Amafutha: isakhiwo, imisebenzi, izindawo, imithombo umzimba

Izingxenye ezisemqoka zonke izinhlayiya zamangqamuzana aphilayo - amaphrotheni, amafutha kanye carbohydrate. Isakhiwo, umsebenzi kanye izakhiwo lezi zakhi ukunikeza umsebenzi obalulekile eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

Amafutha kukhona yemvelo organic compounds , esters egcwele glycerine kanye okunamafutha acid nge isizinda. Basonta iqembu lipids. Lezi zinto zehlela benezingane eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile emzimbeni futhi kuyingxenye esisemqoka yokudla komuntu.

ngezigaba

Amafutha, isakhiwo nezakhiwo okukuvumela ukuba bazidle, ihlukaniswe isilwane nemifino ngokwemvelo. I yamuva ayizona ngokuthi amafutha. Ngenxa okuqukethwe eliphezulu unsaturated okunamafutha acid kukhona esimweni liquid. Ukwehluka - amafutha esundu.

Ngu khona acid ezithile, lipids ahlukaniswe ku ayegcwele (stearic acid, palmitic acid) noma unsaturated (oleic acid, arachidonic, linoleic, palmitoleic, linoleic).

isakhiwo

Isakhiwo amafutha kuyinto triglyceride eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi izinto lipoid. Lesi sakamuva ayizakhi phospholipid, futhi sterols. Triglyceride - ester elibona nxazonke glycerin nokudla okunamafutha acid isakhiwo kanye ezingaphathelana kunqunywa izakhiwo amafutha.

Isakhiwo molecule fat ifomu jikelele okwaboniswa ifomula:

CH2-OˉCO-R '

mina

Cho-CO-R ''

mina

CH2-OˉCO-R '' ',

Kukuyiphi R - okunamafutha acid olukhulu.

Ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo amanoni oyiyo babe ezintathu unbranched olukhulu nge ngisho kuma-athomu e-carbon. Elihlale okunamafutha acid kuthiwa ngokuvamile uvezwa stearic futhi palmitic, unsaturated - linoleic, linolenic futhi oleic.

izakhiwo

Amafutha, isakhiwo nezakhiwo lapho kunqunywa khona ayegcwele kanye unsaturated okunamafutha acid, babe nezici zabo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali. Abezweli ngamanzi, kodwa ukubola ngokuphelele ezihogelwayo. Saponified (hydrolyzed) uma steamed, i-asidi amaminerali noma alikhali. Phakathi ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela ukhiqiza ama-fatty acid noma nosawoti yabo futhi glycerol. Kumiswa emulsion is ngemva eshukumisayo eyingqabavu ngamanzi, isibonelo salokhu ubisi.

Amafutha cishe elingana nenani zamandla 9.1 kcal / g noma 38 J / g. Uma sihumusha lezi zimiso ku izinkomba ngokomzimba, amandla ezikhishwe ngesilinganiso 1 g fat, kungaba okwanele ukukhulisa 1 imitha wezimpahla enesisindo 3900 kg.

Amafutha kanye ukwakheka kwama-molecule zabo inquma izakhiwo zabo eziyisisekelo, abe namandla ukusetshenziswa, uma iqhathaniswa carbohydrate noma amaprotheni. Qedela namachibi 1 g yokukhululwa namanoni amanzi nesikhutha kulandele kabili okukhiphayo amandla amandla omlilo ushukela. Ukuze lipolysis edingekayo ethile carbohydrate nomoya-mpilo.

Ngo elezinye izilwane ezincelisayo amafutha - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu amandla abahlinzeki. Ukuze angena amathumbu, kuyinto emulsification kudingekile esebenzisa nosawoti Bile acid.

imisebenzi

Ngo ezincelisayo amafutha zidlala ababalulekile, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi lezi zakhi ku kwezitho izinhlelo anezincazelo ezihlukile:

1. ugesi. Lokhu umsebenzi - main ngoba amafutha. Ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla okuqukethwe, zingabantu umphakeli best of "fuel". Amasheya ngenxa sebethule ngesimo imali.
2. Ukuvikelwa. Adipose izicubu imvilophi emizimbeni futhi kanjalo ungavumeli ukulimala yabo futhi ukuxukuzeka, ukuthambisa futhi zimunce imithelela zangaphandle.
3. zifudumele. Amafutha babe ongaphakeme conductivity ezishisayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukugcina ukufudumala komzimba kanye ayivikele hypothermia.

Ngaphezu misebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo, amafutha enze yangasese eziningana. Lezi zinto zehlela silondoloze imisebenzi ebalulekile amaseli, isibonelo, ukunikeza kuyaqina kanye isikhumba enempilo, ngcono ekusebenzeni kobuchopho. amaseli Membranous futhi organelles subcellular ukugcina isakhiwo sabo futhi ukusebenza ngenxa iqhaza kwamafutha. Ngamavithamini A, D, E and K angayizuza kuphela phambi kwabo. Wekukhula, intfutfuko kanye umsebenzi zokuzala kubuye kuncike kakhulu khona amafutha.

isidingo zomzimba

Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu izindleko energy umzimba BakaJehova bakha amafutha, ogama isakhiwo ivumela ukuxazulula le nkinga uma sihlela ekudleni. Ukubalwa imfuneko nsuku uyakucabangela uhlobo umsebenzi kanye nobudala yomuntu. Ngakho-ke, amafutha amaningi kuyadingeka ukuze intsha abaphila impilo esebenzayo, njenge abasubathi noma kwamadoda ayenza okhandlayo esindayo. Lapho ukuphila umzimba noma ukuthambekela ukugcwala inombolo yabo kumele kungancipha ukugwema ukukhuluphala nezinkinga ezihlobene.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuba ucabangele isakhiwo kwamafutha. Of okumqoka kuba isilinganiso acid unsaturated igcwaliswe. Icala lokugcina ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile fat umzimba ukuphazamisa ukusebenza pheshana emathunjini, kwandisa amathuba okuphathwa okuvela isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi. acid unsaturated kube nomphumela omubi: ukubuyisela umzimba, ukususwa cholesterol evamile. Kodwa kuhlukunyezwa kuholelwa kulwazi ukuqunjelwa, ukubukeka amatshe esinyeni nenyongo futhi ipheshana excretory.

imithombo

Cishe zonke ukudla aqukethe amafutha, ukwakha nabo inqubo ingase ibe khona ehlukile. Okukhishiwe imifino, izithelo, utshwala, uju kanye nabanye. Imikhiqizo zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Okugqamile (40 noma ngaphezulu amagremu ngamunye amagremu 100 umkhiqizo). Leli qembu kuhlanganisa ibhotela, imajarini, lard, nokunamanoni, izinhlobo ezithile ayi, nati kanye nabanye.
• lokucuketfwe fat esijwayelekile (20 kuya ku-40 g ngalinye 100 g umkhiqizo). Group umelwe ukhilimu, amafutha ukhilimu omuncu, cottage shizi, izinhlobo eziningana ushizi, ayi, inyama, ihansi, ushokoledi, amakhekhe, halvah nezinye amaswidi.
• Ephansi fat (20 amagremu noma ngaphansi 100 g umkhiqizo). Zifaka: irayisi, nokunye okufana nokolweni, ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi, isinkwa, inkukhu, amaqanda, izinhlanzi, amakhowe, imikhiqizo yobisi kakhulu nabanye.

Lokunye lokubaluleke kakhulu isakhiwo chemical kwamafutha, akhombisa ukuthi ethile acid. Kulesi sisekelo, bangase ayegcwele, unsaturated kanye polyunsaturated. Okokuqala ezitholakala imikhiqizo inyama, isinqumelo, ushokoledi, amafutha encibilikisiwe, amafutha esundu, uwoyela kakhukhunathi nebhotela. I acid unsaturated bukhona inyama yenkukhu, iminqumo, isicinganani, lamantongomane, amafutha omnqumo. Polyunsaturated - walnuts, ama-alimondi, pecans, imbewu, inhlanzi, kanye sunflower, flaxseed rapeseed, ummbila, cottonseed futhi uwoyela soybean.

Udokotela Wokudla Okunempilo

Izici isakhiwo fat kudingeka ukuba benze ngokuvumelana iqoqo imithetho lapho ezilandelwayo ekudleni. Izazi zokudla zitusa kubo zithobele ubuhlobo elandelayo:

• Monounsaturated - nakuba kungaze kube yinxenye ubuningi Imininingwane kwamafutha;
• Polyunsaturated - ikota;
• Ayegcwele - ikota.

Kulokhu, zemifino amafutha kufanele bakha u-40% ekudleni, isilwane - 60-70%. Abantu asebekhulile bakudinga ukwandisa isibalo ngowokuqala 60%.

Ukuze ubeke umkhawulo noma ukuwakhipha kusuka Ukudla kufanele transfats. Basuke kabanzi asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni nososo, imayonnaise, imikhiqizo confectionery. amafutha Iyingozi ngaphansi ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu futhi namachibi. Bona ingatholakala fries French, amazambane chips, donuts, ophaya nokunye okunjalo. D. Kusukela zonke kulolu hlu imikhiqizo eyingozi kakhulu, ekulungiseleleni ikhophi okwenzeka ngesikhathi Rancid noma kaningi kangakanani emafutheni asetshenziselwa.

izinga Iwusizo

Amafutha, isakhiwo enikeza cishe isigamu sezindela amandla ingqikithi umzimba, ube eziningi izici ewusizo:

• Cholesterol kunomthelela ongcono carbohydrate umzimba futhi ihlinzeka zamagama compounds ezibalulekile - ngenxa yethonya lakhe ekhiqizwa adrenal hormone steroid;
• u-30% yokushisa ekhiqizwa emzimbeni womuntu fat brown izicubu ise emqaleni nasemhlane engenhla;
• Izimbila futhi inja amafutha refractory, ukwelapha izifo zokuphefumula, okubalwa kuzo nesifo sofuba we izilonda wamaphaphu;
• phospholipid futhi glyukolipidnye compounds afakiwe zonke izicubu, kuthiwa kuhlelwe ngokweqile, izitho zokugaya futhi simelane kumiswa cholesterol zingcwecwe silondoloze kokusebenza kwesibindi;
• sibonga phosphatides futhi sterols isekelwa njalo Ukwakheka cytoplasmic izisekelo kwemizwa uhlelo amaseli, futhi kuhlelwe umqondo kavithamini D.

Ngakho, amafutha anamandla ebalulekile e yokudla komuntu.

Okweqile kanye ukuntula

Amafutha, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi lezi zakhi okunenzuzo kuphela ngokulinganisela. enaleni yabo kunomthelela ekukhuluphaleni - inkinga ukuthi lubalulekile wonke amazwe athuthukile. Lesi sifo kuholela esisindo yanda, wehlise in ukuhamba futhi Oqala ukungezwa aze agcine impilo. It kwandisa ingozi isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, ischemia inhliziyo, umfutho wegazi ophakeme. Ukukhuluphala nasemiphumeleni yaso kaningi kunezinye izifo ebulalayo.

Ukuntula fat yokudla kunomthelela Ukuwohloka isikhumba, kubambezela ukukhula nokuthuthuka umzimba wengane, kuphazamisa ukusebenza uhlelo zokuzala, esiphazamisayo evamile cholesterol umzimba, okubangela isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, olimaza ubuchopho nesimiso sezinzwa bebonke.

Proper ekudleni plan, ikhumbula izidingo umzimba okunamafutha kungasiza ukuvimbela izifo eziningi kanye ngcono izinga lempilo. Kusemqoka ngokulinganisela ukusetshenziswa yabo, ngaphandle ngokweqile kanye ukuntula.