Uyini madhhab Islam?

Ukuze uthole ukuthi siyini nokuthi izikole yokucabanga Islam eziningi, kubalulekile ukunikeza incazelo ecacile kwaleli gama. Kubalulekile ukuthi uthole lonke ulwazi izimpande imvelaphi nokwakheka kwalo.

Kuyini lokhu?

Igama elithi "madhhab" lihunyushwa lisuselwa Arabhu ngokuthi "isiqondiso". Ezinye lona le lisho ukuthini igama elithi "indlela". Mazhab Islam - lokhu faqih wasekela ukufundisa ethile (isb isazi kwezomthetho) kokuba ngezinga elithile ijtihad. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke lezi Amathrendi zisekelwe kwezinkambiso Qur'anic.

Ngakho, madhhab Islam - isikole zomthetho, engesiyo umsebenzi omunye ososayensi wokusungula, kanye nabalandeli Imam iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni yayo, njengoba ehlonipha izimiso kubalulekile futhi izisekelo esabekwa nguthishela.

Umlando omncane

Umuntu owasungula le ososayensi lokuqala kakhulu abakholwa Abu Hanifah i-Nu'man Ibn Sabbah al-Imam al-eziyisisekelo. It esavela ekhulwini VIII, kanye kubhekwa umsunguli izindlela Abu Hanif kokusebenzisa izimiso yezahlulelo futhi izintandokazi okunengqondo ekubhekaneni nezindaba zomthetho. Akabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa imithetho eyisisekelo ngokwezifiso deku umthetho (Quran and Sunnah).

izinhlobonhlobo Madhab

Madhhab Islam - ke kuyingxenye ebalulekile futhi ebalulekile okwanele isiko Muslim. Ihlanganisa isimiso yolwazi, sisuka uthisha ukuba umfundi, ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Ngakho, indlela ezikoleni yokucabanga Islam eziningi? Sekukonke, zazo zikhona eziyisithupha. Nokho, esikhathini sethu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kabanzi babe Madhab 4 kuphela Islam. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- Hanafi;

- Maliki;

- Shafi'i;

- Hanbali.

Enye Law School, zahiritskaya, manje wanyamalala ngokuphelele, futhi Ja'fari sandile kuphela phakathi Shiites.

Bonke babe esivamile futhi kubaluleke kakhulu - zisekelwe ngobunyoninco, okuyinto kwembulwe Sunnah, logic kweBhayibheli nangezimfundiso ezingenakuphikiswa. Onke amanye abe umehluko omkhulu.

Hanafi isivumokholo

Okwamanje, e-Republic of Tatarstan Islam Hanafi isivumokholo ibona eziyisisekelo. Lokho wasebenzisa emkhosini wokushisekela futhi yokukhulekela okungokwenkolo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokusemthethweni zikhona 4 Madhab Islam, Hanafi yaziwa njengenye ofanele kakhulu ukwethula izimo. Okwamanje, akazange alahlekelwe ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo futhi uyaqhubeka kubeke isisekelo sokuba isimo sengqondo ukubekezela isithwathwa kwezinye izinkolo ezikhona.

Kubhekwe ososayensi kusekelwe emithonjeni efana Quran, Sunnah, Qiyas (okungukuthi, isinqumo yenkinga zomthetho Isifaniso nalokho isivele kulotshiwe encwadini yesAmbulo), istihan, ijma (noma umbono ovamile nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo), kanye umbono ngokwesiko ethandwa.

Omunye indlela nezinqumo zokwahlulela kule mfundiso kuyinto esiqinile iziphathimandla zesikole wokwehlayo Izinqumo (ezifana umsunguli wesikole Abu Hanifa). Uma kuphakama umbuzo kuqala sihlale sinikezwa ukuba umbono weningi noma kadokotela ekholisa kunazo zonke.

Imizamo umsunguli lokhu abafundi esikoleni umthetho Abu Hanifa kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi imfundiso wathi ukwaze ukuxazulula cishe zonke izinkinga of Fiqh.

Maliki esikoleni

UMdali esikoleni Muslim ubhekwa Malik Ibn Anas. Ngesisekelo Ukukhishwa iziqondiso ezingokomthetho kuba Yiqiniso, ukubeka i-Koran. Ibn Anas Malik babekholelwa ukuthi Sunnah - kuyinto izenzo nezimvume of the Prophet Muhammad futhi "izenzo Medinites".

Maliki esikoleni yokucabanga uthi uma inkinga ethile Akucaci encwadini yesAmbulo, kuyafaneleka ukusebenzisa isixazululo kakhulu babekhetha inkinga, kungakhathaliseki noma cha ukudweba isifaniso ngangokunokwenzeka.

Isici esiphawulekayo Maliki esikoleni umthetho ukuthi izindlela ezisetshenziswayo, futhi ngaphezu emasikweni ukwahlulela aqine. Yande wathi ososayensi bathole engxenyeni Muslim ye Spain naseNyakatho Afrika.

esikoleni Shafi'i

Bobane madhhab Islam - akuyona nje iziphetho Imam, lapho wafika ngokuhamba ekutadisheni imibhalo engcwele, okungukuthi ukuchazwa kanye nokuchazwa ngobunyoninco. Ngakho-ke, sokunamathela imfundiso ethile, akudingekile ukuba ulandele iziphetho ezithile Imam. Namathela madhhab kusho ukuvumelana ukuhambisana nokuqonda imibhalo engcwele cazelo okuholela imam.

Kubhekwa umsunguli esikoleni umthetho Muhammad Ibn Idris al-Shafi'i. izindlela kuzo zazisekelwe kunencazelo ecacile futhi okunembile Qur'an and Sunnah, nabanye zihibe ukusetshenziswa nemikhuba emihle.

Shafi'i indlela yayisekelwe nokunqatshelwa kungabhekisela sembhalo. Lokho ekwambulweni isimo akufanele neze uvezwe allegory, futhi zonke ezinye izincwadi kwakufanele ilethwe kuhambisana isikhundla ezivamile Qur'an and Sunnah.

Okwamanje esikoleni zomthetho Shafi'i kangaka kumaSulumane eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye ezithembekile South-East Asia.

izikole Hanbali yokucabanga

Umsunguli le ndlela yomthetho Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, eyakha ngemfundiso yabo ku imithombo elandelayo:

- Qur'an and Sunnah;

- imibono nabangane (uma kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye makudle the esiseduzane imiyalelo amazinga Quran);

- Qiyas, okusho ukuqhathanisa nezinkinga sezivele ukuxazululwa ikhumbula agumenti yesAmbulo;

- ijma - iziphetho ezizukulwane eziningana jurists.

Lesi sikole inikeza lokufeza ucwaningo kuwo wonke ezindabeni zenkolo, ngaphandle kokwenza noma yiziphi okuhlukile.

Amahlelo ehlukene?

Mazhabs kukhona ukungezwani phakathi Islam, main okuyinto lokhu okulandelayo: hanabalitsky kusukela buqala ukuba kulesi sikhathi samanje kakhulu ibheka ukuvala "amasango ijtihad". Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphansi Inkulumo ecacisiwe libhekisela imisebenzi zemfundiso yenkolo, okuhloswe ngaso ngokutadisha nangokuphila ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zenkolo kanye isimiso izimiso, izindlela kanye agumenti elisetshenziswa inqubo zenkolo.

Zonke ezinye esikoleni umthetho ngesikhathi esithile ngesikhathi sebefike esiphethweni sokuthi "amasango ijtihad" kumele ivalwe ezindabeni Fiqh, osekuvele wafunda ngokuningiliziwe futhi sisebenzelane ngokuqondile abasunguli izikole yokucabanga kanye nabalandeli babo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezindabeni abasafufusa, lo mthetho, akazange asifake isicelo, futhi zingaphansi ukuhlolwa zomthetho saziso.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke lezi zimfundiso zazisekelwe, futhi engazange asungule todvwa komunye nomunye. Kunalokho, ukuthuthukiswa lezikole zomthetho kute basebentisane nalabanye nekukhuluma umphelelisi nomunye. Ubufakazi ebaluleke kakhulu ngaleli qiniso ukuthi izimfundiso abasunguli kwemininingwane ngesikhathi esisodwa abafundi futhi abalandeli nomunye. Kule ndaba, incazelo eyisisekelo futhi uhlala lomthetho zonke izikole cishe okufanayo.

Inani

Mazhab Islam kubalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu okholwayo othi akufanele kube iyiphi imithetho esikoleni sezomthetho, ngokushesha ngokwanele zingase idukisa futhi, kodwa kunzima nakakhulu, ukudukisa kwamanye amakholwa. Namahlelo Islam - imihlahlandlela eziyisisekelo lapho esikholwa ingakwazi kutholakale izinga nokwethenjelwa hadith.

Batinikela okholwayo ithuba ukuchaza izinkolelo zabo zokuziphatha futhi ukuba bakhethe indlela eliseduze futhi umbono subjective lomunye lakholwa, elungile.

Yini odinga ukuyazi mayelana mazhabs

Njengoba wabhekana nayiphi amahlelo has Islam, kubalulekile ukuba sinake iqiniso ukuthi kukhona wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, akuzona zezinhlangano zenkolo futhi "izitayela" zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Aqondiswa ikholwa empilweni yesimanje. Ayikwazi ngokuthi, isibonelo, amahlelo Sunni Islam Iqiniso noma Amanga. Kunoma izimfundiso nelinye ikholwa kobana akwazi ukuthola amaphuzu okuhle nokubi.

Abanalo umehluko oyisisekelo komunye nomunye. ukubaluleka yabo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ukubekela zokubekisa emphilweni amaSulumane nawo angakuqondisa ekuthathweni ezimweni engamboziwe imithetho zemiBhalo.

Nokho, uma omunye awunamatheli izisekelo isikole umthetho, lokhu akusho ukuthi wayengahlosile ukholo, futhi ngokuqinisekile leli thuba ayikwazi kwachazwa ngokuthi "isono".

Madhhab - akuyona into evamile kunesimiso okufanele silandelwe, futhi yini ikholwa uqondiswa ekwenzeni izinqumo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, lokho okumsizayo enze isinqumo esifanele esimweni esithile.

Ngakho, ngo-inkolo Muslim, kunezindlela eziningi Ukukholelwa okungahambisani embuzweni futhi asidingi incazelo. Ukuze okuhlala ezinjalo zihlanganisa bokukholelwa Allah, ukukholelwa abaprofethi, Hajj kanye nabanye.

Ukuze eminye imibuzo, ikhambi zazo zikhona ezinye umehluko, kukhona lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umthetho esikoleni esekelwe ngokuhlakanipha, isipiliyoni, ukuqonda nokuhlonipha imibono yabanye.

izimfundiso Orthodox ungabi ngumashiqela imithetho yokuphila ethembekileyo, kodwa ukukusiza kuphela ukwenza izinqumo ezifanele ezimweni ezinzima futhi kunzima nezindaba zokuphila.