Yini ebizwa ngokuthi izilwandle zomhlaba? I-World Ocean: Izinsiza

Uma ubheka ibalazwe lemvelo le-hemispheres, ungabona ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani komhlaba kanye namanzi ebusweni bomhlaba. Amazwekazi amakhulu ahlakazekile kuma-expanses e-World Ocean njengeziqhingi. ENingizimu Yezwe YaseNingizimu, i-akhawunti yomhlaba ingaphansi kuka-20%, eNyakatho - cishe ngo-40%. Yini ebizwa ngokuthi iWorld World in geography, ecology kanye nezinye izayensi mayelana noMhlaba? Leli yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye-hydrosphere - igobolondo yamanzi eplanethi yethu. Zingaki izilwandle ezikhona eMhlabeni, yiyiphi enkulu kunazo zonke endaweni futhi efudumele? Le mibuzo neminye eminingi iphendulwa esihlokweni esihlongozwayo.

Yini ebizwa ngokuthi i-World Ocean (MO)?

Wonke amanzi Emhlabeni enza igobolondo elilodwa, izingxenye zazo ezixhunywe umjikelezo wama-molecule e-H2O nezinye izinto. I-MO iyinhlangano eqhubekayo ye-hydrosphere, ebeka ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-94 endaweni yonke yamanzi eplanethi (olwandle, olwandle, ama-bay, izinkinga, imifula, amachibi kanye namachibi). Ngokuvamile ososayensi baseRussia-abachwephezi bezwe bahlukanisa izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko ze-World Ocean. Ake siwahlule ngokuhlehlisa indawo (million km ² ): Pacific (179), Atlantic (92), Indian (76), Arctic (15).

Abantu bafunde kanjani ngobuhlobo phakathi kolwandle?

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bakhangwe ezindaweni ezinkulu zasolwandle. Kakade ezikhathini zasendulo, ezikebheni ezibuthakathaka, ama-rafts nama-catamarans abadobi bahamba ngokuhamba kwamanzi okuyingozi. Umlando we-World Ocean ukhuluma ngezincazelo zasendulo, izinganekwane, izinkolelo mayelana nokunqotshwa kwemikhumbi, ama-oars kanye nemikhumbi yemikhumbi emikhulu. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukulungiswa kwamazwekazi neziqhingi zasendulo kwakungenxa yokukwazi kwabantu ukunqoba ulwandle nolwandle.

Uhambo lokuqala lwe-round-the-world olwenziwe olwenziwe yi-squadron yaseSpain eholwa nguFernand Magellan ngo-1519-1522. Ukusuka ehlonhlweni lase-Iberia ngasentshonalanga, imikhumbi yadabula i-Atlantic Ocean, yazungeza iNingizimu Melika, yangena emanzini angaziwa. Isimo sezulu sasingenamandla, ngakho uMagellan wabiza u-Quiet olwandle. Ekuqedeni kwama-aborigines ePhilippines, kwafika amanxiwa amaningi aseSpain kanye nenhloko yalolu hambo. Abangane bakaMagellan baqhubeka nohambo lwabo olusentshonalanga befuna izinongo, igolide, amagugu emqhele waseSpain.

Omunye wemikhumbi ngaphansi kokuhola kukaKaputeni Juan Elcano wadabula ingxenye ephakathi yeNdiya yaseNdiya, i-Afrika ejikelezile esuka eningizimu futhi yabuyela eYurophu. Ngakho-ke, ubumbano bomhlaba lwafakazelwa, ukukhona komunye uhlangothi lwe-World Ocean kwasungulwa. Uhambo lokuhamba emhlabeni wonke kanye nezinye izinkathi ngesikhathi sokuthola Izinto Eziphezulu ze-Great Geographic kubonisa ukuqala kokutadisha okukhulu kwezikhala zamanzi ngenhloso yokuhweba, isayensi, imboni kanye nokudoba.

I-MO ingxenye enkulu ye-hydrosphere

Uma ufunda isihloko esithi "I-World Ocean" (iBanga lesi-7), kubalulekile ukukhumbula izinto ezifundwe ekuqaleni kwe-6 ("Hydrosphere"). Imvulophu yamanzi ehlangene yomhlaba ingalingani ngosayizi izingxenye - MO namanzi omhlaba. Zithintana nomjikelezo wezinto kanye namandla, ukuthuthwa komswakama, ukuphazamiseka komhlaba nangaphansi komhlaba. Yini ebizwa ngokuthi ulwandle lomhlaba wesayensi yanamuhla? Leli gama ngokwayo lisetshenzisiwe ezindaweni ezinkulu zamanzi kusukela ngekhulu le-17 ngenxa yemisebenzi yomhloli waseJalimane-Dutch uBernhard Warenius.

Usosayensi waseRussia u-Yu M. M. Shokalsky ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 wafaka igama elithi "I-World Ocean" ekusetshenzisweni kwesayensi, lahlukaniswa izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko eMfundazweni waseMoscow. Lezi zikhulu ngobukhulu bezinto eziphilayo ze-oceanic, ezihlukaniswe yizizwekazi kanye nezinqolobane zezintaba (izikhonkwane zesiqhingi). Amancane ama-offshoots e-Ministry of Defense - ama-bays, izinkinga, olwandle (i-suburban kanye yangaphakathi).

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesintu kwe-MO ngokuyingxenye

Imingcele ivame ukulingana, ngoba kukhona indawo eyodwa yamanzi - i-World Ocean. I-MO imephu inikeza umbono wezinhlobonhlobo zemigqa yokuhlukanisa. Isibonelo, i-Pacific Ocean ne-Arctic Ocean zihlukaniswa yizinhlanga (Chukchi nase-Alaska), ezixhunywe yiBering Strait encane . Umngcele ophakathi kolwandle lwase-Atlantic naseNdiya eningizimu ye-Afrika uqhubeka phakathi nekhulu lama-20. E.

Emazweni amaningana kuvamile ukuhlukanisa i-hydrosphere enkulu e-5 noma ezindaweni ezingu-7 ezikude. Kulezi zimo, i-Southern Ocean kanye nezingxenye ezimbili ze-Atlantic zengeziwe. Kuye ngokuthi izwe elihlala kuyo, impendulo yombuzo ojwayelekile wesikole, "Yini ebizwa ngokuthi i-World Ocean?" Uhlukana nenani lezingxenye ezinikezwa (olwandle lweMhlaba).

I-Science of the World Ocean nezinxenye zayo

Ukutadisha ukukhululeka kwezansi, izinga lokushisa, ukusawoti kwamanzi, izimpondo kanye nezinye izici zamanzi amakhulu izikhala zihambisana ne-oceanography (isigaba sezwe). Izingxenye ezahlukene ze-MO ziyahlukahluka kokuqukethwe kwezinto ezincibilikisiwe, ubuningi, obulinganiswa ngamadivayisi wanamuhla ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zamaphuzu.

Ukunqunywa kokujula ngosizo lwe-echolocation kwasisiza ukuba sibale inani lamanzi olwandle eMhlabeni kanye namakhemikhali aqhekekile kuwo (ama-chloride, amasulfa, i-iodides, okubaluleke kakhulu). Amanzi e-World Ocean anesilinganiso esiphakathi kwama-1,024 g / cm ³ . Lokho ketshezi alufaki ngo-0 ° C, kodwa ku- -1 ... -3 ° C. Ukujula, ukwehlisa amanani okushisa kuncike ekutheni indawo yezwe.

Ukujula kwe-Ocean World

Uyazi kanjani amabanga amakhulu kunawo wonke kunawo wonke phansi? Yiziphi izinzulu ze-Ocean World? Imephu ye-MO iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokujula okushoyo nokuphezulu. Izikhala zasolwandle ziphawulwe nge-shades ehlukene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala omnyama kula makhadi uhambelana nezindawo ezijulile.

Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka usetshenziselwa ukubala imifantu, ama-ridge phakathi nendawo. Okujulile yiPacific Ocean, engxenyeni yayo enyakatho-ntshonalanga yiMariana Trench enezingaphezu kuka-11 km. Eduze ogwini olusentshonalanga yeChile umsele wasePeru (cishe u-7 km). Futhi ukujula kwesilinganiso se-MO kuyinto 3.7 km.

Usizo oluphansi

Ukuqhubekela phambili kwamazwekazi ngaphansi kwamanzi kuyishalofu sezwekazi, ukujula kwalo ngezinye izikhathi kufinyelela ku-1 km. Ulwandle lomhlaba eduze komjikelezo lukhona indawo eyodwa yokuguquka - intambo yezwekazi. Ethempelini lezwekazi, kunezindawo ezihlukahlukene ezivela emathafeni, kukhona izindawo ezicindezelekile kakhulu ezikhungweni ze-Okhotsk, Barents naseJapane. Umbhede wolwandle uhlanganisa izingxenye eziphakathi ezansi bese umelela okuhlukile emafomini nesayizi, iziphakamiso. Iziqu ezijulile zasolwandle zavela ezindaweni zokushayisana kwamapuleti e-oceanic lithospheric ezinama-continental slabs.

Phakathi kwezinhlaka zentaba zasolwandle, izingxube eziphakathi nendawo ye-oceanic kanye namagquma amakhulu, okuxhunyiwe kulayini olulodwa oluqhubekayo nobude obungaphezu kuka-40,000 km. Ngaphezu kwalokho, embhedeni wolwandle, kunamapulanka e-blocky ne-volcanic, amathafa kanye nezintaba ezingekho ngaphansi kwamanzi. Amanye amafomu ekusizeni okuphansi yizindawo nezindawo eziphakeme.

Ukuhamba kwamanzi ku-MO

Izimbangela ezihlukahlukene kanye nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo zenza ukuhamba kwamanzi amaningi eMhlabeni Wase-Ocean:

• Ukunyuka kwamanzi kuya phezulu kuya phansi kwenzeka ngethonya lomoya;
• Amandla omkhathi aqhubekayo aholela ekwakheni kwamanzi;
• Ama-tide ne-ebbs enza ukuthi ukukhangwa kwamanzi we-World Ocean kuya eNyangeni;
• Ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwemifula yamanzi ngaphansi kwamanzi kunamagagasi amakhulu - i-tsunami.

Emabalazweni e-MO ezindaweni ezithinta ama-currents kuboniswa ngemicibisholo yombala obomvu nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala udlulisela isici esinjengokushisa okuphakeme noma okuphansi kumanje uma kuqhathaniswa nemvelo yolwandle. Imifula emfudumalo kunazo zonke: iGulf Stream enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Atlantic, Kuroshio eduze neziqhingi zaseJapane, eNyakatho Atlantic Current. Amanzi ashisayo ageleza eM MO: ngesikhathi seNtshonalanga, ePeru, eBenguela.

Ukushisa kwamanzi MO

Izingxenye ze-Polar ne-cirpolar ze-MO yizona ezibandayo. Indawo ebanzi yase-Arctic Ocean ihlanganiswe neqhwa elingapheli elinamandla kakhulu. E-Arctic nase-Antarctic kunezinkampani zeqhwa namabhuloki emanzini - ama-icebergs. Ulwandle olubandayo yilona i-Arctic Ocean, ingxenye eyinhloko yalo efriziwe unyaka wonke. Njengoba usuka emibuthanweni ye-Polar kuya ezindaweni ezifudumele, ezishisayo zaseNyakatho naseNingizimu, amanzi ashisa kakhulu yiSanga. Ifudumele kakhulu i-Pacific Ocean, ebanzi kakhulu ebhanini elishisayo lokukhanyisa.

Ukushisa kwamanzi angaphezulu kushintsha ngokushesha. Njengomthetho, ukusakaza okuyinhloko kwamandla alanga akungeneli ekujuleni. Ngakho-ke, ehlobo ezindaweni ezifudumele nezishisayo izinga lokushisa kwamanzi liphezulu kunobusika. Ekujuleni okukhulu, ukungalingani kwangezinkathi cishe akuzwa. Uma usuka ebusweni amamitha ayisishiyagalolunye okuqala kuyabonakala ukuthi uphonsa ngamandla ekushiseni. Izinguquko ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1 azitholakali, futhi ngaphansi kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-3 izinga lokushisa lihlala njalo ku-+2 ° ... 0 ° С.

Ithonya le-MO esimweni sezulukazikazikazi

Ulwandle lomhlaba wonke lubalulekile ekwakheni kwesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Ukushisa okujwayelekile kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi angu-17.4 ° C, kanti emhlabathini, lo mfanekiso ungama-14.4 ° C. Ama-ocean angaba nethonya elikhulu ekushintsheni kokushisa nomswakama phakathi komkhathi nomhlaba. Amanzi atshisa futhi aphuze kancane kancane kunamanye amazwe kanye neziqhingi, ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu.

I-Currents ishukumisela izixuku zamanzi abandayo ezindaweni ezifudumele, futhi ngokufanayo. Lezi zinqubo zinomthelela omkhulu ekusabalazweni kwengcindezi kanye namazinga okushisa emoyeni. Ebusika, i-MO iyinhlobo "yesitofu" sokushisa amazwekazi, kanti ehlobo - "isiqandisisi". Izinkinga ezikhona ze-World Ocean - ukuqhaqhazela iqhwa, ukuphakamisa izinga lamanzi - ukusongela isimo sezulu nesitshalo emazwenikazi kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo.

Salinity

Emanzini olwandle ngamanani ahlukahlukene, kukhona cishe zonke izakhi zetafula lezinsuku. Okuqukethwe okujwayelekile kwamanoni ahlukahlukene kungu-3.5%. I-unit ekhethekile yokulinganisa isetshenziselwa - i-ppm, - ekhombisa inani _{lezidakamizwa ezichithwe} ngamagremu ngalinye ilitha lamanzi olwandle ( _0/00 ) _. Inkomba yesilinganiso se-salin ye-MO ingama-35 _0/00 . Ubuhlobo phakathi kwendawo, ukusabalalisa kwamanzi omhlaba, ukungabi namandla, u-salinity nezinye izinto ezihlukanisa i-World Ocean. Imithombo yamanzi ye-MoD idlulile kakhulu kunezimpahla emhlabeni. Ukuze kusetshenziswe izakhi eziwusizo, kusetshenziselwa ukuqhuma, ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi okuphuza, izitshalo ezikhethekile zokususwa kwezilwandle ezikhungweni zasolwandle nasezindaweni ezisogwini zamazwe amaningi.

Inombolo ebalulekile yamanyolo iqoqa amanzi olwandle, okuphakathi kuka-45 ° N. W. Futhi 10 °. W. Okuqukethwe kwezinto ezisemanzini olwandle kuncike emanzini angaphandle okuvela kuleli zwekazi, ukuqina kweqhwa nokuqhaqhazeka. Izingxenye ezinomusa kunazo zonke ze-MO zivaliwe ezindaweni ezishisayo. Le ngxenye enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Indian Ocean - uLwandle Olubomvu kanye neBab el Mandeb Strait (41 no 42 ‰ ngokulandelana). Ubuningi boLwandle iMedithera bungu-39 ‰.

Imithombo yemvelo MO

I-pantry yamakhemikhali ayigugu, uphethiloli, umthombo wamandla, amanzi ahlanzekile, ukudla, ikhaya lezilwane eziningi eziphilayo - konke lokhu kuyi-World Ocean. I-geography yemithombo yamaminerali ayifundiwe ngokwanele ekujuleni okukhulu, futhi eshalofini ukuthuthukiswa sekuqhubeke iminyaka eminingi. Izinsiza zemvelo ezilandelayo ze-MoD zinenani elikhulu:

• Amafutha (amafutha, igesi, ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle);
• Amaminerali ensimbi kanye nonmetallic (ithebula usawoti, iron, manganese, ibhomu, calcium, igolide, idayimane, amber, titanium, tin);
• Amandla (amaqhubu, amaza, iziphethu ezishisayo);
• Izinto zokwakha (ishlabathi, amatshe);
• Imithombo yamanzi yokudoba;
• Izinhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks, izipanji;
• Imifino;
• Ukuzilibazisa.

Sekude kusukela i- World Ocean, izinsiza zendawo yasogwini ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuhamba, ukudoba olwandle, ukuhamba ngezinyawo nokuzilibazisa olwandle, nokubuyisela impilo yomphakathi. Amabhishi adumile asezindaweni ezifudumele zaseSediterranean, amaLwandle Alubomvu Namnyama, amaLwandle ase-Atlantic, amaNdiya, asePacific ezindaweni ezizungezile nezesimo sezulu ezishisayo.

Izinkinga zemvelo ze-World Ocean zihlobene kakhulu nokukhula kwemayini. Lapho kukhishwa imikhiqizo yamafutha namafutha, ifilimu engenazimpande yakha emanzini. Ukushintshaniswa kwe-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide emkhatsini womkhathi nolwandle kuyaphazanyiswa, izilwane zamanzi nezitshalo ziyafa.

"Izindlela zokudoba" ze-World Ocean

Ama-ocean kanye nolwandle yizindawo zokudoba okunzulu, ama-coral kanye ne-pearl. Ama-akhawunti okudla okudliwayo ama-10% wezinto zokudla eziluhlaza. Izinhlanzi zokuhweba ze-World Ocean ziyi-sardines, ama-anchovies, imifino, i-tuna, i-salmon, i-hake, i-capelin, i-mackerel, i-notothenia, i-pollock, i-cod, i-halibut, i-sprat, i-spounder.

Kulezo zindawo lapho kunezimo zokuthuthukiswa kweplankton, kutholakala inqwaba yezinhlanzi. Ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ezincane ezimile emanzini, kubalulekile ukuthi izinto okuthiwa yi-biogenic (nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, calcium, njll) zivela phezulu. Imvelo yadala izimo ezifanayo ezindaweni eziningi ze-MoD:

• Ugu lwasePacific eNingizimu Melika eningizimu ye-equator;
• Endaweni yeSenhlanhla yaseLabrador, eduze kwaseMpumalanga Greenland enyakatho;
• Eduze emaphethelweni aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika e-Atlantic Ocean, eduze no-40 ° N. I-W.;
• Kusuka ogwini lwaseMorocco eNtshonalanga Afrika kuze kube sekugcineni kwezwekazi elishisayo;
• Kusuka ogwini lwaseBurma e-Indian Ocean, esifundeni seziqhingi zase-Indonesia.

Ulwandle lomhlaba, njengengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu emvilophini yamanzi eqhubekayo yomhlaba, lidlala indima enkulu emhlabeni, futhi ingcebo yayo isetshenziswe ngumuntu kusukela esikhathini esidlule. Ngokwezici ezithile, izingxenye ze-MoD zihlukile, kodwa kuyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo yesilinganiso seplanethi, okumele sigcinwe ngenhlalakahle yezizukulwane zamanje nezizayo.