Ukufuduka kwabantu emhlabeni wonke

Ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke ukunyakaza kwabantu kanye nokuwela kwemingcele yombuso. Izakhamizi ezingena ezweni zibizwa ngokuthi abafuduki abahamba phesheya - abafudukayo.

Ukufuduka kwabantu kuhlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziningana.

Ngakho-ke, ukunyakaza kwabantu ngokudlula kwemingcele yezwe kungapheli (ngokungapheli). Kulesi simo, izakhamizi zithuthela indawo yokuhlala ehlala ezweni elihlala kulo.

Kukhona ukufuduka kwesikhashana kwabantu. Hlala ezweni kuleli cala, njengomthetho, lilinganiselwe isikhathi seminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisithupha (ngenxa yezici zobuchwepheshe, umndeni, ubudala bobulili lwabo abangena, futhi ngenxa yokuthembela okuqhubekayo esimweni sokuhamba). Abafuduki abanjalo ngezibalo zamazwe ngamazwe babizwa ngokuthi "izisebenzi zesikhashana zesikhashana", "abafuduki besikhathi eside kanye nabafuduki" noma "izisebenzi zokuhlala ezihlala njalo".

Ukungena kwesikhathi esifushane (kungakapheli unyaka owodwa) kubizwa ngokuthi yisikhathi. Njengomthetho, abafuduki kuleli cala bangena esimweni sokusebenza emkhakheni wezomnotho okuyimvelo (ngokwesibonelo, emkhakheni wenkonzo, kwezolimo).

Ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene kwezinkathi zezakhamuzi kuyi-nomadism. Ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi kubanzi, ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNtshonalanga Afrika. Njengomusa wokunyakaza kwezinkathi ezithile, kukhona futhi ukuhambela ezindaweni ezingcwele.

Ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi (umgogodla, i-shuttle), njengomthetho, nsuku zonke (ukuhamba ngezinyawo ezingavamile, masonto onke) kwabantu ngaphesheya komngcele nangemuva. Izakhamuzi ezingena kuleli lizwe ngomsebenzi zibizwa ngokuthi "basebenzayo." Lolu hlobo lokufuduka luye lwavame kakhulu eNyakatho Melika naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, isibonelo, amashumi ezinkulungwane zezakhamizi awela umngcele we-United States neCanada nsuku zonke.

Kufanelwe ukunakekelwa okhethekile okunjalo uhlobo lokufuduka kwabantu ngokungemthetho. Izakhamuzi ezingaphansi komhlaba zingena kwamanye amazwe zifuna umsebenzi. Isibonelo, abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi bawela umngcele wase-US unyaka ngamunye kusuka eMexico. Abafuduki abangekho emthethweni babizwa ngokuthi labo abafika ezweni ngokusemthethweni (njengezivakashi noma isimemo), kodwa kamuva basebenze ngokungemthetho ukusebenza embusweni wesibindi.

Inani labafuduki bangaphansi komhlaba selukhule kakhulu kusukela ngo-1970. Kulula ukucacisa inombolo yabo ngokunembile. Isibonelo, e-United States, inani labantu abahamba ngaphansi komhlaba liphakathi kwezigidi ezimbili kuya kweziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, eYurophu kusukela ku-1.3 ukuya ku-5 million, eJapane kusukela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezintathu kuya kwezigidi.

Izimbangela zokufuduka kwabantu ezindaweni ezinjalo zihlobene nezombusazwe, ezemvelo nezomnotho. Ngokuyinhloko, abafuduki bangaphansi komhlaba bangabasebenzi abashintshayo futhi bashibhile kwabomabhizinisi.

Ukudlulela kwemingcele okuphoqelelwe kuhlangene nesimo sezemvelo nesombusazwe ezweni lokuhamba. Lokhu kuhamba kwabantu kwabonakala eminyakeni 1980-90. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukufuduka kwezakhamuzi kuye kwazuza isilinganiso esikhulu. Lokhu, futhi, kwafaka izinkinga eziningi. Ukulungiswa kabusha okuphoqelelwe kwabe sekutholwa uhlamvu lomhlaba wonke futhi kuthinteke emazweni amaningi emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwezibalo, cishe amaphesenti angu-87 ababaleki ahlala emazweni asathuthuka. Ngawo-1990, inani labantu abafuduka ngaphakathi ezweni labo ababengene emazweni athuthukile e-visa esifushane futhi bahlala nesicelo sokukhoseliswa kakhulu.

Uhlobo oluthile lokufuduka kwezakhamuzi luhamba ngokunyakaza kwabantu. Ukungena kwemingcele kuleli cala kuxhumene kuphela nokuvakasha kwamazwe ngamazwe noma ezinye izinyawo ngaphandle.