Izakhiwo kanye nezimiso zakwa-carbohydrate. carbohydrate umsebenzi

Ukuze umzimba womuntu, kanye nezinye izidalwa zidinga amandla. Ngaphandle kwayo, akukho ukugeleza akukwazi izinqubo. Phela, zonke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, noma iyiphi inqubo enzymatic noma isigaba umzimba idinga umthombo amandla.

Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka izinto, ukuhlinzeka amandla umzimba ekuphileni, likhulu kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile. Kwenzenjani? Ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha. Isakhiwo ngamunye wabo uhlukile, basonta ngokuphelele amakilasi ezahlukene zamakhemikhali, kodwa omunye imisebenzi yabo iyafana - ukuhlinzeka umzimba amandla kudingekile ekuphileni. Cabangela iqembu izinto ezilandelayo - carbohydrate.

Ukwahlukaniswa carbohydrate

Ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo carbohydrate kusukela ukuvulwa yabo kuchazwa ngamagama abo. Phela, imithombo wabalwa ekuseni kucatshangwa ukuthi iqembu elinjalo compounds abakhona kule nokwakheka ama-athomu carbon banamathele molecule yamanzi.

A kokuhlaziya ngaphezulu, kanye ulwazi zanqwabelana ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene lezi izinto bavunyelwe ukufakazela ukuthi akuwona wonke abameleli kuphela ingxenye. Nokho, lesi sici sisese ungomunye waleyo inquma isakhiwo carbohydrate.

ngezigaba Wanamuhla leli qembu compounds simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, fructose, glucose nokunye).
2. Oligosaccharides (Bios, triose).
3. Polysaccharides (isitashi, cellulose).

Futhi, kungenziwa wonke carbohydrate luhlukaniswe amaqembu amabili alandelayo:

• ekubuyiseleni;
• non-ukunciphisa.

Isakhiwo yezinhlayiya carbohydrate eqenjini ngalinye sihlolisise.

Monosaccharides: isici

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa zonke carbohydrate elula ukuthi ibe aldehyde (aldose) noma ketone (ketose) iqembu hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-10 ama-athomu carbon ku isakhiwo chain. Uma ubheka-athomu e iketango main, monosaccharides zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• triose (glyceraldehyde);
• tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose);
• pentose (ribose futhi deoxyribose);
• hexoses (glucose, fructose).

Zonke nabanye abameleli akuzona kubaluleke kakhulu umzimba njengoba efakwe ohlwini.

Izici isakhiwo zishintshe

Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwazo monosaccharides kungenziwa imelelwa neketanga, futhi ngendlela carbohydrate eyindilinga. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Into wukuthi central carbon athomu e enkompolo kuyinto isikhungo quin emhlabeni lapho elithwala isixazululo uyakwazi uphendukisa. Njengoba ukwakha isomers optical monosaccharides L- kanye D-amafomu. Kulesi glucose ifomula alotshwe ngendlela neketanga ngqo, ungakwazi ukuqonda iqembu aldehyde (noma ketone) futhi Roll up ibe ibhola. Ukuze bathole elihambisana ifomula eyindilinga.

Isakhiwo amakhemikhali eziningana carbohydrate monosaccharides esicacile: kuma-athomu e-carbon obumba chain noma indandatho, ngalinye elikwazi zihlukile noma ahlelwe ngakolunye uhlangothi lwale amaqembu hydroxyl ama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Uma konke igama elifanayo ngakolunye uhlangothi lwale isakhiwo, bese kwakheka D-isomer is, uma ehlukene esikukhompiyutha nezinye ngamunye - ke L-isomer. Uma sibhala ifomula Omele jikelele we ezivamile monosaccharides glucose ifomu yamangqamuzana, ke kuyodingeka ifomu: C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulandisa kubonisa isakhiwo kanye fructose, futhi. Phela, lezi monosaccharides ezimbili amakhemikhali - isomers kwesakhiwo. Glucose - aldegidospirt, fructose - Cetoalcohol.

Ukwakheka nezakhiwo eziningana carbohydrate monosaccharides kuhlobene. Phela, ngenxa yokuba khona we aldehyde futhi ketone amaqembu lichaza ekwakheni isakhiwo basonta aldehyde futhi ketonospirtam ukuthi inquma imvelo yabo zamakhemikhali ukusabela lapho angajoyina.

Ngakho, i-glucose kutshengisa Izakhiwo ezilandelayo:

1. ukusabela kubangelwa khona amaqembu carbonyl:

• Namachibi - yokusabela "esiliva isibuko ';
• nge asanda ukugqashuka hydroxide, ithusi (II) - aldonic acid;
• oxidants Zinamandla sebakwati diacids (aldarovye), waliguqula hhayi kuphela aldehyde kodwa neqembu elilodwa hydroxyl;
• Yokutakula - iguqulwe ibe polyols.

2. i-molecule uqukethe isigcawu hydroxyl ebonisa isakhiwo. I izakhiwo carbohydrate, okuyinto bathonywa behlukanisa idatha:

• ikhono alkylation - kumiswa ethers;
• acylation - ukwakha esters ;
• ukuphendula qualitative for zethusi hydroxide (II).

3. izakhiwo olulodwa ethize glucose:

• udwi otshekele kwesokunxele;
• utshwala;
• ukuvutshelwa acidosis.

Imisebenzi emzimbeni

Sakhiwo umsebenzi eziningana carbohydrate monosaccharides ezihambelana eduze. Odlule kukhona, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuze ubambe iqhaza ukusabela kwamakhemikhali eziphilayo bukhoma. Yini indima edlalwa kule monosaccharides?

1. Isisekelo ukukhiqizwa oligo-futhi polysaccharides.
2. Pentose (ribose futhi deoxyribose) - i-molecule ye ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni ATP, RNA, DNA. Futhi, yena, abahlinzeki main of the lezinceku impahla, amandla kanye amaprotheni.
3. Amazinga lokuhlushwa glucose egazini - ngezinga elithile ingcindezi osmotic futhi izinguquko zalo kweqiniso.

Oligosaccharides: isakhiwo

Isakhiwo iqembu carbohydrate kuyehla kube kokuba ezimbili (Diozu) noma ezintathu (triose) monosaccharide-molecule e-kwengoma. Kunalabo lapho ukubunjwa 4, 5 noma ngaphezulu izakhiwo (kufika ku-10), kodwa ezivamile disaccharides. Okungukuthi, e-hydrolysis yalezi compounds ukubola ukwakha glucose, fructose, pentoses, nokunye. Yikuphi compounds awela kulesi sigaba? Isibonelo esingokoqobo - ke sucrose (umhlanga ezivamile ushukela), i-lactose (Isakhi esiyinhloko ubisi), maltose, lactulose, isomalt.

Isakhiwo amakhemikhali kulolu chungechunge carbohydrate has izici ezilandelayo:

1. Ifomula jikelele kwezinhlobo yamangqamuzana: C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11.
2. Ezimbili ezifanayo noma ezahlukene monosaccharide ezisalayo e isakhiwo disaccharide kuthiwa kuhlobene esebenzisa ibhuloho glycoside. On ubunjalo kwakwakhe kuzoncika amandla ukwehlisa ushukela.
3. Ukunciphisa disaccharide. isakhiwo carbohydrate yalolu hlobo Ukwakheka kwezitho ibhuloho phakathi glycosidic aldehyde futhi hydroxyl amaqembu hydroxyl zishintshe ezahlukene monosaccharides. Lezi zihlanganisa maltose, i-lactose, kanjalonjalo.
4. Nonreducing - ejwayelekile Ngokwesibonelo sucrose - lapho kumiswa bridge phakathi kwamaqembu hydroxyl labo kuphela ngaphandle iqhaza aldehyde isakhiwo.

Ngakho, isakhiwo carbohydrate kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe ngendlela ifomula yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Uma kudingeka isakhiwo enemininingwane efakwe, ke zingamelela usebenzisa sokuqhafaza noma Heuorsa Fischer kwelivi amafomula. Ngokucacile, monomers ezimbili eyindilinga (monosaccharides) noma ehlukile noma efanayo (kuncike oligosaccharide) oxhumene by bridge glycosidic. Lapho ukwakha kufanele ucabangele ekubuyiseleni ikhono kahle ukubonisa uxhumano.

Izibonelo disaccharides molecule

Uma umsebenzi kuwufanele ngesimo: "Qaphela izici isakhi carbohydrate," khona-ke disaccharide kungcono uqale ucacise kulokho okuseleyo monosaccharides kuba. Izinhlobo ezivamile:

• sucrose - zakhiwa-alpha-beta-glucose, bese fructose;
• maltose - glucose izinsalela;
• cellobiose - siqukethe izinsalela ezimbili glucose we-beta-D-amafomu;
• lactose - glucose galactose +;
• lactulose - galactose + fructose kanye nokunye.

Khona-ke, ngokuvumelana izinsalela etholakalayo kumele kube sobala kusukela kwesakhiwo ifomula kadokotela we glycoside uhlobo kwebhuloho.

Kusithinta eziphilayo

enkulu kakhulu futhi indima disaccharide, kubalulekile nje ngokwakheka. Imisebenzi ye-carbohydrate kanye amafutha ngokuvamile efanayo. Kusekelwe ingxenye amandla. Noma kunjalo, kufanele bakhombise nokubaluleka kwazo ikakhulukazi kwabanye disaccharides ngabanye.

1. Sucrose - lesimcoka glucose emzimbeni womuntu.
2. Lactose itholakala obisini lwebele izilwane ezincelisayo kuhlanganise% abesifazane futhi 8.
3. Lactulose etholwe endaweni yokucwaninga ukuze usetshenziselwe ngezinhloso zokwelapha, kanye wanezela ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yobisi.

Noma yimuphi disaccharide, trisaccharide nokunye e abantu nezinye izidalwa asitholayo leso hydrolyzed ukuze monosaccharides. Lesi sici ngesisekelo ukusetshenziswa kwalesi isigaba carbohydrate umuntu e okuluhlaza, angashintshiwe (beetroot noma umoba).

Polysaccharides: izici yamangqamuzana

Imisebenzi, ukwakheka kanye isakhiwo eziningi carbohydrate ibalulekile ngoba eziphilayo nezidalwa, kanye nemisebenti yebantfu. Okokuqala, kufanele siqonde ukuthi hlobo luni carbohydrate kukhona polysaccharides.

Ziningi:

• isitashi;
• glycogen;
• murein;
• glucomannan;
• cellulose;
• dextrin;
• galactomannan;
• muromin;
• pectin;
• amylose;
• chitin.

Lena akuyona uhlu oluphelele, kodwa kuphela izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu izilwane nezitshalo ngokunganaki. Uma nikwenza umkhuba ukufeza umsebenzi "Hlola izici isakhiwo eziningi carbohydrate polysaccharides", into yokuqala kufanele sinake isakhiwo sabo ngekwendzawo. Kuyinto voluminous kakhulu, i-molecule ye-giant, ehlanganisa amakhulukhulu monomer amayunithi cross-exhumene glycosidic chemical izibopho. Ngokuvamile ukwakheka kwama-molecule ye polysaccharides of carbohydrate laqanjwa egqinsiwe.

Kukhona ngezigaba ezithile molecule anjalo.

1. Gomopolisaharidy - aqukethe amayunithi efanayo ukuphindaphinda monosaccharides. Kuye monosaccharide kungaba hexoses, pentoses, nokunye (glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - ezakhiwe ezahlukene monomer amayunithi.

Compounds nge komugqa isakhiwo ngekwendzawo kufanele ichasiselwe, isibonelo, i-cellulose. isakhiwo branched has a iningi polysaccharides - isitashi, glycogen, chitin nokunye.

Indima emzimbeni izidalwa

Lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti carbohydrate kuleli qembu zihlobene nokuphila kwayo yonke inyama sekufikile. Ngokwesibonelo, otshala Reserve izakhi zanqwabelana ezingxenyeni ezahlukene ihlumela noma impande isitashi. Umthombo oyinhloko yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla izilwane - ngaphandle polysaccharides, okuyinto akhiwa cleavage eningi amandla.

Carbohydrate isakhiwo cell badlala indima ebalulekile kakhulu. It sakhiwa ikhava chitin izinambuzane eziningi kanye ezinamagobolondo, murein - cell udonga izingxenye zama-bacterium, uginindela - isitshalo isisekelo.

Hawukela izinto okunomsoco okuvela ezilwaneni - molecule glycogen, noma njengoba ngokuvamile okuthiwa, amafutha ezilwane. Yena elondolozwe ku izingxenye zomzimba futhi uyazifeza hhayi kuphela amandla, kodwa futhi umsebenzi okuvikela imithelela lokukhanda.

Ukuze izilwanyana eziningi ezincane kuyinto isakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu carbohydrate. Biology of isilwane ngasinye nesitshalo kangangokuthi kudinga njalo umthombo wamandla, ongashi. Futhi kungaba kuphela abanike futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke kuba ngesimo polysaccharides. Ngakho, ukugayeka ephelele 1 g carbohydrate ngenxa izinqubo umzimba kuholela ukukhululwa 4.1 kcal energy! Lona esiphezulu, ayisekho enikela nganoma iyiphi uxhumano eyodwa. Yingakho ama-carbohydrate kumele khona ekudleni noma yimuphi umuntu noma isilwane. Izitshalo futhi ukuzinakekela: enqubeni ye-photosynthesis akha ngaphakathi isitashi bese uwabeka.

izakhiwo Jikelele carbohydrate

Isakhiwo amafutha, amaphrotheni kanye carbohydrate ngokuvamile efanayo. Phela, bonke bangabafowabo macromolecules. Ngisho ezinye imisebenzi yabo banendabuko efanayo. Kufanele fingqa indima kanye nokubaluleka carbohydrate ukuphila biomass kule planethi.

1. Ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo carbohydrate ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwabo njengoba izinto zokwakha ukuze igobolondo plant cells, isilwane nemisipha webhaktheriya kanye kumiswa organelles intracellular.
2. Umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Isici isitshalo eziphilayo futhi kubonakala ekwakhekeni ameva zabo, ameva nokunye.
3. Plastic indima - imfundo ibaluleke molecule ezibalulekile (DNA, i-RNA, ATP nabanye).
4. Yokwamukela umsebenzi. Polysaccharides futhi oligosaccharides - iqhaza ezokuthutha Ukudluliselwa ulwelwesi cell, "Onogada" ekubambeni umthelela.
5. Amandla indima ebalulekile kakhulu. Inikeza amandla esiphezulu kuzo zonke izinqubo intracellular, kanye umsebenzi wonke umzimba.
6. Ukulawulwa ingcindezi osmotic - glucose wenza ukulawula enjalo.
7. Ezinye polysaccharides zigcine ukudla, umthombo wamandla for eyizilwane.

Ngakho, kusobala ukuthi isakhiwo kwamafutha, amaprotheni kanye carbohydrate, umsebenzi wabo futhi indima ezindikimbeni izinhlelo eziphilayo ukubaluleka kubalulekile futhi sithathe izinqumo eziphusile. Lezi zinhlayiya - abadali ukuphila, nabo ukugcina kanye nokugcina ke.

Carbohydrate kanye nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali macromolecular

Yaziwa efezwa carbohydrate akuyona njengoba injalo emsulwa, futhi lihambisana namanye amangqamuzana. Lena ihlanganisa i-ezivamile, njenge:

• glycosaminoglycans noma mucopolysaccharides;
• glycoproteins.

Sakhiwo izakhiwo carbohydrate yalolu hlobo kunalokho kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa eziyinkimbinkimbi uxhumeke ezihlukahlukene amaqembu sokusebenza. Iqhaza main yalolu hlobo lwama-molecule - ehilelekile ekuphileni izinqubo eziningi eziphilayo. Abamele yilezi: asidi i-hyaluronic, chondroitin sulfate, heparan, sulfate keratan, nabanye.

Kukhona futhi polysaccharides izakhiwo kanye namanye amangqamuzana eziphila abakhuthele. Ngokwesibonelo, lipopolysaccharides noma glycoproteins. khona wabo ebalulekile ekwakhekeni ukusabela immunological yomzimba, njengoba ziyingxenye amaseli kohlelo lymph.