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Umlando Odessa kusukela endulo kuze kube namuhla: usuku, imicimbi, abantu abadumile kusukela Odessa

Akulungile ukucabanga ukuthi umlando Odessa owaqala ngokuvukela ukuvela endaweni yayo idolobha lanamuhla. Abantu babehlala lapha ngaphambili kakhulu, futhi baye bakhetha kulesi sifunda ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi bay wendawo yisici amanzi omuhle port. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nansi mnene futhi abazilungiselele sezulu.

endulo

Imizana sokuqala esilotshwe uvele lapha BC VI leminyaka. Lokhu kwaba inkathi eGrisi lasendulo. Ancient isiko kwasakazeka Mediterranean, yathinta, futhi oLwandle Olumnyama. Colonia, ngaso leso sikhathi lapho, ngemva kwamakhulu amaningi eminyaka esekhulile Odessa, yaqanjwa ngokuthi Istrion. Futhi eduze kwayo ixazululwe Nikonion, eThire Isakion. Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo lesifunda ngaphonswa kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso Olbia ocebile futhi athuthukiswe. Phakathi nenkathi yokudlondlobala sabantu baso bafinyelela abantu abayizinkulungwane 15.

Esikhathini BC II ekhulwini kwesikhathi lasendulo isidlulile esigabeni esisha ukuthuthukiswa. Greece aba ngaphansi kokulawula waseRoma, futhi emaqeleni Black Sea waya abathengisi nabahloli bamazwe kuleli. Phakathi nokubusa uHadrian thina ngenkuthalo ihwebelana amaSkithe - abakhileyo emaqeleni.

isikhathi Antique yaphela lapho ekhulwini IV ezweni wendawo zashabalala ngemva ayehlasela abayimizulane. Bathuthela entshonalanga ecindezelwa okuzingela futhi profligate we Huns, eholwa Attila. Trade wayeka, kusukela emzini wasendulo kwakufanele emanxiweni, yona eyaqala ukwenza i ukuphenya ukubonwa ngekhulu XX.

ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi

Esikhathini Early Ephakathi ogwini Black Sea lidlule isuka kwesinye isandla iye. Ekuqaleni lezi zindawo zingaphansi kwethonya we WaseByzantium, eyayintula amakoloni emazweni eCrimea zilawula uhwebo on the spot Odessa. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amaGreki abantu abaye balahlekelwa umsebenzi, futhi indawo evulekile matasa lwamaSlav, ngokunembile, umfelandawonye tribal Tivertsy. Lokhu kwaba yinkathi kusukela VIII ku X leminyaka.

Izakhamuzi beye baba ngaphansi kokucindezeleka njalo kusukela abayimizulane - Pechenegs futhi Polovtsy nge imvelaphi Turkish. Ngakho-ke, amakhulu amaningi eminyaka umlando Odessa wayazi nje emzabalazweni ezihlukahlukene ababengenawo emadolobheni amakhulu nezimbobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwayibhebhethekisa isimo Tatar ayehlasela ekhulwini XIII. Ngenxa yakhe, nonke nina isiko ambalwa amahlumela kwabhujiswa, obabukhona oLwandle Olumnyama.

Trade Center amaNtaliyane

Ekhulwini XIV kule ndawo kafushane ngaphansi kokulawula Duchy of Lithuania, Unia elihlobene ne-umbuso Polish. It ngadonsa abathengisi engumthengisi isiNtaliyane, endleleni yakhe ngokusebenzisa iConstantinople. Badale eziningi emadolobheni eCrimea (Kaffa, Tana, Likostomo, abaphilayo, Moncastro).

Lokho abathengisi Catholic wasishiya Ukukhuluma okubhaliwe we edorobheni okuthiwa Hadzhibey. Wayengumuntu endaweni Odessa yesimanje. Kunemibono eminingi ngemvelaphi igama. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kuvela ngolimi lwesiTatar, okuyinto abathwali ayeyisizwe esiyimihambima we Nogai zidlamlilo. Lesi sizwe ukuzehlukanisa kusukela "segolide" umakhelwane walo. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, Hadzhibey kwavela njengoba yokupaka Polish and abathengisi Lithuanian ukusungula ihlangane ne-Italy.

Ngo umusa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Tatar uthi ukuba khona Nogai Khan Kachibeya. Wabusela lapha kuze 1362, aze egqilazwe Lithuanian Duke Algirdas eBlue Waters. Igama lakhe kwakungu ungwaqa enegama kwalesi sigodi.

Bomlando Lithuanian efanayo umangalele ukuthi le ndawo eyasungulwa Duke Vytautas, wathumela lapha Kotsyubeev umndeni esihle. Noma kunjalo, lo kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala Hadzhibey sihlehlela emuva ngonyaka 1413. Kuyinto kulo mthetho-sisekelo we-Polish yinkosi Jagiello owanikeza ngasogwini Black Sea Svidrigaylo ezikhonza ngaphansi kwakhe. Kodwa noma kunjalo, ithonya Lithuanian is kakhulu buthaka izimpi ne amaTartar. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kuvimbele Hadzhibey wazibonela Selilonke, okuhlobene kutsengisa nge amaNtaliyane. Yingakho zokuthumela usawoti ezingavamile akhiqizwa ezifakwa wendawo.

incithakalo Hadjibeyan

Ekhulwini xv abaseTurkey yanqoba waseConstantinople futhi uqambe kabusha ke Istanbul. Ngalo walala kuphela indlela yasolwandle ukuze oLwandle Olumnyama ngoba baseYurophu. Sultan beyalwa ukuba bazokhokhisa izintela ezinkulu emikhunjini odlulayo ka Italian noma minza ababenqaba ngincome. Ngenxa yalokhu, umyalezo ngokwenani elalisetshenziswa abathengisi Western lalephuliwe.

Lapho-Turks yanqoba Krymskoe Hanstvo AmaTatar kugasela lwenziwe futhi indawo lapho manje simi Odessa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Hadzhibey ekugcineni liwa laphinde labhidlika.

Yeni Dunya

Ukuqhubeka umlando Odessa, njengoba nje ekhulwini XVIII abaseTurkey wakha inqaba of Eni-Dunja (igama lingase lihunyushwe ngokuthi "INguqulo Yezwe Elisha"). Kunalokho, lingabantu ababekade kuphela abuyiselwe emanxiweni inqaba ephakathi. Khona-ke, ngo-1766, Russian intelligence isikhulu Ivan Islenyev wazifihla njengendlela umthengisi wavakashela Yeni Dunja nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi Petersburg ulwazi mayelana ukukhuthazwa omusha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le nqaba lakhiwa endaweni lapho namuhla itholakala the Primorsky Boulevard (edolobheni).

Lezi idatha ziwusizo eminyakeni embalwa, lapho olandelayo Russian-Turkish impi (1768 - 1774). amabutho Russian bacela ukusekelwa Edisanskoy izindimbane zululeka phakathi Dniester kanye Bug Southern, futhi uyingozi enqabeni. Zaporizhzhya Cossacks futhi wazama wasithatha eqinisa izikhathi eziningana. Ekugcineni, baphumelela ngo-1774, kodwa izwe ngokushesha ngemvume phakathi kwemibuso, kanye Yeni Dunya waphinda waba yingxenye Turkey.

Ngokushesha uCatherine II waqeda Sich, futhi abanye Cossacks wahlala eduze Yeni Dunja, ngokuvumelana isivumelwano Sultan. Lokhu ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe of Russian uvumele ukuthi ube nakho ulwazi oluphelele kakhulu futhi kunembile ngalokho okwenzeka e Gulf.

Capture Hadjibeyan Russia

Umlando Odessa baqhubeka kanjani eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, lapho impi entsha ne-Turkey (1787 - 1792). Uma yawela Ochakov osendaweni ezibalulekile, dislocation izimoto Sultan washukunyiselwa ukuba ethekwini Hadjibeyan.

Ngo 1789, edolobheni yadluliselwa ibutho Russian, okuyinto kule ndawo elaliholwa Ivan Gudovich. Enye iqhawe edlwengulwa baba Ataman Anton Golovaty. ISivumelwano Jassy iye yaqinisekisa isimo esisha komnikazi. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakukhona labantu Motley kakhulu: .. abaseTurkey, amaGreki, amaJuda, isiRashiya, njll Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni wabeka phambili isiphakamiso axazulule amatilosi inqaba iMedithera imikhumbi.

XIX leminyaka

Nokho, iNdlovukazi bakhetha ukukwaka idolobha elisha elalizoba ingxenye umugqa ngivikele Dniester. Kwadingeka ukuvikela Russia kusayithi umngcele nge eBessarabia, ngaleso sikhathi lwalusaqhubeka ukulawula Turkish. umphathi Ukwakhiwa waqokwa kumlawuli abadumile Russian Alexander Suvorov. Isisekelo edolobheni ngokusemthethweni senzeka Juni 7, 1794. Igama lanamuhla elithi Odessa, esazama kwezinyanga ezimbalwa. Lisuselwa egameni elilodwa amakoloni YesiGreki ethekwini. I indzawo lelungele wena, khona ezinokuthula avunyelwe nemizana amancane ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ibe muzi omkhulu kwekhulu XIX.

Ukuze ikhuluminyaka yakhe (1894), Odessa laliwumuzi lesine ngobukhulu eMbusweni Russian (ngemva Petersburg, eMoscow kanye Warsaw). labantu abakhileyo 400,000 wayo. Kwakuyisikhathi ndawo yezohwebo, isayensi kanye nezimboni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo phakathi nayo yonke inkathi, lapho kwakukhona amandla eqinile bobukhosi, ingxenye yesithathu yomphakathi wabantu Odessa kwakusala kude imvelaphi Russian. Ubani nje wayengekho lapho: amaJuda (kuleli babephethe Esikhunjeni Esiphaphathekile ka Settlement), isiFulentshi, Moldavians, amaJalimane, amaGreki ...

Eminyakeni yokuqala Odessa kwadingeka akhuthazelele eziningi, ezifana ubhubhane wesifo. Nokho, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga lezinhlupheko iye yasuswa, kuhlanganise esebenzisa amakhono zokuphatha Governor Arman uRichelieu (ubuzwe French). Ngaphansi kwakhe edolobheni lakhiwa kusuka ekuqaleni abakhi kakhulu ezweni lonke.

Impi eCrimea in the 50s of XIX leminyaka waphendula ongaphenduliwe lapha. Odessa uvele kancane nokuvinjelwa. Ngo-April 1854 lo muzi waba ngaphansi umlilo isigaba lwemikhumbi British nesiFulentshi.

Impi kwekhulu XX

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II Odessa yabekwa amabhomu amaJalimane futhi Austrians. Impi yombango oqubuke eRussia kwaholela yokuthi umuzi kuyinto omningi isikhathi sasiqhubeka isuka kwesinye isandla iye. Wayekhona kweJalimane-Austria futhi kwaba yingxenye indlela okwakheke ngayo isimo ezahlukene, okuyinto kwakhiwa i "ezimele" Ukraine. Ekugcineni, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange Kumiswa kuphela ngo-1920, lapho idolobha Black ulwandle langena ibutho ngaphansi kobuholi Kotovsky.

Futhi manje inkinga entsha - yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Ekuqaleni elilandelayo ukuzivikela Odessa. izinsuku ezingu-73 (kusukela ngo-August 5 kuya ku-October 16, 1941) abavikeli labetibambile ngempumelelo ibutho lamaJalimane. "INingizimu" iqembu wazama ukwephula ngokusebenzisa izindlela echwebeni, esikhundleni Ngokuqhubeka, ngokuvumelana uhlelo "Blitzkrieg", ukunyakaza ngasempumalanga. Ngenkathi amasosha aseSoviet ngalwa nedlelo yonkana bay ukuze kuhlengwe ephumelelayo sebuningini yizakhamuzi, izinto ezibalulekile yobuciko, imishini industrial kwenziwa, nokunye. D.

Ibutho futhi zinhlanga ngendlela ehlelekile. izingxenye Abaningi bathunyelwa eCrimea, lapho iqhaza ekumeleleni Sevastopol. Ngo-Odessa, phakathi kweJalimane sidalwe komhlaba, okuyinto ngempumelelo nalaba bahlaseli. imisebenzi Covert olwenziwa amavolontiya, babulele ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 3 amaJalimane isingathwe kuleli dolobha.

Soviet Odessa

Ngemva kokunqoba of nenkathi yamaSoviet kwaphawulwa ukukhula umkhakha nemfundo kuleli dolobha. Kwakusekude ezinkulu Black Sea port. On the izitshudiyo zama-movie wendawo inkanyezi movie zakudala futhi uchungechunge (isibonelo, abathandwa abaningi futhi manje wobuciko Stanislav Govorukhin "Umhlangano Indawo ayikwazi ukushintshwa").

Ngo nenkathi yamaSoviet Odessa waklonyeliswa isihloko "Hero City". Wayephakathi 'kwezintombi nemicengezi lokuqala eziyisikhombisa isimo zokuhlonipha. Kukhunjulwa ukuzivikela olunegazi futhi namaqhawe, okuyinto amangalelwe 15,000 izimpilo, eyinkimbinkimbi yesikhumbuzo wavulwa, Green Belt Inkazimulo kanye nezinye izikhungo zenkolo.

"Uneminyaka kusuka Odessa, u-teddy bear, futhi lokho kusho ukuthi ..."

Ngo-Odessa, wazalwa eningi osaziwayo. Ngisho ngaphezulu enhlokodolobha amahlaya kuziwa izihambi, izivakashi kanye nayizimfundamakhwela lweholide ezinhle. Yiqiniso, esihlokweni iDemo kunzima ukuqamba bonke abantu abadumile engibathandayo Caledonia iyikhaya edolobheni, ngakho setama ukudluliswa yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu. Ngakho, izakhamuzi abadumile Odessa:

  • umculi L.Utesov;
  • poetess Anna Akhmatova;
  • abalobi Ilf I., V. Kataev, Olesha;
  • Marshall L. Malinowski;
  • submariner Alexander Marinesco;
  • Soviet intelligence ejenti UNikolai Geft;
  • ezinkulu ubugebengu boss Mishka Jap;
  • TV umethuli, intatheli, umculi Boris Burda;
  • Cosmonaut Dobrowolski;
  • satirists R. Karcev futhi M. Zhvanetskiy nabanye abaningi.

Modern Odessa kanye namasiko alo

Nge ngokuwa kweSoviet Union iqhawe idolobha kwaba yingxenye ye-Ukraine ezimele.

Odessa Day ngokwesiko kugujwa futhi baphawula phezu 2 Septhemba. Kuba maphakathi imikhosi Primorsky Boulevard Potemkin Izinyathelo. Lawa uphawu ezimbili kunazo owaziwa komuzi. Isikhungo esingokomlando is ezisenza UNESCO futhi evikelwe nokunakekelwa okukhethekile njengoba eliyingqayizivele amagugu yamasiko dlule zukulwane. Usuku Odessa ngokwesiko iphela gala amakhonsathi, imikhosi kanye iziqhumane.

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