Amaphethini kokuphazanyiswa. Imigomo esiphezulu kanye esincane

amaphethini Impambaniso - kuba imivimbo okhanyayo noma onsundu ezibangwa imisebe okuyizinto isigaba noma aphume esigabeni nomunye. amagagasi Khanyisa nokunye okunjalo wanezela lapho lusetshenziswa, uma izigaba zabo luqondane (bebheke ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa), noma ukukhansela nomunye uma antiphase. La machashazi abizwa ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka ezakhayo futhi elimazayo, ngokulandelana. Uma monochromatic ukukhanya ugongolo, wonke amagagasi ezithinta obulinganako, sidlula izimbotshana ezimbili ewumngcingo (ukuhlola kwase kuqala iqhutshwe 1801 by Thomas Young, usosayensi oyiNgisi, ngubani, sibonga kuye wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi isimo wave yokukhanya), emibili ugongolo okuholela kungenziwa iqondiswe ku flat screen okuyinto esikhundleni amabala amabili ezedlulayo akhiwa ukuphazamiseka amaphethelo - nombala kushintshana iphethini yokukhanya nezindawo amnyama. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa isetshenziswa, isibonelo, zonke interferometers optical.

superposition

Isici belinganisa we superposition ngamagagasi echaza ukuziphatha amagagasi esikhulu. isimiso sayo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi lapho esikhaleni of a esikhulu amagagasi ezimbili, ukuphazamiseka ewumphumela ilingana nenani lezinombolo algebraic ka thuthuva ngabanye. Ngezinye izikhathi at perturbations elikhulu lo mthetho woniwa. Lokhu ukuziphatha elula kuholela eziningana imiphumela abizwa ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka imihlola.

Lo mkhuba ukuphazamiseka libhekene ngezindlela ezimbili ezeqisayo. Amagagasi ezimbili ngokwakhayo maxima luqondane, zinjalo esigabeni nomunye. Umphumela we-superposition kuciniswa kwenhlanganisela ngesiphazamiso. I amplitude we wave okuholela okuxubile ilingana isamba amplitudes ngabanye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphazamiseka elimazayo endaweni esiphezulu amagagasi kuvumelana ubuncane yesibili - they are ngaphakathi phikisa. I amplitude we wave kuhlanganiswe ilingana umehluko phakathi amplitudes yengxenye yayo izingxenye. Esimeni lapho bayalingana, kuqedile ukuphazamiseka elimazayo, futhi perturbation medium Imininingwane zero.

experiment Young

Iphethini ukuphazamiseka wemithombo emibili ibonisa ngokucacile khona amagagasi ezedlulayo. Thomas Young wasikisela ukuthi ukukhanya - igagasi okuyinto uyalalela isimiso superposition. impumelelo yakhe edumile kwaba ukuboniswa yokulinga ezakhayo futhi elimazayo ukuphazamiseka yokukhanya e 1801 Inguqulo yesimanje lokuhlolwa Young ngokwemvelo kuyahluka kuphela ngokuthi sisebenzisa ukukhanya imithombo ngalokulingene. Laser nombala esikhanyisa izimbotshana ezimbili okufanayo ebusweni opaque. Ukudlula Khanyisa ngabo, kukhona esibukweni esiqhelile. Lapho ububanzi phakathi izimbotshana kakhulu enkulu kunemisebe, imithetho yokukhanya yejeyomethri yathi - kubonakala ku izifunda screen ezimbili esikhanyayo. Nokho, lapho kusondela izimbotshana diffracted ukukhanya namagagasi esikrinini kuthiwa esikhulu nomunye. Umumo womsebenzi ngokwaso phetho ubunjalo wave yokukhanya, futhi esinye futhi isibonelo lo mphumela.

Iphethini ukuphazamiseka

Umgomo we superposition inquma okuholela umfutho ukusatshalaliswa esikrinini esikhanyayo. Iphethini kube nokuphazamiseka okwenzekile lapho umehluko endleleni kusukela umqhewu esikrinini ilingana lonke inani yamaza (0, λ, 2λ, ...). Lo mehluko wenza kuqinisekisa ukuthi highs eze ngesikhathi esifanayo. ukuphazamiseka Okulimazayo kwenzeka uma indlela umehluko elilingana inamba ka yamaza offset ngesigamu (λ / 2, 3λ / 2, ...). Jung esetshenziswa agumenti weJiyomethri ukukhombisa ukuthi superposition kuholela uchungechunge bands ngokulinganayo zishiyane noma okusezingeni ngamandla ezindaweni elihambisana ezifundeni ukuphazamiseka ezakhayo, ahlukaniswe ezindaweni ezimnyama umnyuziki elimazayo.

Hole Isikhala

Elibalulekile ipharamitha geometry nge izimbotshana ababili isilinganiso λ ukukhanya wavelength kanye nebanga phakathi izimbobo d. Uma λ / d incane kakhulu kuno-1, ibanga phakathi amaviyo kuyoba encane nemiphumela agqagqene kungukuthi uyalandelwa. Ukusebenzisa izimbotshana eduze zishiyane, Jung wakwazi zahlukanise ukukhanya futhi ezindaweni amnyama. Ngakho, wanquma ama-yamaza ka ebonakalayo ukukhanya imibala. Inani labo elincane kakhulu uyachaza ukuthi kungani miphumela kuyagcinwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ukuze uhlukanise izindawo ukugxambukela ezakhayo futhi elimazayo, ibanga phakathi umthombo amaza okukhanya kumele kube ezincane kakhulu.

wavelength

Okubukwa ukugxambukela imiphumela kuyinselele ngezinye izizathu ezimbili. imithombo Iningi ukukhanya Likhipha okuqhubekayo wavelength spectrum, okuholela kwetinhlavu ukuphazamiseka amaphethini amaningi esikhulu nomunye, yilowo nalowo abe nesikhathi esithileko hlangana imivimbo. Lokhu kungabi sengxenyeni imiphumela buphawuleka kakhulu, ezifana izindawo ebumnyameni ephelele.

coherency

Lokho ukuphazamiseka angase waphawula phezu isikhathi eside, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ukukhanya imithombo ngalokulingene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithombo emisebeni kumelwe silondoloze ubuhlobo isigaba njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, amagagasi ezimbili harmonic of the imvamisa efanayo njalo elilungisiwe ubuhlobo isigaba ukuze iphuzu ngalinye emkhathini - noma isigaba noma ukuphikiswa isigaba, noma kwezinye isimo Lesisemkhatsini. Nokho, iningi imithombo ukukhanya likhipha igagasi kweqiniso harmonic. Kunalokho, Zikhiphela ukukhanya, lapho okungahleliwe isigaba ushintsho senzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ngomzuzwana. emisebeni okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi incoherent.

umthombo Ideal - laser

Impambaniso ungayibona kuhle namanje abona othile ewunikela ngesikhathi esikhulu amagagasi esikhaleni emithonjeni emibili incoherent, kodwa amaphetheni ukuphazamiseka ziyahlukahluka nemiyalezo, kanye okungahleliwe isigaba shift. Izinzwa Khanyisa, kuhlanganise amehlo, awukwazi ukubhalisa isithombe ngokushesha, futhi kuphela umfutho isilinganiso isikhathi. Ugongolo laser cishe monochromatic (m. E. Siqukethe wavelength olulodwa) kanye highly-. Kuyinto umthombo ekahle ukukhanya sokugubha ukuphazamiseka imiphumela.

Ukunqunywa imvamisa

Ngemva Jung 1802 linganisa yamaza yokukhanya ebonakalayo kungenziwa kwehlisa ngesivinini insufficiently olunembile yokukhanya itholakala ngesikhathi ukubala imvamisa yayo eseduze. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanya green ilingana mayelana 6 × 10 ¹⁴ Hz. Lona oda eziningi yaba sezingeni elikhulu ukwedlula imvamisa of kunyakaza lokukhanda. Ukuze uqhathanise, umuntu uzwe umsindo nge amaza up 2 × ¹⁰ Apreli Hz. Yini kahle hle kuyahlukahluka ngesilinganiso namanje ayikaziwa iminyaka 60 ezayo.

Impambaniso amafilimu mncane

Imiphumela waphawula azigcini kabili umqhewu geometry esetshenziswa Thomas Young. Lapho kukhona ukucabangisisa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona wale misebe kusukela evele amabili ahlukaniswe ibanga ufana nombono, kube nokuphazamiseka okwenzekile kumafilimu mncane. Indima ifilimu phakathi evele ingase idlale cleaner, emoyeni, liquid noma yimuphi umzimba okusobala okuqinile. Ekukhanyeni ebonakalayo ukuphazamiseka imiphumela ukuwenzisisa amasayizi we micrometer ambalwa. Isibonelo eyaziwayo zonke ifilimu kuyinto bubble. Khanyisa kubonakala kuwo, kuyinto superposition ngamagagasi ezimbili - owodwa kubonakala kusukela front ebusweni, kanti eyesibili - ngemuva. Angezukuhambisana emkhathini bese yengezwa nomunye. Kuye ukushuba ifilimu insipho, amagagasi ababili bangase uxhumana ngokwakhayo noma destructively. A ukubala okuphelele iphethini ukuphazamiseka kubonisa ukuthi ukukhanya nge wavelength λ ukuphazamiseka ezakhayo is okuqhubekisela ukushuba ifilimu ka λ / 4, 3λ / 4, 5λ / 4, njll, futhi elimazayo - .. Ukuze λ / 2, λ, 3λ / 2, ...

Amafomula kuhlaziywa

ukuphazamiseka mkhuba kwaba ukusetshenziswa eziningi, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba baqonde kwesibalo eziyisisekelo eziphathelene nalokho. I zibalo ezilandelayo zikuvumela ukubala amanani ahlukahlukene elihlobene ne ukuphazamiseka, ngoba izimo zalo ezimbili ezivamile.

Indawo ukukhanya emapheshana e -experiment uYoung, .. Okungukuthi amasayithi nge ukuphazamiseka ezakhayo ingabalwa esebenzisa amazwi athi: y _ulula. = (ΛL / d) m, lapho λ - wavelength; m = 1, 2, 3, ...; d - ibanga phakathi izimbotshana; L - ibanga ukukhomba.

.. Indawo bands amnyama, ie izindawo nokuxhumana elimazayo enikezwa: y _simnyama. = (ΛL / d) (m + 1/2).

Nakwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuphazamiseka - kumafilimu mncane - khona superposition ezakhayo noma elimazayo inquma shift isigaba amagagasi kubonakala, okuyinto incike ukujiya ifilimu kanye Inkomba yezokubona ngakho. I kwesibalo wokuqala uchaza esimweni ukungabi khona ukushintsha okunjalo, kanti eyesibili - shift of isigamu nombono:

2nt = mλ;

2nt = (m + 1/2) λ.

Lapha, λ - wavelength; m = 1, 2, 3, ...; t - endleleni siwela e ifilimu; n - Inkomba of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona.

Okubukwa ngokwemvelo

Lapho ilanga liphume phezu bubble, ungabona imivimbo ezigqamile, kusukela banemibono engafani babhekana ukuphazamiseka abhubhisayo futhi asuswe reflection. Ukukhanya asele kubonakala livela njengendlela aphelele umbala ukususwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ngenxa ukuphazamiseka elimazayo kuyinto ingxenye lingekho obomvu, reflection kuyoba okwesibhakabhaka. Le filimu ezondile uwoyela phezu kwamanzi ukhiqiza nomphumela ofanayo. Emvelweni, kwezimpaphe ezinye izinyoni, kuhlanganise lamaphigaga futhi hummingbird, futhi amagobolondo kwezinye mabhungane abonakala licace, nalapho ukubukeka kwazo kushintsha umbala uma ukushintsha engela wokubuka. physics optical nansi ukuphazamiseka ngamagagasi ukukhanya kubonakala kusukela mncane izakhiwo egqinsiwe nofana ukurhemisa sibonakalisa izinduku. Ngokufanayo amapharele kanye igobolondo kukhona iris, ngenxa superposition of ukucabanga kusuka ezelekene of pearl. amatshe ayigugu ezifana Itshe Eliyigugu, umbukiso amaphethini ukuphazamiseka enhle kubangelwa ihlakaza yokukhanya kusukela izakhiwo njalo ezakhiwe izinhlayiya ezincane eyindilinga.

isicelo

Kukhona izicelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe yokukhanya ukuphazamiseka izenzakalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Asekelwe yokukhanya physics ikhamera. Jwayelekile lens antireflection enamathela ifilimu elincanyana. Uhlonze lwalo futhi kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ray kangaka abakhethiwe ukukhiqiza ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisa babonakalise ukukhanya ebonakalayo. ezinengilazi Okuningi ezikhethekile ehlanganisa ezelekene films mncane senzelwe odlulayo emisebeni kuphela ngaphakathi ungumthombo ongumngcingo wavelength ububanzi futhi ngalesosizathu ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo izihlungi. ezinengilazi Multilayer zisetshenziselwa ukwandisa reflectivity we izibuko ngezibonakude yezinkanyezi, kanye optical laser resonators. Interferometry - izindlela olunembile sikalo esetshenziselwa kokubhalisa izinguquko ezincane ibanga isihlobo - kusekelwe okwashiwo bededelana ngezinkulungwane ukukhanya and bands amnyama ezivezwa ukukhanya kubonakala. Ngokwesibonelo, nesilinganiso ngayo iphethini ukuphazamiseka sishintsha, ivumela ukusetha ugobile evele of izingxenye optical e optical wavelength iyizingxenye.