Isikali seFahrenheit nezinye izilinganiso zokushisa

Linganisa izinga lokushisa kwesintu lafunda eminyakeni engaba ngu-400 edlule. Kodwa izinto zokuqala, ezikhumbuza ama-thermometer wamanje, zivele kuphela ngekhulu le-10. Umsunguli we-thermometer wokuqala wayengusosayensi uGabriel Fahrenheit. Konke, izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zokushisa zazisungulwa emhlabeni, ezinye zazo zaziwa kakhulu futhi zisetshenzisiwe, ezinye kancane kancane zaphela.

Izilinganiso zokushisa ziyizinhlelo zokubaluleka kokushisa ezingaqhathaniswa nomunye nomunye. Njengoba izinga lokushisa alilona lamanani alinganayo ngokuqondile, inani lalo lihambisana nokushintsha esimweni sokushisa somzimba (isibonelo, amanzi). Kuzo zonke izilinganiso zokushisa, njengombuso, amaphuzu amabili ahleliwe, afana namazinga okushisa okuguquguqukayo wezinto ezikhethiwe ze-thermometric ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene. Lezi yizinto ezibizwa ngokuthi amaphuzu okukhomba. Izibonelo zamaphuzu okubhekisela ziyisizathu samanzi abilayo, iphuzu lokuqina kwegolide, njll. Omunye wamaphuzu uthathwa njengemvelaphi. Isikhathi esiphakathi kwabo sihlukaniswe sibe izingxenye ezilinganayo, ezingabodwa. Iyunithi yokushisa yamukeleke emhlabeni wonke.

Okuthandwa kakhulu futhi okusetshenziselwa kakhulu ukusetshenziselwa izinga lokushisa emhlabeni - isilinganiso seCelsius neFahrenheit. Kodwa-ke, cabanga ngokulinganisa izikali ezikhona bese uzama ukuziqhathanisa ngokuzisebenzisa kalula nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo. Izikali ezidume kakhulu ziyisihlanu:

Isilinganiso seFahrenheit sakhiwe nguFahrenheit, ososayensi waseJalimane. Ngenye yezinsuku ezibandayo zasebusika zango-1709, i-mercury e-thermometer yososayensi yehlela ekushiseni okuphansi kakhulu, okwakucashunwe ukuthatha njenge-zero ngesilinganiso esisha. Enye iphuzu lokubhekisela kwakuwukushisa komzimba womuntu. Iphuzu eliqhwa ngamanzi ngesilinganiso salo liyi-32 °, futhi iphuzu lokubilisa + 212 °. I-Fahrenheit scale ayicatshangwanga ngokukhethekile futhi elula. Ngaphambilini, yayisetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi, manje - cishe kuphela e-US.

2. Emkhakheni kaReaumur, owasungulwa isazi seFrance uRene de Reaumur ngo-1731, iphuzu eliphansi kunazo zonke yindawo yokuqandisa amanzi. Isilinganiso sisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kotshwala, okwenyuka uma kushisa, ngezinga eliyingxenye yenkulungwane yotshwala emgodini kanye nethubhu ku-zero yamukelwa. Manje lesi sikali asikho ukusetshenziswa.

3. Ezingeni likaCelsius (elihlongozwa nguSweden Anders Celsius ngo-1742), izinga lokushisa kwengxube namanzi (izinga lokushisa lapho iqhwa liqhamuka khona) lithathwa njenge-zero, elinye iphuzu eliyinhloko ukushisa lapho amanzi amathumba khona. Isikhathi phakathi kwabo sanqunywa ukuba sihlukaniswe zibe yizingxenye eziyi-100, futhi ingxenye eyodwa ithathwa njengenombolo yokulinganisa - i-degree Celsius. Lesi sikali sinengqondo kakhulu kunesilinganiso se-Fahrenheit nesilinganiso seReaumur, futhi manje sisetshenziselwa yonke indawo.

4. Isilinganiso seKellvin sakhiwa ngo-1848 nguNkosi Kelvin (isazi seNgisi W. Thomson). Kulo, iphuzu le-zero lalihambisana nokushisa okuphansi kunakho konke lapho ama-molecule alo mzimba ayeke ukuhamba. Leli nani lalibalwe ngokweqile ekucwaningweni kwezakhiwo zegesi. Ngesilinganiso se-Celsius, leli xabiso lihambisana cishe - 273 ° C, okungukuthi, I-Zero Celsius ilingana no-273 K. I unit of measure for the scale entsha kwaba eyodwa kelvin (okokuqala ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Kelvin degree").

5. Isilinganiso se-Rankine (esibizwa nge-physicistist yaseScotland W. Rankin) sinomgomo ofanayo nesilinganiso se-Kelvin, kanti ubukhulu bufana ne-Fahrenheit scale. Lolu hlelo alusakazeki.

Amanani okushisa ama-Fahrenheit neCelsius esikwazi ukusinika wona angadluliselwa kalula komunye nomunye. Lapho uhumusha "engqondweni" (okungukuthi, masinyane, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amatafula akhethekile) wezindleko ze-Fahrenheit nge-degrees Celsius, isibalo sokuqala kufanele sincishiswe ngamayunithi angu-32 futhi sandiswe ngo-5/9. Ngakolunye uhlangothi (kusukela ku-Celsius scale ku-Fahrenheit) - phinda inani lokuqala ngo-9/5 bese ufaka 32. Uma uqhathanisa, izinga lokushisa elingu-Celsius lingama-273.15 °, i-Fahrenheit ingu-459.67 °.