Umthamo wezomthetho wezakhamizi: umqondo nokuqukethwe, ukulinganiselwa

Umqondo wesikhathi sokuqala nokuqukethwe komthetho wezakhamizi kubhekwa emithethweni yezwe lethu futhi zilawulwa. Ngokuyinhloko, kusukela ezenzweni ezijwayelekile zokusebenza kuleli zwe kulandela ukuthi amandla omthetho adla lowo muntu unamalungelo omphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kuhlobene ngokuqondile nemisebenzi eyenziwe sonke isakhamuzi sezwe. Lokhu kuchazwa yi-Civil Code ku-athikili yesi-17.

Umbono jikelele

Izici ezibalulekile zomthamo wezomthetho:

• Ukungakwazi ukuhlukaniswa;
• Ukungabonakali.

Kulandela i-Civil Code ukuthi amandla omthetho womphakathi wezakhamuzi (umqondo, okuqukethwe, umsuka, ukuqedwa - konke kubhekwe kulolu hlelo oluyisisekelo lomthetho) kungaqondakala uma sifundisisa ngokucophelela imisebenzi, amalungelo abantu abathola kuwo ngokusebenzisa umthetho wezwe. Kusukela kulokhu kulandela ngokuqondile ukuthi incazelo yesikhundla somthetho isekelwe ukuthi umuntu othize ungumuntu onemingcele yezinto ezingokwenyama nezingokwenyama, kanye nento enomthetho, izimfanelo zomphakathi.

Ungabheka kuphi imithetho?

Ukuze uqonde ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yikuphi umqondo, okuqukethwe kanye nokubaluleka komthamo womthetho wesakhamuzi, umuntu kufanele aphenduke kumthombo oyinhloko, okungukuthi, i-Civil Code. Inesithakazelo esikhulu kulokhu okubukwayo yisihloko sakhe se-18. Iveza uhlu lwalawo makhamuzi amalungelo abhekwa njengabalulekile, okubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wethu.

Yini esikhuluma ngayo?

Imaphi amalungelo omphakathi angabizwa ngokuthi abaluleke kakhulu? Umqondo nokuqukethwe komthamo womthetho wabantu ngabanye - abantu badinga ukunakwa okukhethekile kwamalungelo alandelayo:

• Ukutholakala kwempahla;
• Wills;
• Ifa;
• Ukuqhuba ibhizinisi kuhlaka lomthetho;
• Qedela amadili;
• Hlela izinhlangano zomthetho;
• Ukuhlanganyela emithwalweni;
• Ngokwakhe ukunambitheka bakhetha ukuthi bangaphila;
• Ama-copyright.

Ingabe konke lokho?

Kusukela emithethweni echaza umqondo kanye nokuqukethwe komthamo wezombusazwe, kulandela nokuthi abantu banamalungelo athile:

• Impahla;
• Akuyona impahla.

Lokhu kusebenza emininingwaneni yamalungelo angaboniswa ngokuqondile emthethweni, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo angabheki incazelo yemithetho yombuso kanye nokuqala komthetho womphakathi. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukwakha uhlu oluphelele lwamathuba avela ekubukeni komthetho owakhiwe isakhamuzi esijwayelekile ezweni lethu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlu oluchazwe esihlokweni se-18 lungaphelele, ngakho wonke umuntu unomqondo wokuthi yiziphi amalungelo okufanele abizwe ngokuthi yizona ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi ezingezona zale mkhakha. Ngakho-ke, umqondo kanye nokuqukethwe kwamandla omthetho kanye nomthamo wezakhamuzi kuchazwe kusihloko se-18 se-Code Civil noma kulandela ulwazi olushicilelwe kulolu hlelo olujwayelekile.

Funda kabanzi

Lapho ufunda amagama e-Article 18, kuyacaca ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, umthetho olawula ukuthi wonke umuntu angaba nempahla uyimfuneko ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwamalungelo empahla. Kodwa empeleni, hhayi yena kuphela. Leli gama elilula futhi elifingqiwe lomthetho ochaza amandla omthetho izakhamuzi (umqondo, okuqukethwe, imikhawulo), ngaleyo ndlela ubeka isisekelo sobudlelwane bomthetho obukhona emphakathini wethu wanamuhla. Lokhu kuzobandakanya futhi kuhlotshaniswe nezibopho ezihlukahlukene. Incazelo ilula kakhulu: empeleni akunakwenzeka ukuba abe yingxenye ebuhlotsheni bempahla, uma kungekho lungelo lokuba ngumnikazi wento ethile.

Kuyini, kanye nokuthi yini ongayithathi

Ezweni lakithi wonke umuntu onomakhelwane unamandla omthetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akukwazi ukusho ukuthi abantu ababili abahlukene banamalungelo alinganayo ngokuphelele. Kodwa amathuba, okungukuthi, ukutholakala kwamalungelo okungenzeka, alingana nabo bonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukutholakala kwamathuba akutholakali ngemisebenzi yomuntu noma ngamalungelo akhona kuye.

Isibonelo esilandelayo sokucabanga kanje. Ake sithi kukhona umuntu ohlala endlini yakhe yokuhlala. Kuleli phuzu, unamalungelo omnikazi. Kodwa uma kukhona isifiso esinjalo, isakhamuzi siyokwamukela amalungelo omthengisi wendlu. Kodwa esinye isakhamuzi, sithi, ezimweni zokuqala asinayo impahla, okungukuthi, akanalo ikhaya. Lokhu akusho ukuthi emva kwesikhashana ngeke akwazi ukuthola amalungelo omthengisi.

Uma sicabanga ngokungalungile

Iphutha le-classical logical of the reasoning elichazwe ukwenqaba isakhamuzi sesibili emalungelo omthengisi wendlu yokuhlala. Kunesimo sokuthi abantu abaphikisana nalokho okushiwo umqondo nokugcinwa kwamandla omthetho wezakhamuzi, bahlanganisa lesi simo ngokuvumelana nezimo zekhonkolo ezikhona lapha nanamuhla. Amalungelo afanelekayo avela kulokhu noma lowo muntu akanalo uxhumano oluqondile nokucacile nawo wonke amathuba okubekwe emthethweni. I-Civil Code inikeza okukhethwa kukho okuhlukahlukene ngalokho umuntu angakufanelekela khona - ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, ngisho nakulezo ezingalokothi zenzeke empilweni yesizwe esivamile.

Ukufunda umthetho ochaza umqondo nokuqukethwe komthetho wezakhamizi, kungaphetha ngokuthi ithuba lokuba umnikazi wento noma into ayiyona into esemthethweni. Esikhundleni salokhu, okuqukethwe komthamo wezomthetho, njengento, ikhono lokuba nento ethile, ilungelo lempahla. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokusho komthetho wamanje, amandla omthetho wesakhamuzi (umqondo, okuqukethwe, umsuka, ukuqedwa kuvezwe ku-Code Civil) yilokhu okulandelayo: umuntu kunoma yiluphi ubudlelwano obuhlobene nomthwalo wemfanelo kungaba yisihloko. Lokhu kusebenza ezindlini, izindlu zokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba ubuhlobo bomthetho, kanye nezinto ezilula - yebo, okungenani amathoyizi nezingubo.

Futhi yini elandela kulokhu?

Ake sithi umuntu othile onomnikazi uthatha izinyathelo zokuzihlukanisa. Unendlela ehlukile kulokho: ungathengisa, ngokuphothula inkontileka, ungakwazi ukunikela noma ukusebenzisa amanye amathuba anikezwe ngumthetho. Umqondo kanye nokuqukethwe komthetho wezakhamizi kuqondisa: akukho ushintsho maqondana nomuntu ngokwakhe, amalungelo akhe angenalo.

Isimo sizofana nalokhu uma inkantolo ithatha impahla engaphandle komuntu noma ngokungahambisani nomthetho ilungelo lobunikazi. Lesi simo sizokwelulela ezintweni eziye zaba umhlanganyeli obambe iqhaza kulezo zindaba, kodwa ngeke zithinte amalungelo namathuba omuntu.

Futhi uma uthi kulula.

Umqondo kanye nokuqukethwe komthetho wezakhamuzi, okunikezwe yi-Code Civil yezwe lakithi, kungukuthi umuntu, ngisho nangesinye isizathu ngenxa yokuthi wayenqatshelwe (ngeyakhe noma uhlobo oluthile lokuthanda) kwempahla ethile, uhlala namalungelo okuthola entsha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zonke izakhamizi zinamalungelo okuthenga impahla kanye nethuba lokuthola amalungelo omhlaba amasha.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yezwe lethu inikwe izindlela zokulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu, ukuze ubulungiswa bube khona esimweni sombuso. Okucuketfwe, umqondo wamandla omthetho wezakhamuzi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuvimbela manje, noma ukukhawulela esikhathini esizayo amalungelo asemphakathini emphakathini wezomthetho. Lokhu kungukuthi, esibonelweni sethu esikhonkolo esixhunyaniswe ne-estate, inkantolo inganquma ukuthi isikhathi samanje sommangalelwa kufanele sithathwe, kepha ngeke kunqunywe ukuthi lo muntu unqatshelwe ilungelo lokuthola izinto manje noma esikhathini esizayo.

Ayikho imikhawulo! Ingabe kunjalo?

Okushiwo ngenhla kubonakala sengathi kuyisisekelo esinengqondo sokucabangela: ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhona, amandla omthetho wezakhamuzi awakwazi ukulinganiselwa nganoma iyiphi indlela. Umqondo nokuqukethwe kwalesi simo, okuchazwe ku-Civil Code, kungukuthi, ngokutadisha ngokucophelela, kungenzeka ukukhomba izindlela zokulawula isimo.

Ngomqondo ojwayelekile womthetho, kungenzeka ukuba ukhawulele, futhi kwezinye izimo ezithile, ngisho nokudingekile. Indlela elula yokubheka lokhu kulesi sibonelo esilandelayo: umthamo wezomthetho uthatha ukuthi yisiphi isakhamuzi sezwe sinelungelo lokukhetha indawo yokuhlala ukuze ulalele futhi uhlale lapha. Kodwa ngomthetho, kungenzeka ukuthi iziphathimandla zithathe isinqumo, uma seziqala ukusebenza, umuntu kuzodingeka ahlale endaweni ekhonjisiwe kulokhu. Ngokufanayo, inqubo esemthethweni ivimbela ukuhlala kwezinye izindawo.

Isibonelo sokwenza amabhizinisi akuyona into ecacile. Uma sonke isakhamuzi saseRussia sinelungelo, ngokwemithetho, ukwenza lolo hlobo lomsebenzi, ngokusho kwesinqumo senkantolo, umuntu othize angavinjelwa. Kodwa-ke, ukuvinjelwa akudingekile: inkantolo ingafaka umkhawulo. Kunoma yikuphi, ungabheka ukuvinjelwa kwamalungelo.

Ithonya lisebenza kanjani ekusebenzeni?

Ngokubusa kwethu komthetho, ukutholakala kwawo wonke umuntu oyedwa kulawo wonke amalungelo anikezwe yona yi-Code Code kuyisici esiyisisekelo esiqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo, amathuba afanayo nezimo ezikhululekile zokuphila nokuthuthukiswa kwezici zenhlalo nezomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akumukeleki ukumane uthathe futhi ukhawule amalungelo omunye umuntu ngoba nje "ufuna".

Ukunciphisa umuntu onenkululeko noma ukumphika ilungelo lokuqhuba ibhizinisi, ukufaka isicelo esakhamuzi ezinye iziphathimandla, isijeziso sobugebengu kungenzeka kuphela lapho umthetho uvumela ukuba wenze kanjalo. Kunoma yikuphi okungafani nokunciphisa umthamo wezomthetho, ama-state anqunywe emithethweni kungenzeka, engahambisani nemibhalo eyisisekelo, njengeMtsetfosisekelo, iSimemezelo Emalungelo Ebantfu.

Futhi isetshenziswa nini?

Kungenzeka ukunciphisa amandla omthetho wesakhamuzi uma kwenzeka enze iphutha - ukuphatha, ubugebengu. Uma umthetho ubeka isigwebo saleso senzo, ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe amandla omthetho.

Kwenzeke ukuthi umuntu akakwazi ukubeka umkhawulo emandleni akhe angokomthetho ngomsebenzi owakhelwe wona, njengoba nje kungenakwenzeka ukulahlekelwa izakhi zomthamo wezomthetho.

Futhi ngezibonelo?

Ake sithi isakhamuzi esithile saqala ukuhamba lapho ekhethiwe khona njengendawo yakhe yokuhlala. Njengesizathu, wabonisa ukuthi akafuni ukubona umkakhe owayengumyeni wakhe, umkakhe ohlukanisile, okuningi. Ngokwezinkantolo, isibopho sibhekwa singabalulekile.

Ngokuphathelene nesakhamizi, unelungelo lokukhipha isinqumo esingenasemthethweni noma ukhohlwe ngaye - ukukhetha kuhlala kumuntu. Okusho ukuthi, ngesifiso esinesifiso nesifiso, umuntu obhekene naye angakwazi ukushiya idolobha elidala kuze kube phakade, ukuze angahambi nalabo abengumndeni wakhe. Kodwa isenzo esinjalo ngeke sibe ngandlela-thile umkhawulo. Kulula ukuchaza lokhu: ngisho noma isakhamuzi ishiya, sisalokhu sikwazi ukugcina indawo yangaphambili. Eqinisweni, uvele uqaphele okuthile okuvela kuwo wonke amalungelo akhe: uhlale endaweni yakudala noma ukhethe okusha. Wenza ngendlela ayifunayo.

Futhi kuyoholela kuphi?

Imithetho yezwe lethu inikeza wonke umuntu ilungelo lokukhetha indawo enjalo empilweni, ebonakala kumuntu ofanele kakhulu, ekhululekile futhi elula. Yiqiniso, kukhona okunye okuhlukile: isibonelo, awukwazi ukungena edolobheni elivaliwe noma uhlala endaweni yomsindo. Kodwa lezi zinkimbinkimbi ezihlukile. Ngokuvamile, umuntu unelungelo lokuthuthela lapho, lapho ebona kufanele khona. Futhi akukho miphumela esemthethweni okuphoqa noma ubani ukuba athuthe noma, ngokuphambene, avimbele okunjalo. Yiqiniso, uma kungekho bugebengu.

Futhi uma isibonelo?

Ngokuqondene nesibonelo esichazwe ngenhla, ngokusobala kuyacaca: owake wangumfazi wale ndoda yangaphambili-umndeni owabonisa isifiso sokuya kwenye indawo ukuze angamhlangabezi, angathatha ingane futhi alandele le ndoda.

Umuntu owamemezela isifiso sakhe sokushintsha indawo yakhe akakwazi ukwenza kanjalo, ukubambezela ukukhishwa kwesinqumo ngisho naphakade. Ngokuziphatha, lokhu kungase kungabi kuhle kakhulu, kodwa kusukela ekubukeni kokuhlola isimo ngokuya komthetho wezimfuneko, cha. Kunoma yikuphi okukhethwa kukho, wonke amalungu omndeni asebenzisa ukusebenzisa ilungelo elinikezwe ngumthetho ukukhetha indawo enhle yokuphila. Kusukela kumbono womthetho, esimweni esinjalo, akunandaba ukuthi iziphi izizathu ezenza isinqumo sokugcina.

Ubani okufanele ukuba?

Kusukela ku-Code Civil kulandela ukuthi kungenakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu azalwe, uthola ngokushesha amandla omthetho. Lokhu kuzoba yisakhamuzi sezwe ngesikhathi sonke esabelwe yona futhi kuphela ukufa kuzophela. Isayensi yezomthetho ayicabangi izindlela zokunquma usuku lokuzalwa, ukufa, ngoba kukholelwa ukuthi imibono enjalo ingokwenyama kuphela futhi ayikho into ekhethekile yomthetho.

Biology kanye noMthetho

Kusukela ekubukeni komthetho, izici ezibalulekile kuyoba ukuthi umuntu wazalwa, okuyinto ngezimo zezokwelapha kusho ukuthi ingane ikwazi ukuphefumula yedwa. Uma nje lokhu kwenzeka, amandla omphakathi avela.

Ngendlela, akubalulekile kakhulu. Kukhona izingane ezazintandane ekuzalweni. Isibonelo, uma ubaba engenayo ingane noma efa, futhi umama wafa ngesikhathi sokubeletha, khona-ke umntwana osanda kubalwa ngokushesha uba ilungelo lokuthola ilungelo futhi athole ilungelo lokuzuza konke okusele kwabazali. Kodwa nansi ingane engakazalwa, ayikho amalungelo anjalo futhi ayikwazi ukuthola ifa. Nakuba umthetho uqukethe izindinganiso ezithile ezenzelwe ukuvikela izithakazelo zendlalifa.