Uyini ukuphakama ISS? Emzileni ISS emhlabeni Umhlaba

I-International Space Station savulwa emkhathini ngo-1998. Okwamanje, i-cishe izinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa izinsuku, imini nobusuku izingqondo engcono ukusebenza ukuxazulula puzzle ezinzima kakhulu zero amandla adonsela phansi.

emkhathini

Wonke umuntu, okungenani kanye bebone kule sayithi esiyingqayizivele, wabuza umbuzo okunengqondo: Kuyini ukuphakama emzileni-International Space Station? Yilokho igama elilodwa ukuphendula akunakwenzeka. Ukuphakama orbit we-International Space Station-ISS kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

ISS emzileni sizungeze umhlaba kuyehla ngenxa ukuchayeka isimo rarefied. Ukukala incipha, ngokulandelana, kunciphe ukuphakama. Indlela isipele rush? Ukuphakama orbit ISS ziyahlukahluka ngosizo izinjini lwemikhumbi ukuthi inamathela kuyo.

ezahlukene eziphakeme

Ngoba wonke isikhala eside umsebenzi ezinye lwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo abikwe. Emuva ngo-February 2011 ukuphakama ISS orbit kwaba 353 km. Zonke izibalo zenziwa maqondana kolwandle. Ukuphakama ISS orbit ngo-June ngawo lowo nyaka lenyuka amakhilomitha amathathu namashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu. Kodwa kwakungenjalo umkhawulo. ezimbili nje amasonto ngabasebenzi NASA ngenjabulo waphendula intathelizindaba umbuzo "Kuyini ukuphakama ISS orbit okwamanje?" - amakhilomitha amathathu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu!

Futhi lokhu akuyona umkhawulo

Ukuphakama ISS usenayo ukumelana enganele engxabanweni zemvelo. Onjiniyela waya hambisa wemfanelo futhi okuyingozi kakhulu. Ukuphakama ISS kwadingeka ukuba senyukela amakhilomitha angamakhulu amane. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka emva kwesikhathi. Inkinga yaba ukuthi, ukuthi imikhumbi kuphela ephakanyiswe ISS. Orbit ukuphakama kunqunyelwe ngokuba shuttles. nge umkhawulo wesikhathi kuphela siqediwe ukuze izisebenzi kanye ISS. Orbit ubude obungaphezulu kuka amakhilomitha 400 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle kusuka 2014. Umkhawulo inani eliyisilinganiso sabhalwa ngo-July nango-kwaba 417 km. Sekukonke ukuphakama zokulungiswa eyenziwa njalo zokuthola umzila kahle kakhulu.

Umlando sokudalwa

Ngisho emuva ngo-1984 uhulumeni wase-US uye wakha icebo ku isidingo ukuqala esikhaleni eduze zocwaningo emikhulu phrojekthi. Alone lokufeza isakhiwo elihle kangaka, ngisho baseMelika kwakunzima ngempela kanye nokuthuthukiswa ECanada naseJapane zazixhunywe.

Ngo-1992, i-Russia kwahlanganiswa mkhankaso. Esikhathini nineties zakuqala sase uhlela emikhulu iphrojekthi "Mir-2" eMoscow. Kodwa izinkinga zomnotho ungazange Ngekubuka waqaphela izinhlelo ezinkulu. Kancane kancane inani lamazwe iqhaza selingaphezu nane.

Ukubambezeleka bureaucratic sebelithathile kuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu. Kuphela 1995 wamukelwa esiteshini, dweba, futhi ngemva konyaka - ukucushwa.

Twentieth Novemba 1998 wawuwusuku abangasoze oluvelele emlandweni cosmonautics emhlabeni - ibutho lokuqala sithunyelwe ngempumelelo ukuzungeza iplanethi yethu.

inhlangano

ISS kuyinto elihlakaniphile ngamagama alula ukusebenza. Isiteshi siqukethe amabhlogo ezimele zazo oxhumene njengoba umakhi enkulu. Akunakwenzeka ukuba abale izindleko esiqondile futhi into. iyunithi ngayinye entsha ikhiqizwa kwelinye izwe, yebo, ziyashiyana intengo. Zonke lezi zingxenye kungenziwa bufakwe omningi, ukuze esiteshini kungenziwa avuselelwe.

Ukuhlola

Ngenxa yokuthi amayunithi esiteshini nokuqukethwe kwabo angase ashintshwe ethuthukiselwa njengoba izikhathi eziningi ISS inqobo ungakwazi igagasi nomjikelezo woMhlaba.

Eyokuqala alamu sekukhala insimbi ngo-2011, lapho, ngenxa yezindleko zayo okusezingeni eliphezulu laba lincane hlelo "okomkhathi".

Kodwa lutho esabekayo kwenzeka. Imithwalo kahle zilethwe isikhala eminye imikhumbi. Ngo-2012, ISS ngempumelelo iboshiwe ngisho Shuttle yangasese ukuze enze ibhizinisi. Ngemva kwalokho, kwenzeka isenzakalo esifanayo senzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Izinsongo iziteshi kungaba zezombusazwe. Ngezikhathi, izikhulu emazweni ahlukahlukene ukusongela ukumisa ukusekela ISS. podderzhniya izinhlelo Okokuqala abangu ngesineke ngaphambi 2015, kwase kuba kwabayishumi yesibili ngo-2020. Kuze kube manje, cishe kukhona isivumelwano ukusekela esiteshini kuze 2027.

Futhi ngenkathi osopolitiki phikisana nomunye, ISS ngo-2016 wenza eziyikhulu orbit senkulungwane emhlabeni, ekuqaleni wabizwa ngokuthi "weJubili".

ugesi

Wayehlezi ebumnyameni, yebo, ezithakazelisayo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ecasulayo. ISS umzuzu nomzuzu isisindo sazo igolide, ngakho onjiniyela abangu axakwe isidingo esiqinile ngogesi nezisebenzi enkingeni.

Kwavezwa ukuthi eziningi imibono ehlukene, futhi wagcina evumile ukuthi okungcono solar panel emkhathini kungaba khona lutho.

Lapho iphrojekthi izinhlangothi Russian futhi American baya ehlukile. Ngakho, isizukulwane sokuqala ugesi wezwe okukhiqizwayo uhlelo 28 volts. Ukungezwani unit American - 124 V

Usuku ISS Yenze zonke ematfuba emhlabeni Earth. Omunye Ukujikeleza - cishe isigamu sehora, ngamashumi omane anesihlanu okuyizinto ezibalulekile emthunzini. Yiqiniso, ngalesi sikhathi kwesizukulwane sama-solar panel akunakwenzeka. Okuphakelayo esiteshini nickel-hydrogen amabhethri. Igama elithi ka ukusebenza idivayisi iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Lapho bezama okokugcina kwashintshwa emuva ngo-2009, kangangokuba ngokushesha esikhundleni eside elindelwe oyokwenziwa onjiniyela.

kudivayisi

Njengoba nje kulotshiwe ngaphambili, ISS kuyinto umakhi omkhulu kabani izingxenye axhunyiwe kalula nomunye.

Kusukela ngomhla ka-March 2017 esiteshini unamalungu nane. IRussia ama-units emihlanu, ngokuthi "Dawn", "Sesha" "Inkanyezi" "Dawn" futhi "Pier". BaseMelika wanikeza izinkulumo zabo eziyisikhombisa yamagama anjalo, "Unity", "Destiny", "Yokuthula", "Inethiwekhi", "Leonardo", "Dome" futhi "Harmony." amazwe European Union kanye Japan Kusafanele yayo block credit eyodwa, "Columbus" futhi "Kibo".

Izingxenye njalo ushintsha, kuye ngokuthi imisebenzi eyabelwe crew. Ngesikhati eya amabhlogo embalwa ngobuningi, okuyinto kakhulu ukuqinisa amakhono ucwaningo izisebenzi. Ezithakazelisa kakhulu, yebo, amamojuli laboratory. Abanye babo baye kophawu ephelele. Ngakho bangakwazi ukuhlola konke, phansi izidalwa alien, ngaphandle ingozi yokutheleleka ngoba crew.

Okunye amayunithi zenzelwe ukukhiqiza imvelo ezidingekile umsebenzi ovamile wobuntu. Kanti abanye ukuvumela ukufinyelela ngaphandle kwezithikamezo esikhaleni bese ngenza ucwaningo, ukuqapha noma zokulungisa.

Ingxenye amabhlogo ningathwali umthwalo nocwaningo asetshenziselwa isitoreji.

izifundo okuqhubekayo

Ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene - eqinisweni into e nineties ezikude osopolitiki zanquma ukubathumela emkhathini umklami, namuhla ogama value balinganiselwa ku zamadola engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili bhiliyoni. Ukuze imali ungakwazi ukuthenga amazwe kweshumi futhi wamukele isipho esincane olwandle.

Ngakho, ISS has izici ezifana esiyingqayizivele, okungekho laboratory eyodwa eliwumhlaba. Eyokuqala - khona cleaner elingapheli. Esesibili - ukungabi virtual gravity. Eyesithathu - ayingozi kakhulu emisebeni cosmic, spoilt by kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona e ozungeze umhlaba.

Abacwaningi aniwondli isinkwa, kodwa ukunikeza into poizuchat! Kuyabajabulisa bafeza izabelo zabo alinikeziwe, ngisho naphezu ingozi yokufa.

Ososayensi abaningi abanesifiso biology. Kule ndawo kuhlanganisa i-biotechnology kanye ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha.

Abanye ososayensi ngokuvamile bayakhohlwa ubuthongo, ukuhlola amabutho ngokomzimba isikhala ezisemkhathini. Izinto, quantum physics - kuphela ingxenye yocwaningo. umsebenzi Izintandokazi vulamehlo eziningi - ukuhlola uketshezi ezahlukene weightlessness.

Ukuhlolwa nge cleaner, ngokuvamile, kungaba kwenziwe ngaphandle block, khona kanye endaweni evulekile. ososayensi emhlabeni kuphela umona ezinhle ubukele ucwaningo kuvidiyo.

Noma ubani emhlabeni nome yini ukuba spacewalk. Ukuze abasebenzi zalesi sihlahla cishe umsebenzi isimiso.

okutholakele

Naphezu nokumemeza uthukuthele abagxeki abaningi ngobuze iphrojekthi, ISS, ososayensi baye bathole okuningi ezithakazelisayo eziye avunyelwe elinye ukubheka isikhala lonke, futhi ukuze iplanethi.

Nsuku zonke, laba bantu abanesibindi uthole umthamo omkhulu ngemisebe futhi zonke ngenxa yocwaningo, okuyinto kuyonikeza isintu amathuba angakaze abe khona. Omunye kungaba kuphela zibabaza umthamo wabo umsebenzi, isibindi nokuzimisela.

ISS into kahle esikhulu ukuthi kungabonakala surface eMhlabeni. Kukhona ngisho iwebhusayithi lapho ungafaka izixhumanisi edolobheni futhi isistimu sisho isikhathi sizokwazi ukuzama ukucabanga esiteshini nokuba lounge Chaise kwesokudla kuvulandi.

Yiqiniso, sasemkhathini eziningi izitha, kodwa abalandeli okuningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi-ISS ngokuqinile ume orbit amakhilomitha amane ngaphezu kogu lolwandle futhi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukukhombisa abagxeki inveterate, ayenephutha e izibikezelo nokuqagela.