Ukukhula ingacaciswa shift kwesokudla. Amapharamitha sokukhula komnotho

Kukhula kwemnotfo ingacaciswa ukwanda emakethe value izimpahla ezikhiqizwa kumazwe namasevisi. Futhi kushintshwe i kwamandla emali, ukususa impikiswano yokuthi ukwehla kwentengo imali. Ngokuvamile, isimo somnotho uyakucabangela ushintsho yangempela umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene lengenako.

Yiqiniso, indlela ezinjalo kokuhlaziywa lezibalo ukukhula abe nakho kokubili, emihle nemibi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kulinganiswa ukukhula nge-GDP akusho licubungufe iyehla iyenyuka ezenzeka phakathi nesikhathi ukubala umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene.

typology

Uma ukuthuthukiswa umnotho kazwelonke bekungenxa yokuhluleka ukuthobela ekusetshenzisweni ngokugcwele izinsiza, ibizwa ngokuthi okukhulu. Kuyinto kule bavame ukwandisa kuleli zwe. Uma-GDP wakhula ngenxa ukusetshenziswa kakhudlwana ezicini zokukhiqiza, ibizwa ngokuthi ebanzi. Lesi senzakalo ayikwazi isikhathi eside, njengoba imithombo ayengezwa mpilo ngokushesha okwanele.

GDP njengoba determinant

Ukukhula ingacaciswa nokwanda kokungabi omkhiqizo. Kungase kube ngenxa kokubili ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kakhulu. A inkomba esinembile kuyinto lengenako. GDP kubhekwa bubhalwe engqikithini yenani zonke izimpahla lokugcina nezinkonzo ezweni phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi. He is okuzisholo futhi ngempela. ibonisa Okuningi ngokunembile ngokoqobo yomzuzwana.

Kukhula kwemnotfo ingacaciswa ushintsho GDP yangempela lengenako, Njengoba lesi sibalo ucabangela izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali akhawunti kanye izinga lokuphila kwabantu. ejensi National lezibalo emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, kanye ezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe afeze ukuhlolwa le nkomba. Ububi main womkhiqizo okhandwe njengoba determinant sokukhula komnotho Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi libonisa kwemali, hhayi amasheya. Iphinde akusho akhawunti ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ngenxa entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe, ukusatshalaliswa kwamaholo umphakathi, izimakethe "grey" futhi "black", ukwaneliseka subjective ukuphila kwabantu.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza okwandisa umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene

Kukhula kwemnotfo akunakubangelwa kuyanda zomsebenzi ukukhiqiza, ukushuba umsebenzi wabantu, iphesenti ukusebenza yobudala labantu kanye ukwehla abangasebenzi. Ukwanda umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene sibonisa nokuthi zingakanani elihlangene lezi zici emnothweni kazwelonke. Ukukhiqiza nokwanda izindleko yezimpahla nezinkonzo, ceteris paribus. Ngokusho Robert Solow, yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ikhona yini imbangela-80% imali engenayo lengenako ukukhula labantu US isikhathi eside.

Kakhulu kangakanani iba nethonya okunalo utshalomali. Njengoba for umfutho zomsebenzi, ke ulinganiswa namahora umsebenzi. Okunye nezici ezihlobene nokukhula kwe-GDP izinguquko lokubala ubuningi babantu e isakhiwo labantu.

Amapharamitha sokukhula komnotho

Kukhula kwemnotfo kungabonwa ukwandisa nemingcele ezilandelayo:

• Real umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene lengenako. Kuleli inkomba, siye wakhuluma ngokuningiliziwe esigabeni sokugcina, ngakho mina udlulele kwabanye. Kuyinto ilingana nenani ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, utshalomali kanye nokuthengiswa net, ihlukaniswe ngenani izakhamuzi zawo.
• Imali ukuphakela zezimali ezahlukene emnothweni.
• Inkomba intengo umthengi. Izwe ngalinye ikhomba isethi omele kwezimpahla nezinsiza, ngakho imiphumela izibalo asifani njalo. Nokho, kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi iphesenti ukukhula akuyona ngenxa yezimo zomnotho okuthuthukisiwe kwamandla emali.
• Inkomba amanani umkhiqizi. Kuyinto efanayo ukuze inkomba langaphambilini, kodwa ikhombisa izindleko zokwenza ibhizinisi.

• Inkomba izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Le nkomba ibonisa okulindelwe amakhasimende mayelana kusasa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kulindeleke izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali rate kungcono kakhulu kunaleyo lapho akekho okwadingeka isikhathi sokulungiselela.
• Employment. Phakathi recessions kuyehla, ngakho sibalo ibonisa ngokucacile esigabeni lomjikelezo kwezomnotho, okuyisona esiphethe umnotho.
• yokuthengisa nokudayisa. Le nkomba ihlobene Inkomba emali abathengi. Nokho, kungcono kubonise okuyinto imikhakha benze okubi kakhulu, futhi lokho kungcono.
• ezingeni ukwakhiwa. Ukwanda okusheshayo Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo yezimboni izakhiwo ibonisa inkathi eziqhakaza umnotho.
• Umthamo yokusungula emafektri. ukwanda Its ejwayelekile esingashintshi kuze kufinyelelwe esikhathini Ukwehla komnotho kanye nokuphelelwa ngamandla komnotho lusondela.
• Inani amasheya izinkampani okuholela emakethe.

Ubukhulu lesifunda

Njengoba kungenzeka ukukhula komnotho kufaniswe shift ilungelo nokuphezulu kujika khona ukukhiqiza amathuba, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani lokhu kungase kwenzeke. Futhi nanku uza ukusiza umnotho kwesifunda. It Ucwaninga ngendlela nokubekwa izici ezithonya ukukhiqizwa umthamo kanye yokuthengisa izimakethe.

umnotho Regional - kuba umkhakha, kwakhiwa okuyinto ngesisekelo inqubomgomo amayunithi zokuphatha-indawo yezwe futhi yonke isimo sisonke.

Ulwazi onobuhle

Isibikezelo Economic izinguquko esizayo ivolumu kanye nesakhiwo ingeniso kazwelonke - kuyintfo lebaluleke kakhulu cwaningo mhlawumbe. Phela, kumlethela Imiphumela esisebenzayo yangempela ezingase zithathwe ukuze sithuthukise isimo somnotho samanje. Isikole ngasinye isungule indlela yayo ekutadisheni ukukhula. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

• Classical ukukhula theory. Bathi nje acabangele izici ezimbili. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula kuzo ngenxa ushintsho emisebenzini noma ozuze ngokwempahla. innovation ingathathwa zibe akhawunti. Njengenkulumo futhi ezomnotho.
• Solow-Swan lakhiwe ososayensi in the 50s. Imodeli ibheka ukubuyiselwa elinciphayo kusuka nokusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi futhi inhloko-dolobha njengoba izici zokukhiqiza.
• Endogenous ukukhula theory yasungulwa ngu Romer futhi Lucas in the 80s. Ucabangela nencazelo nezibalo intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nomqondo capital womuntu.

• ithiyori Enobunye sokukhula. Umbhali wayo kuyinto Odedi Galore. Lichaza regularities enokwehla yokukhula komnotho ngabanye, okungadingi cabanga ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela odlule.
• Umqondo "push enkulu". Lo mbono uye waba ezidumile ikakhulukazi e-40s. Ngokusho kwakhe, wonke amazwe lidinga push ukuba zisuke komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane kwenye.

Innovations nezikhungo

Cishe bonke kunemibono yanamuhla acabangele zombili lezi zici. Abaningi babo futhi abeke ngesikhathi uyisizinda sayo yonke intuthuko yomuntu. Njengoba sazi, ukukhula komnotho ingacaciswa shift kwesokudla aggregate ukunikezela ijika. Esinye isizathu singaba ukuhlonipha kule ushintsho intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, nezinye - inhlangano zomsebenzi, okungukuthi izikhungo.