Uyini umhlaba: isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle

Yini kungaba ngaphakathi emakhaya ethu iplanethi nawe? Ngamafuphi nje, yini ezweni, ukuthi isakhiwo layo langaphakathi? Le mibuzo kufanele ososayensi eside ukukhathazeka. Kodwa kwathi ukucacisa lolu daba ngisho simple. Ngisho ngosizo ukusika-onqenqemeni ubuchwepheshe umuntu angaya ngaphakathi ekujuleni kuphela ibanga elilingana amakhilomitha ayishumi nanhlanu, futhi lokhu Yebo, akwanele ukuba siqonde zonke izinto futhi ukufakazela. Ngakho-ke, ngisho kulezi zinsuku ucwaningo kwi "yini emhlabeni" ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa idatha engaqondile nekucabangela, ubunzima. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi kakade nemiphumela ethile.

Kanjani ukutadisha iplanethi

Ngisho nasezikhathini amalungu lasendulo ngabanye lwesintu ukufuna ulwazi: yini emhlabeni. Abantu baye bafunda futhi baba izigaba yamadwala wadalula ngemvelo sibukwe. Lena ngokuyinhloko, amawa, intaba nemithambeka, ibhange emaweni we kwezilwandle nemifula. Ngenxa yalezi tincetu zemvelo eziningi izinto sizwisise, ngoba akhiwa emadwaleni ababe lapha eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Namuhla, ososayensi kwezinye izindawo umhlaba nemithombo yamba. Kule midlalo, okukhulu kakhulu - 15 km ku yonke iNhlonhlo Kola. Futhi, esifundweni usebenzisa ezimayini ziqhuma ngoba izimayini: zamalahle ore, isibonelo. Futhi ukubuyiswa kusuka amasampula idwala ongakusho abantu ngalokho okusemhlabeni.

ubufakazi bezimo

Kodwa lokhu - ezazikhathaza wazibonela nolwazi okubonakalayo isakhiwo planethi. Kodwa ngosizo isayensi seismology (ucwaningo ukuzamazama komhlaba) kanye Geophysics abacwaningi ukungena ekujuleni-non-contact, ehlaziya amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba futhi esiphelweni sabo. Lezi idatha usitshele property izinto ajulile. oluye lwenziwa isakhiwo planethi futhi ngosizo iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa, ukuhlala emzileni.

Uyini iplanethi enguMhlaba

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi kule planethi-non-iyunifomu. Namuhla, ososayensi nabacwaningi abaningi bathola ukuthi ngaphakathi imbulunga yakhiwa izingxenye eziningana. Phakathi kuyinto ikhenela. Okulandelayo - isiphuku, okuyinto enkulu futhi imayelana ezinhlanu-kwesithathu wawo wonke mass Zomhlaba. Amagxolo yangaphandle umelwe nge ungqimba elincanyana ukumboza sithombe. Lezi zingxenye ezintathu, esikhundleni salokho, akulona eyohlobo kakhulu futhi babe nezici kwesakhiwo.

core

Lokho kuyinto emongweni komhlaba? Ososayensi baye phambili izinguqulo eziningana ukwakheka kanye umsuka ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi iplanethi. Ethandwa kakhulu: umnyombo kuyinto ncibilika nickel-yensimbi. I-nucleus ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana: i kwangaphakathi - okuqinile yangaphandle - ketshezi. Kuyinto kakhulu: kokukodwa we mass isiyonke le planethi (ukuqhathanisa, umthamo we% 15 kuphela). Ngokusho ososayensi, lenzeka kancane kancane, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba nensimbi futhi nickel ukhululeka silicates. Okwamanje (ngo-2015), ososayensi kusukela Oxford ahlinzekwa version owawuthi core siqukethe uranium enemisebe. Lokhu, ngendlela, futhi ukuchaza okusezingeni eliphezulu ukushisa ekushayweni iplanethi, futhi ukuba khona kwamandla kazibuthe kuze kube yilolu suku. Kunoma yikuphi, ulwazi okuyinto umnyombo Earth, ingatholakala ngombandela kuphela, njengoba prototypes yesayensi yanamuhla azitholakali.

isiphuku

Yini kuba kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa Ngomhlaba? Ngokushesha kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-nucleus, ososayensi baye abangakayitholi ithuba neze uwufinyelele. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo seziqalile ngosizo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma nemibono. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva, abacwaningi Japanese kuthiwa Drilling phansi ekujuleni kolwandle, lapho kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa ukuhlala "into nje" u 3000 km. Kodwa imiphumela azikakabi ezikhishwayo. Futhi bakha kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa, ngokososayensi, silicates - rocks, okunothe kanye magnesium. Ziyakwazi esimweni liquid oncibilikisiwe (izinga lokushisa ifinyelela 2500 degrees). Futhi okwamanje ingxenye kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa, Isimanga siwukuthi, kubandakanya namanzi. Kuningi ngakho (uma ukuxosha zonke amanzi phezu kwangaphakathi, kolwandle lembulunga yonke uyovuka ngu-800 metres).

uqweqwe

Kuthatha kuphela kancane kuka amaphesenti iplanethi by volume, futhi kancane kancane - ngesisindo. Kodwa, naphezu ukukhanya kwayo isisindo, uqweqwe somhlaba ngesintu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kuso futhi siphile zonke eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Izindawo Zomhlaba

Kuyaziwa ukuthi engu kuyiplanethi yethu eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4.5 eyaziwa (ososayensi baye bakuthola ngosizo idatha radiometric). Esifundweni Zomhlaba wembula ulwelwesi eziningana esingokwemvelo ngokuthi geospheres. Futhi zingafani chemical yabo ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Hydrosphere kuhlanganisa wonke etholakalayo phezu kwamanzi iplanethi ezifundeni zalo ezihlukahlukene (ewuketshezi, okuqinile, gaseous). Lithosphere - igobolondo itshe, uvalwe ozungeza umhlaba (km 50 200 obukhulu). Biosphere - konke ukuphila emhlabeni, kuhlanganise ama-bacterium nezitshalo, kanye nabantu. Atmosphere (kusukela lesiGreki "Atmos", okusho ukuthi imibhangqwana) - zasemoyeni igobolondo ezweni, ngaphandle okuyinto ngeke kwenzeke khona kokuphila.

Yini kuwukuthi emkhathini woMhlaba

Engxenyeni engaphakathi lokhu ebalulekile yokuphila-igobolondo eseduze ungqimba lomhlaba futhi kuyinto into gaseous. A angaphandle - izungezwe isikhala eduze-Earth isikhala. Ithola sezulu emhlabeni, futhi ukubunjwa yayo futhi hhayi iyunifomu. Yini kuwukuthi emkhathini woMhlaba? ososayensi banamuhla bangasebenzisa ukunquma ngokunembile izingxenye zalo. Nitrogen kuphesenteji imigomo - ezingaphezu kuka-75%. Oxygen - 23%. Argon - kancane kuka amaphesenti 1. Kuncane kakhulu: i-carbon dioxide, neon, helium, i-methane, ne-hydrogen, Xenon, kanye nezinye izinto ezithile. Okuqukethwe yamanzi umkhathi zokhahlamba kusuka 0.2% kuya ku-2.5% kuncike esimweni sezulu zone. carbon dioxide okuqukethwe nakho inconstant. Ezinye izici emkhathini yesimanje eMhlabeni encike ngqo kumsebenzi ezimbonini.