Hermeneutics - ifilosofi noma ubuciko bokuqonda?

Ngokwesiko, i-hermeneutics yimiqondo kanye nemikhuba yokuhumusha imibhalo eye yasungulwa kwisayensi yomlando nesayensi kusukela ekhulwini le-18 (G. Meyer, H. Wolf, njll). Khona-ke yaqala ukuthola umlingiswa owedlula yonke. UFriedrich Schleiermacher wakwenza njengengqikithi ejwayelekile yokuhumusha, kanti uWilhelm Dilthey njengesisekelo sokwazi abantu. Kodwa-ke, uma uSleiermacher ephikelela ekuhumusheni kwendabuko, ulimi lolimi, ke ngeDalthey, indlela ye-hermeneutic, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubuciko bokuqonda.

Ekhulwini lama-20, kusukela endleleni yokuhumusha ematheksthi, i- hermeneutics yaphenduka ifilosofi, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yemicimbi kaHusserl kanye nemisebenzi kaMartin Heidegger. Uma u-Husserl engacabangi ngokuthi "umoya" noma "udaba" njengeqiniso eliyinhloko ekuqondeni, u-Heidegger, esebenzisa imfundiso kaHusserl, waqala ukufakazela ukuthi, ngomlando kanye namasiko, izwe elibalulekile kangaka, ngokuyinhloko, lulimi. Emisebenzini yakhe elandelayo uHeidegger ubhala ukuthi ulimi lubumba inhloso yokuba, ukuthi asikhulumi ulimi, kodwa kunalokho, likhuluma ngosizo lwethu. Eqhubeka nomkhuba we-Dilthey, u-Heidegger wachaza ukuthi yi-hermeneutics yefilosofi. Lokhu kuyi-hermeneutics yolimi, ngoba liqukethe iqiniso lokuthi ukuqonda kungenzeka njengaleyo, okuholela kulo "ekuphumeleleni ekuqinisweni, impilo nokucabanga."

Konke lokhu kunqume ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu daba njenge-hermeneutics. Ifilosofi lapho yaguqulwa yabuza umbuzo wokuthi indlela yokuqonda umhlaba ingenzeka kanjani, iyiphi indawo kule nqubo "ukutholakala kweqiniso lokuba". Lokhu kwenziwa ngokumangalisayo ngummeli walo oholayo, uHans-Georg Gadamer. Ukuhumusha umlando nokukhona komuntu, i- hermeneutics yaqala ukubiza indawo yefilosofi echaza incazelo yokuphila, ubuciko kanye nomlando, ukwamukela okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu, umphakathi, isiko, futhi aphule nayo. Uma ku-P. Riker isichazamazwi se-hermeneutical yokuchaza nokuqonda kuyinto yobuciko befilosofi yokuhumusha izwe elizungezile, ngo-Y. Habermas - indlela yokuguqula umphakathi, bese kuba uGadamer - ifilosofi yendawo yonke yesikhathi sethu.

Umsebenzi odume kakhulu weGadamer - "Iqiniso neNqubo" - esihlokweni sayo kubonakala sengathi kufihla isisekelo esiyinhloko salokho okushiwo yi-hermeneutics. Ifilosofi yokuqonda evezwe kulo msebenzi ibonisa umehluko obalulekile phakathi kokuchazwa kwesayensi yezemvelo kanye nezibalo ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nezenhlalakahle nezomphakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi. Imibono yezinkolelo zezesayensi yemvelo kanye nezibalo isekelwe endleleni ehlelekile ngokusekelwe ekudalweni nasekudaleni, ukucabanga nokuqinisekisa, ukutadisha amaphethini aphindaphindiwe. Isayensi yezenhlalakahle igxile ekufuneni iqiniso, futhi hhayi ngokugxila endleleni. Futhi iqiniso akuwona umbono, kuyiqiniso lokuphila-lapho abantu abaphilayo benza khona.

Ukusebenzisa igama elithi Heidegger, uGadamer unikeza impendulo kumbuzo walokho abantu abakuyo nokuthi yiziphi izici zabo. Umqondo wendabuko udlala indima enkulu kuwo. Lokhu kungenxa yakhe ifomu legunya, ngoba akekho owazi lutho ngaphandle kosizo lwabakhe ngaphambilini. Kodwa isiko asikwazi ukukhona ngaphandle kolimi. Idluliselwa nge. Ukwengeza, ukusebenzisa ulimi kuveza ulwazi lomuntu, ukuveza nokulibamba. Ukwaziswa nakho kufakwe isimo sokuba khona kolimi. Ekudalweni kweGadamer, i-hermeneutics - ifilosofi yokuqonda - ifakazela ukuthi yindawo engayinakulinywa yolwimi. Kodwa ukungaboni kahle kwayo kuholele ekutheni imibhalo kufanele ihunyushwe ngokweqile, ukuze iqonde zonke izincazelo zazo.

Efilosofi kaGadamer kukhona okunye okunye, isigaba esiyisisekelo nakakhulu, kunomlimi umdlalo. Itholakala ngesisekelo esijulile sokuphila komuntu futhi yenza kube khona inqubo yokwaziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi nokuqonda okunjalo futhi kusekelwe emdlalweni. Ngemuva kwalokho, yena, njengoba u-Gadamer akholelwa, akusiyo umuntu ovela kulo, futhi akaqukethe isithakazelo - sizimele futhi sinelisekile ngokuthi "into-ngokwayo". Umdlalo uyinhloko yangempela - ithola abadlali, ukungena kuwo. Akumangalisi ukuthi imidlalo ibizwa ngokuthi "iyathakazelisa" - iyabamba ngempela abahlanganyeli.

Inqubo enjalo yemidlalo ukucabangela ubuhle bomsebenzi wobuciko, ukufunda incwadi, umlando wokuqonda. "Ukuhlangenwe nakho kokuhleleka, i-catharsis, ucwaningo lomlando," kugcizelela uGadamer, "uthembisa injabulo ekhethekile, engenandaba nesithakazelo."

Singasho ukuthi u-hermeneutics, ifilosofi kanye nenkolelo yolwazi ebantwini, kusikisela ukuthi ukuqonda, ukusondela kumdlalo, kukuvumela ukuba usondele eqinisweni. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-hermeneutics, njengokuhlangenwe nakho kobuciko nenkolo, kusekelwe ezimweni eziningi ekucabangeni kwengqondo, ekufundeni. Ubuciko bokuqonda, obuqondiswa yi-intuition, kusivumela ukuba siqonde incazelo yombhalo ngaleyo ndlela. Futhi akugcini nje kuphela lokho umlobi ayekufuna ukukusho kucatshangelwa, kodwa futhi kunoma ikuphi umbhalo okudalwe umbhalo, nokuthi uthwala ukuthini. Futhi lokhu kungabonga ngenxa yezigaba ezifana nomqondo ozwakalayo, isipiliyoni somuntu siqu, ukutholakala kwelogi yangaphakathi ngohlobo lokuphindukuzalwa, "inkhulumomphendvulwano" ngombhalo. Lolu lwazi "olusuka ngaphakathi" lusivumela ukuba siqonde kokubili umlando womphakathi kanye namasiko, kanye nenkinga yokuphila kwabantu.