Year of foundation of Vladimir kanye nonyaka wokukhulunywa kokuqala

Kunamadolobha ambalwa ezweni lethu, umlando ophikisana nawo njengoVladimir-on-Klyazma. Unyaka wesisekelo sikaVladimir sibhekene nezingxabano zesayensi, eziye zaqhubeka cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Kuze kube manje imiphumela yalolu xhumano olude alufinyelelwanga. Futhi namuhla unyaka wokusungulwa kukaVladimir kuyinkinga yokuphikisana.

Izinguqulo ezimbili ezinkulu

Kuyinto evamile ukubala iminyaka yamadolobha ase-Ancient Rus ngokukhulunywa ngabo kokuqala kulezi zincwadi. Kodwa ngokuphathelene nomuzi onentshisekelo kithi, lesi simiso asikwazi ukusetshenziswa, ngoba kunezinkinga ezithile. Unyaka wesisekelo nokukhulunywa kukaVladimir kumlando kuboniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Leli dolobha, ngokusho komunye wabo (I-Power Book, i-Vladimir-chronicler, Nikonovskaya, Voskresenskaya, Sofia First Chronicle, njll), yakhiwe nguVladimir Svyatoslavich ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-10.

Ngokweminye imithombo, unyaka wesisekelo se-Vladimir kulezi zincwadi (Lviv, Novgorod kuqala) - 1108th noma ngalesi sikhathi. Idolobha lasungulwa, ngokusho kwesigcawu sesibili, nguVladimir Monomakh, isikhulu sasePhereyaslav.

Kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwamarekhodi ososayensi ababheka njengabagunyazayo kakhulu, bafaka phambili futhi baqinisekise iziphetho ezihlukahlukene mayelana nokuthandana. Unyaka wesisekelo sikaVladimir kanye nonyaka wokukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kunesithakazelo kubabi-mlando abaningi namuhla.

Ukubukwa kukaTatishchev noKaramzin

Isibonelo, i-V.N. UTatishchev wabonisa okunye kokungabaza kokuqala endaweni yokubuka yokuqala. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-90 yekhulu le-10, le mibhalo ibhekisela kwisisekelo sikaVladimir Volynsky, hhayi uVladimir-on-Klyazma. Usosayensi walungisa umbono wakhe ngokuthi kuze kube yilapho isikhathi sika- Yuri Dolgoruky Vladimir Zalessky singakhulunywa nakwezinye izindawo. N.M. I-Karamzin nayo isho ukuthi isisekelo salo muzi kwaqala ngekhulu le-12.

Yini eyenziwa nguFedotov, uBunin noVeronin?

Abaningi besosayensi besikhathi esizayo bathatha isikhundla seKaramzin noTatishchev. Bazama ukusekela ngezimpikiswano ezintsha izimpikiswano zonyaka wokuthi isisekelo sikaVladimir sasiyi-1108 (noma ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12). U-Suzdal kanye namaRostovites, uFedotov wabonisa ukuthi babeziqhenya ngokuthi imizi yabo indala kakhulu kuneVladimir. Ukuphinda ukuphikisana kukaTatishchev ukuthi leli dolobha ezincwadini zokushicilelwa alisho lutho mayelana nempi phakathi kuka-Oleg noMstislav ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-11, i-A.I. UBunin wanezela ukuthi uMstislav, ngemuva kokukhulula u-Suzdal ovuthayo, wanquma ukuhlala kuwo. Futhi uma ngaleso sikhathi uVladimir ukhona kakade, kungaba lula ukuhlala kuwo.

Emisebenzini eminingana u Voronin NN. Kuphinde kuthinte umbuzo wonyaka owawusekelwe ngawo uVladimir kufanele uhlolwe njengelungile. Usosayensi emisebenzini yama-30-40-ies wachaza ngokuthi sekupheleni kwekhulu le-11. Kamuva, ngesisekelo se-Lviv ne-Novgorod yokuqala kwemibiko, wanquma ukuthi unyaka wesisekelo somuzi waseVladimir - 1108th. Nokho, kunezinye imibono.

Imibono ye-Kosatkin no-Asafa

Izimpikiswano zalabo abakholelwa ukuthi unyaka wesisekelo wedolobha laseVladimir ekuqaleni kungenakwenzeka futhi ayiningi. U-Kosatkin no-Iosaf babhekisela encwadini, eyaziwa yi-Nikon's Chronicle, u-Andrei Bogolyubsky noLuka Chrysosterg, i-Byzantine Patriarch. Ikhuluma ukuthi umuzi wasungulwa nguVladimir Svyatoslavich. Kodwa-ke, laba abalobi basolwa ukuthi igunya lale ncwadi alizange kuboniswe.

Umbuzo wezingcingo zemali

Unyaka wokuzalwa kukaVladimir nomnyaka wokukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kwakunentshisekelo nakithi iThithraravov. Akunakwenzeka ukubiza ukuqinisekisana kwengxabano yalososayensi, owazama ukufakazela usuku lokuqala kanye nolutholakala endaweni eseduze nomuzi wezimali zemali ezisekhulu lama-7-10.

Abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi lezi zemali zingangcwatshwa emva kwamakhulu eminyaka emva kokuba zifike. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ekufundiseni, kodwa akunakwenzeka ekusebenzeni. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi izinhlamvu eziningi zemali zekhulu le-7th-10 zazingenakuvikelwa ngokuphelele kumuntu, futhi ngesikhathi sokungcwaba akuzange kwengezwe imali eyodwa ehlobene nesikhathi lapho ingcebo yayifihlwe khona. Kodwa-ke kubonakala sengathi ukukhubazeka kwesimo sikaThikhonravov kuhlukile. Ngomatasa kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo umzila we-Volga wokuhweba kunamagugu ezinhlamvu zemali. Kungenzeka ukuthi bangabi nobuhlobo obuqondile noVladimir, naphezu kokuthi befihliwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-10.

Izikhathi ezingekho uma zifundwa ngabanye ososayensi

Umuntu akakwazi ukuphawula, ebhekisela ezingxabanweni zososayensi abakholelwa ukuthi isisekelo sikaVladimir sasiqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12, ukuthambekela kokuphatha lolu daba ngokuzihlukanisa, ngaphandle kokuthinta izinkinga zobuKristu baseRussia eNyakatho-East, kunokuba unciphise isisekelo semithombo esesimweni esincane. Ngokuvamile kufakwe esikhundleni sokutadisha izikhumbuzo ezibhaliwe ngokwakhiwa, okusekelwe ebufakazini obungacacile. Kule mibhalo, izindawo eziphikisana neziphetho ezisungulwe ngabososayensi abahlukene ngezinye izikhathi ziyehla.

Ingabe uVladimir Monomakh wasungula ngempela umuzi?

Chronicle izindaba ukuthi umuzi wasungulwa nguVladimir Svyatoslavich, N.N. I-Voronin yamemezela okwenzekayo. Ukubukeka kwabo ehambisana nokucubungulwa kwemibiko yemvelo ka-Andrei Bogolyubov, owayefuna ukufakazela ukuthi ubudala bomuzi unesithakazelo kithi ukuqinisa udumo lwenhloko-dolobha yase-Vladimir-Suzdal, futhi, ngokuvumelana nalokhu, ngokuyinhloko.

Ungathini ngalokhu? Vumela, ngokwemibono ejwayelekile evunyelwe ukuthi ngumuphi isisekelo sedolobha laseVladimir liyiqiniso ngokomlando, lakhiwa ngo-1108. Ngo-1111, u-Andrei Bogolyubsky wazalelwa, okungukuthi, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu edolobheni lisekwa nguVladimir Monomakh. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi i druzhina efundiwe yesikhulu esivumela abantu abahlala njalo abafakazi bencwadi kaVladimir ukuthi ayingasungulwa yiMonomakh, kodwa engaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu eyedlule. Akungabazeki ukuthi lo mbusi wezombangazwe ohlakaniphileyo uPrince Andrew wayengathembela ekutheni abantu bakhe bengazi lutho, futhi abonise ukudelela u-Vladimir Monomakh, umkhulu wakhe, owayenamandla amakhulu eRussia.

Kodwa-ke, sathola idumela elidumile "likaVladimir Monomakh" kubantwana kanye nomlando wokuphila kwakhe njengengxenye ye- Laurentian Chronicle. Ichazwe kuyo mayelana nemikhankaso eminingi yalesi sikhulu, kodwa akukho okushiwo isisekelo sikaVladimir.

Ingxabano eyinhloko yabasekeli be-version kamuva

Ake sihlale ngempikiswano, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhambeni kwenguqulo idolobha elasekelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12. U-Oleg Svyatoslavich wathunjwa ngo-1096 eSuzdal noRostov, kodwa ngaphansi kokucindezelwa kwamabutho aseMstislav Novgorod maduzane kwakudingeka abuyele eMurom. Washisa uSuzdal, waphindela emuva. Akukho okushiwo ngesikhathi esifanayo mayelana noVladimir, nakuba kwakudingeka ahlanganyele isiphetho sakhe, ngoba wayesendleleni eya ku-Oleg. Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi ngaleso sikhathi idolobha alikho.

Ingabe le mpikiswano ingabhekwa njengokukholisayo?

Le mpikiswano ayinakucatshangwa ukuthi iyanelisa . Okokuqala, kwakungekho isidingo sokuba u-Oleg alandele leli dolobha, kusukela eSuzdal ukuya eMurom kwakukhona umzila omfushane, osemfuleni weNerl River. Kungaba okungaqondakali ukuhamba okusheshayo ukuze ukwandise ngama-versts ayishumi. Ku-Chronicle Chronicle, okwesibili, kunezindaba zikaVladimir ngo-1095, okubhekisela ezenzakalweni zesikhathi esifanayo. Uthi u-Oleg wathatha uVladimir phakathi kwamanye amadolobha.

Iphikisa ukuphola ngemuva kwesikhathi njengama-toponyms njengePochayna, i-Lybid, i-Irpen. Ziyi-Kiev. Uma lo muzi usungulwa i-Monomakh, kungaba ngengqondo ukulindela amagama asePhereyaslav, ngoba lesi sikhulu kuze kube ngu-1113 kwakunguPereyaslav, futhi abantu abaza naye babevela kuphela kulezi zinhloko. N.N. Nokho, i-Voronin inenhlanhla yokufakazela ukubonakala kwala magama phakathi nekhulu le-12. Nokho, lokhu akunakwenzeka, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi u-Andrei Bogolyubsky wayephikisana neKiev futhi wathembela ekuhleleni kwenhloko yamakhosi aseGalich.

Kodwa nokho, ngumuphi unyaka ka-Vladimir isisekelo seqiniso? Ngeshwa, namhlanje asikwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo ngokungavamile. Iphikisana elingenakuphikiswa ukuthi uVladimir uvele kamuva, akusikho, isibonelo, ukuthi ungqimba lwezamasiko olungama-10th-11th leminyaka alutholanga kulo. Phela, imizi eminingi yasendulo ayizange iqinisekiswe ngokuvubukulelwa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuyona ubufakazi bokuphambene - usuku oluthile lwenteka yalo. Ngokwesiko kuyakholelwa ukuthi unyaka wesisekelo sikaVladimir ungama-1108th. Ngo-1958, wagubha iminyaka engu-850.

Noma nini lapho leli dolobha lisungulwa, laqala ukukhula futhi likhule ngenkathi ngenxa yokukhathazeka kukaYor Dolgoruky noVladimir Monomakh. Ngo-1157 u-Andrei Bogolyubsky udluliselwe lapha enhloko-dolobha.