyango Wezokuthutha we-Russian Federation. Kusukela ngo-2012 kuze kube manje, ikhanda layo linguRoma Viktorovich Starovit. "I-Rosavtodor" ihlola ikhwalithi yemigwaqo yase-federal futhi inquma ukuthi kufanele ilungiswe yini uma kudingekile. Le nkampani iphinde ihlele isimiso sokulungiswa komgwaqo okuhleliwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngonyaka ka-2009 inhlangano kahulumeni "yaseRussia Highways" yasungulwa, iholwa nguSV Kelbakh. Ekuphathweni kwalenhlangano imizila iM1, M3 ne-M4 yadluliselwa.

Ukubaluleka kwemigwaqo yase-federal

Kunzima ukugcizelela ukubaluleka ukuthi imigwaqo yaseRussia emigwaqeni inesimiso sokuthutha kwezwe. Uhlu olwethulwa ekuqaleni lubonisa ukuthi baxhuma izindawo zokubaluleka ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nokuxhumana kwe-Russian Federation. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa okuqukethwe kwabo ngendlela eyanelisayo, ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa, ukusabalalisa okulungile kokugeleza kwezimoto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhamba komgwaqo, kuyadingeka ukwakha inqwaba yemizila emikhulu, ukwakhiwa okungenzeka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.