United Nations: usomqulu. United Nations Day

United Nations - omunye ezinethonya kunazo zamazwe ngamazwe. Isixazululo nezindaba eziningi eziyinhloko, khomba izinqubo zezombangazwe nezomnotho global kwenzekani ezingeni izakhiwo UN.

Isakhiwo eNhlangano yeziZwe ihlanganisa cishe zonke zithi inkosi emhlabeni. On ezingeni zamanxusa, kukhona ngisho Day-United Nations. Njengoba kwakhiwa leli bhuloho is? Yikuphi amazwe omula kuqala dalo we-United Nations? Hlobo luni imisebenzi lwenzelwe ukuxazulula le nhlangano has ngokomlando futhi kulokho izinkomba okusebenza manje?

UN: ulwazi olujwayelekile

United Nations - omunye izinhlangano ngobukhulu international, Injongo ogama main - ekugcinweni kokuthula kanye nokuphepha ezingeni global kanye kwenyuswe ukuthuthukiswa nokubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we ukhiye, okutshengisa izimiso ze-UN - Charter. Lithi, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi umgomo United Nations - ukuvimbela ezisongela ukuthula, kanye nezixazululo zabo, ukuqaliswa nengxabano by izindlela ezinokuthula, izinqubo, ekhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobungane nobudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe zomhlaba, ngesisekelo amalungelo alinganayo nokuzinqumela wezizwe. Futhi, i-Charter uthi i-United Nations sifuna kutfutfukisa nokubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili e kwezomnotho, izici zenhlalo, zamasiko sphere zezenhlalakahle.

I-UN kuhlanganisiwe amazwe 193. Ukwakheka UN ungakwazi kuphela zihlanganisa kulawo mazwe ukuthi wayeziqaphela international level zamanxusa. Uma lokhu umbandela uhlangana lapho ezweni kuchazwa njenganoma takhiwo UN "nokuthula", kuyinto bakulungele ukuthwala kwezibopho Charter futhi uyakwazi ukugcwalisa kubo, khona-ke umnyango enhlanganweni livulekele ke. Ukwamukelwa kwanoma amazwe amasha ukuze UN General Assembly wenziwa khona ngaphansi uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha ukuzibandakanya. Kulokhu, amazwe amahlanu, njalo ekhona eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha, ungakwazi Veto isinqumo weSigungu mayelana nokwamukelwa eNhlangano yeziZwe isimo esisha.

Qaphela ukuthi isimo nalo isimo ilungu hhayi kuphela UN, kodwa futhi ingqapheli. Njengomthetho, it is kwandulelwe entry wezwe okwalandela phakathi Inhlangano. Isimo isimo ingqapheli uthola eqinisweni vote-General Assembly. Ukuvunywa ngesinqumo kudinga iningi lamavoti. I engavamile we-UN isimo izinyoni e ukuthi kungaba futhi isimo non-ayibonwa. Nokho, kuyaziwa ukuthi labo abanegunya babe eNgophezukonke ngokugcwele isikhathi esithile - Austria, Finland, Japan. Ngemva kwalokho, bazikhethela bona lesi isimo ilunga eliphelele UN.

NGAKHOKE UMGWAMANDA UNQUMA eNhlangano yeziZwe ukhonza njengephayona umzimba sokweluleka ehola. Kumiswa It is abamele amazwe ilungu UN. State ngamunye ine lelungelo elilinganayo ukuze uvote. Enye umzimba ebalulekile UN - oMkhandlu wezokuPhepha. Likhono lesi sakhiwo - umthwalo umhlaba indiza global. I-UN Security libabiza izinsongo ezivela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba njengoba izibonelo kungenzeka ngobudlova. Indlela eyinhloko oMkhandlu wezokuPhepha - ukukhokhela izingxabano esebenzisa ezinokuthula, ukuthuthukiswa izincomo ezifanele ezinhlangothini zalo. Kwezinye izimo, i-UN Security Council amandla ukugunyaza ukusetshenziswa ebutho lempi ukuze abuyise ukuthula. kwakhiwa UMkhandlu wezokuPhepha is lamazwe 15. Ezinhlanu kuzo - unomphela (Russia, France, China, izwe laseBrithani nelase-United States). Zonke ezinye aqokwe General Assembly iminyaka emibili.

Inhlangano inikezwa ngomunye umzimba - i-United Nations likaNobhala. It iholwa umuntu bangazihluphi okuthunyelwe ka uNobhala Jikelele. Ukhetho lesi sikhundla ubeka oMkhandlu wezokuPhepha. UNobhala-Jikelele we-UN uqoka-General Assembly.

izilimi UN olusemthethweni eziyisithupha -. Lezi njalo zibalwa Russian. Phakathi kwezinye - okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni isiNgisi, isi-Chinese, isi-Arabhu neSpanishi nesiFulentshi. Mayelana nokusetshenziswa esisebenzayo kwezilimi ezisemthethweni - abayikho imibhalo ukhiye esikhishwe Organization isixazululo. Futhi ezilimini olufanele imibiko eshicilelwe, imibhalo. Izinkulumo wenza emihlanganweni zihunyushelwa olimini lwesi-tilwimi letisemtsetfweni.

Uhlelo United Nations kuhlanganisa izakhiwo eziningana ngokuzimela ekhona. Phakathi ngobukhulu - UNESCO, IAEA.

endlunkulu yayo itholakala e-New York.

Cabanga indlela ukhiye umsebenzi UN kabanzi.

General Assembly

Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, lokhu umzimba - isici esiyinhloko ku elejwayelekile, policymaking futhi omele-United Nations. NGAKHOKE UMGWAMANDA UNQUMA yakha izimiso eziyisisekelo esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba ezindabeni yokuthula, ukuxhumanisa budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye uthi amazinga kahulumeni ahlukahlukene. Amandla negunya ebekiwe Charter UN. NGAKHOKE UMGWAMANDA UNQUMA lusebenza ku amaseshini - avamile, akhethekile noma eziphuthumayo.

Njengengxenye ye-isitho main elejwayelekile eNhlangano yeziZwe - amakomiti ngaphezulu. Likhono ngamunye - ibanga emincane nezindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona kwezikhali kanye Ezokuphepha International Committee. Kukhona umzimba ezifanele, lapho sibhekene nezinkinga of izindaba zomphakathi zezenhlalakahle. Kunekomidi kabani yomthetho - izindaba ezingokomthetho. Kukhona izakhiwo banesibopho isheke ukugunyazwa, ikhambi ezindabeni zezombusazwe, zokuphatha mali. Futhi imisebenzi leKomiti Jikelele. Kuyinto unesibopho izici uMkhandlu, njengoba ajenda kanye izici jikelele ezihlobene inhlangano izingxoxo. Siqukethe izikhulu ezimbalwa. Phakathi kwabo - inhloko ye-General Assembly, amasekela akhe, izinhloko zezindlu amanye amakomiti.

I-UN General Assembly, njengoba sishilo, ukusebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka amaseshini ekhethekile. Zingase obize ngesisekelo oda oMkhandlu wezokuPhepha. Theme amaseshini zingahluka - ngokwesibonelo, eziphathelene namalungelo esintu. Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, ukwakheka United Nations Organisation kubangelwe mayelana nesidingo ngamazwe izinkinga kule ndawo.

uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha

UN Security Council - isakhiwo, e sekhono ekhethekile okuyizinto eziphathelene nokugcinwa kokuthula kanye nokuphepha kwezizwe. Sesiphawulile ukuthi United Nations Organisation wayemiselwe kakhulu ngenjongo ukuxazulula izinkinga nje iphrofayela enjalo. UMkhandlu wezokuPhepha, njengoba sishilo ngenhla, siqukethe 5 uthi njalo, basuke benawo ilungelo ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela. Hlobo luni inqubo? Isimiso esiyisisekelo lapha kuyafana ukuthi we ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela ePhalamende.

Uma lokho isinqumo UN Security Council ayabiwa ngu States angamalungu unomphela emzimbeni, angamuvimba ukwamukelwa zaso zokugcina. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: isakhamuzi ezweni ngaphakathi uMkhandlu wezokuPhepha njalo, angeke abaqokelwe UN uNobhala Jikelele.

I-UN likaNobhala

Lesi sakhiwo United Nations yakhelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ikakhulukazi zokuphatha-aspect ukuqaliswa izinhlelo yokutholwa. Ngokuyisisekelo umsebenzi elihlobene ne ukushicilelwa imibhalo izinqumo kanye nezinye izinqumo, ngokufaka ulwazi amafayela, ukubhalisa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, nokunye. D. likaNobhala has ochwepheshe angaba yizinkulungwane 44 ukusebenza emazweni ahlukene. Kwezinkulu yomzimba tisebenta e-New York, Nairobi, kanye amadolobha aseYurophu - Geneva futhi Vienna.

International Court of Justice

Kukhona isakhiwo UN futhi enkantolo. Kusolwa ukuthi amajaji okuyibona ke, ukusebenza ngokuzimela ngenhlonipho ehlangene nezithakazelo zoMbusi uthi, amelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi we-UN kumele kube yilo kuphela zochwepheshe umsebenzi wabo. Sekukonke, UN ejensi olufanele ukwethula 15 amajaji. Ngamunye wabo has a uhlobo olukhethekile amasosha omzimba, futhi ungakwazi ukujabulela eziningi amalungelo zamanxusa. Izingxenye impikiswano ukuba ixazululwe eNkantolo UN, kuphela kube isimo. Izakhamizi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho angeke abe Ummangali noma ummangalelwa.

UN Council

Isakhiwo UN likhona amathiphu ambalwa - ezomnotho nezenhlalo, kanye ikhanda izimpikiswano sivikelwe (noma izosebenza kuphela kuze November 1, 1994, ngemva kwalokho-ke limiswe). Council Okokuqala uzithinte izinkinga ezihlobene nokubambisana izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kwezifunda. It yakha wemisebenzi 6 wamisa phezu amagumbi omhlaba. Okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, kukhona Economic Commission for Europe, nguye osebenza Afrika noma West Asia.

izikhungo

Charter UN kudinga ukuthi izidumbu ehola ungakheka isakhiwo support. Ngokwesibonelo, uvele nezinye UN eziningana. Phakathi edume kunazo - the IAEA, kusho iWorld Health Organisation, i-UNICEF, i-UNESCO, UN Food Inhlangano.

Umlando we-UN

Isici ezithakazelisayo cwaningo UN - umlando. INhlangano yeziZwe yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-October 24, 1945. Ngu usuku iningi lithi ongene Charter UN, izibophezele idokhumenti. Nokho, umqondo-United Nations, Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, waqala ukuba athuthukiswe in the neminyaka yeMpi Yezwe II. Ikakhulukazi, kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi ngo-January 1942, i-angamalungu e-Bloc, ezilwa amaNazi, ongene idokhumenti, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-Declaration eNhlangano yeziZwe. Ekwindla ka-1944 e-"Oaks Dumbarton" - elise Washington inxuluma - inkomfa owawuse ne iqhaza zase-USSR, USA, Great Britain China. Lithi ukuchaza kanjani ukuthuthukisa kwamaZwe ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, bese, njengoba isakhiwo esiyisisekelo zokuqondisisa le nqubo ingase ibukeke.

Ngo-February 1945, wadlula edumile Yalta lenkomfa. Yena uphokophele ehola amazwe ahlangene yamemezela inhloso yabo ukwakha isakhiwo embulungeni yonke, umgomo oyinhloko okuyinto ekugcinweni kokuthula. Ngo-April walowo nyaka ofanayo e-San Francisco, inkomfa owawuse iqhaza emazweni 50 ukuze ukuthuthukisa Charter-United Nations. Inani iqhaza kwaba mayelana 3.5 ayizinkulungwane. Abantu, futhi ezingaphezu kuka-2500 izintatheli, documentarians futhi kulabo ababebukele. Ngo-June 1945, i-Charter United Nations lwemukelwa futhi ngokushesha esisayinwe abameleli 50 States. Ngenxa yale dokhumenti weza, njengoba sishilo ngenhla, 24 Okthoba 1945. Kuyinto United Nations kugujwa uSuku ngezinga olusemthethweni.

Kukhona inguqulo ukuthi iZizwe Ezihlangene - inhlangano isibe owalandela zezomthetho esinye isakhiwo international - iNhlangano Yezizwe, okuyinto esebenza kuze seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Nokho, njengoba kuphawulwe ngochwepheshe eziningi, umsebenzi wenhlangano entsha isibe global okuningi, kokubili imiqondo theory babeka phansi Charter, futhi kwakhiwa ngokuhamba umkhuba.

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi, ekuqaleni, ukuze UN amalungelo uthi eNgophezukonke empeleni kuhlanganisiwe republic ezimbili zokuqala zabangamashumi eU.SSR ku Samalungelo Union - Belarusian futhi Ukrainian Soviet Union. Futhi kufakwe inhlangano engaphansi ngokusemthethweni ku-Britain, India, i-Philippines, ngaphansi protectorate-United States.

isabelomali UN

Ukukhokhela imisebenzi United Nations eyenziwa isabelomali kwenhlangano. Ngo inqubo yayo ekwakhekeni kuhlanganisa wonke amazwe ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu UN. Isabelomali ohlongozwayo uNobhala Jikelele phezu ubambisene emizimbeni afanele Inhlangano. Khona-ke, idokhumenti okuhambisanayo kuhlolwa yi-Advisory Committee kanye nezinye izinhlaka e-UN. Phezu izincomo abahlaziyi baqondiswa, esikhundleni salokho, ekomidini isabelomali. Ngemva - General Assembly kuchibiyelwe yokugcina kanye nokwamukelwa.

kwakhiwa Isabelomali UN ngo ubulungu Imali oyilungu lenhlangano. Umbandela main lapha - isimo somnotho welizwe ngokuyinhloko uzimisele ngesisekelo ubukhulu GDP, kanye eziningi izinguquko acabangele imali sabantu, futhi izikweletu zangaphandle. States okwamanje neqhaza isabelomali UN lemali elikhulu imali --US, iJapan, eJalimane. Aphezulu angu-10 futhi Russia kuhlanganisa izimali ngobukhulu ubulungu.

UN nezimemezelo neyesigodi

Phakathi imibhalo basakaza yiZizwe Ezihlangene ishicilela njalo imisebenzi yayo - nezimemezelo neyesigodi. Kuyini ngokucacile zabo? Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi, ngokungafani Charter, le mibhalo musa afune isimo ukugcwalisa amalungiselelo therein. Yezizwe, kanye isimemezelo - ke ngokuyinhloko zokweluleka, njengoba izazi zikholelwa umthombo. Nokho, amazwe ungakwazi yenza isivumelwano, isimemezelo noma umhlangano ezingeni likazwelonke. Imibhalo edume kunayo ochwepheshe UN cabangela ezifana, isibonelo, i-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (yokutholwa ngo-1948), i-Kyoto Protocol (1997), i-Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).

Imisebenzi yeNhlangano yeziZwe

Iyini indima esisebenzayo eNhlangano yeziZwe e izinqubo ezenzeka emhlabeni? Ezinye zezindawo ezisemqoka - yokugcinwa. It ungaboniswa Umsebenzi elandelayo:

- ekutadisheni ukungqubuzana izigameko, ukuqalisa izingxoxo ahilelekile;

- ukuqinisekiswa izivumelwano ukusebenza, enquma a sekubekwe;

- imisebenzi ehambisana nokugcinwa oda, ukuhambisana nemithetho komthetho;

- usizo lokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle;

- Ukuqapha izimo ingxabano.

Phakathi kwezinsimbi zomculo kungenzeka UN kule ndawo - ngokuziphatha yokugcinwa imisebenzi. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi akukho ukwaziswa okunjengalokhu kunoma iyiphi i-Charter-United Nations. INhlangano yeziZwe ongamsiza ukuba aluthole ukusebenza elihambisana ngesisekelo yemigomo yayo. Noma kunjalo, kukho esiwusizo nengxabano - e-UN Security Council. Lesi sakhiwo enquma ukuthi uhlela inqubo ukuthula futhi kanjani Ukuqapha ukuqaliswa kokusebenza izinqumo ezenziwa.

Esinye isici esibalulekile umsebenzi eNhlangano yeziZwe - ukuqapha isimo nge kwamalungelo wobuntu. Njengoba sibonile ngenhla, i-United Nations ngo-1948, wakhipha declaration of conformity. Ngemva ukuthuthukiswa kwale dokhumenti,-UN General Assembly Kunconywa ukuthi oyilungu lenhlangano, ukukhuthaza yokwanda amalungiselelo eyinhloko Declaration, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kunikezwa ukushicilelwa ulwazi olufanele ezikoleni.

INhlangano yeziZwe imatasa ekubasizeni zezenhlalakahle. Isizathu sokuba izenzakalo yalolu hlobo ingase ibe izinhlekelele zemvelo, izingxabano zempi, ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Usizo unganikezwa kokubili ngokoMthetho supply eziyisisekelo, njengoba ekukhuthazeni kwezomnotho yokutakula, ezempilo, imfundo kanye.