Amino acid: ohlwini, ezibekiweko ifomula. Iqhaza amino acid emzimbeni. Yikuphi ukudla aqukethe amino acid?

Wonke umuntu uyazi omunye kusukela yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali izifundo ukuthi amino acid kuyizinto "amabhlogo wokwakha" ukuze akhe amaprotheni. Kukhona ama-amino acid ukuze umzimba wethu uyakwazi synthesize, kodwa kukhona nalabo abeza ngabantu bangaphandle kuphela, kanye nezakhi. Cabanga amino acid (uhlu), indima yabo emzimbeni, kuyiphi imikhiqizo beza kithi.

Iqhaza amino acid

Izitokisi zethu njalo abe nesidingo amino acid. abaphukile amaprotheni ukudla phansi esiswini ku-amino acid. Ngemva kwalokho, le ama-amino acid angena ekusakazeni igazi, lapho kwamaprotheni kuhlelwe umqondo omusha, kuncike ohlelweni zofuzo kanye nezidingo emzimbeni. acid Essential acid, uhlu onikelwa ngezansi, esiluthola ukudla. umzimba okungashintsheka synthesizes yayo. Ngaphandle ukuthi ama-amino acid - yizici kwesakhiwo amaprotheni, nabo synthesize izinto ezahlukene. amino indima acid emzimbeni omkhulu. Proteinogenic futhi acid nonproteinogenic acid - eyandulela of nitrogen lezisekelo, amavithamini, ama-hormone, peptides, alkaloids, romediatorov nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali eziningi ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, vitamin PP is umqondo kusuka tryptophan; Kuthiwa ama-hormone norepinephrine, thyroxine, i-adrenalin - kusukela tyrosine. kwakhiwa Pantothenic acid is kusukela valine acid acid. Proline amaseli ukuzivikela kusukela ezihlukahlukene ekucindezelekeni, isb namachibi.

izici Jikelele amino acid

Nitrogen-oqukethe eliphezulu yamangqamuzana amaprotheni isisindo, ukubizwa ngokuthi organic compounds ukuthi yilabo abake izinsalela acid acid zihlangene ngu peptide izibopho. Ngendlela Engafani kukhona polymers, monomers okuyizinto amino acid. Isakhiwo amaprotheni kuhlanganisiwe amakhulu ezinkulungwane acid acid izinsalela bajoyine peptide izibopho. Uhlu amino acid ezitholakala ngokwemvelo, izwe libanzi inxa zombili, bathola kunamasonto angaba amakhulu amathathu. Ngu entry yayo umthamo amaprotheni amino acid zihlukaniswe proteinogenic ( "amaprotheni abelethe" ukuthini amazwi athi "amaprotheni" - iprotheni "genesis" - abelethe) kanye nonproteinogenic. In vivo, inani proteinogenic amino acid incane, kukhona amabili kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalezi ejwayelekile amabili, kungatholakala amaprotheni Ushintshe amino acid, basuke lisuselwa acid ezivamile acid. Ngokuba non-proteinogenic yilezo akuzona ingxenye amaprotheni. Kube α, β futhi γ. Zonke acid amaprotheni amino - is α-amino acid, banayo isici isici kwesakhiwo ukuthi kungabonakala nasemkhakheni isithombe ngezansi: khona Amine futhi carboxyl amaqembu, bona zihlanganiswa e α-isikhundla carbon athomu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye has acid ayo olukhulu, nakho konke engalingani e isakhiwo, futhi solubility of icala zikagesi.

izinhlobo amino acid

uhlu amino acid ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko, lezi zibandakanya:

• Ubalulekile amino acid. Kuyinto lezi amino acid umzimba awukwazi synthesize uqobo eziningi ezanele.

• kubalulekile amino acid. Lolu hlobo umzimba ungakwazi synthesize bebodwa, usebenzisa neminye imithombo.

• ngokwemibandela ezibalulekile ama-amino acid. Umzimba synthesizes bebodwa, kodwa izinto eziningi enganele izidingo zabo.

ama-amino acid abalulekile. Okuqukethwe ukudla

acid Essential acid unekhono ukuze uthole umzimba kusuka ukudla kuphela noma amaphilisi. Imisebenzi yazo esisemqoka ekwakhekeni amalunga omzimba abe nempilo, izinwele amahle, imisipha. Yini ukudla aqukethe amino acid zalolu hlobo? Uhlu inikezwe ngezansi:

• phenylalanine - imikhiqizo yobisi, inyama, kakolweni lwegciwane, i-oats,

• threonine - imikhiqizo yobisi, amaqanda, inyama;

• Lysine - okusanhlamvu, inhlanzi, inyama yenkukhu, kakolweni lwegciwane, imikhiqizo yobisi, amantongomane;

• Valine - okusanhlamvu, amakhowe, imikhiqizo yobisi, inyama;

• Methionine - amantongomane, imifino, inyama ebomvu, cottage shizi;

• Tryptophan - amantongomane, imikhiqizo yobisi, inyama, turkey, imbewu sunflower, amaqanda;

• Leucine - imikhiqizo yobisi, inyama, i-oats, ukolo igciwane;

• isoleucine - yenkukhu, ushizi, inhlanzi, kakolweni lwegciwane, imbewu sunflower, amantongomane;

• histidine - lihluma kakolweni, imikhiqizo yobisi inyama.

Imisebenzi ka kubalulekile amino acid

Konke lokhu "izitini" banesibopho imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu umzimba womuntu. Umuntu akusho cabanga inombolo yabo, kodwa ukuntula kwabo bonke izinhlelo ngesikhathi esisodwa kuqala buba bubi nakakhulu.

Leucine chemical has le ndlela elandelayo - HO₂CCH (NH₂) CH₂CH (CH₃ ) ₂. Kubantu, lokhu acid acid is hhayi kwemiqondo. Lalihlanganisa amaprotheni zemvelo. Esetshenziswa ekwelashweni igazi, izifo zesibindi. Leucine (ifomula - HO₂CCH (NH₂) CH₂CH (CH₃) ₂) ukuze umzimba ngosuku iyadingeka imali kusukela 4 kuya 6 amagremu. Le asidi acid kuba ingxenye Izithako eziningi wezokudla. Njengoba ibhekwa wezokudla it is code E641 (ukunambitheka sithuthukisi). Leucine uqaphe ezingeni igazi glucose leukocyte, uma uxhuma ekuthuthukiseni amasosha omzimba ukuqeda ukuvuvukala. Le asidi acid linendima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni imisipha, ukuhlanganisa amathambo, isilonda sisheshe siphole, kanye umzimba.

I histidine acid acid - okuyisici esibalulekile esikhathini ukukhula, kuyilapho uyalulama nokugula. Ngcono igazi, amalunga omzimba asebenze. Kuyasiza ukuncela zethusi ne-zinc. Nokushoda histidine buthaka ukuzwa, elikhanyayo kwemisipha izicubu.

I isoleucine acid acid iqhaza vvyrabotke elithwala umoya-mpilo. It kwandisa amandla, amandla, elawula izinga ushukela egazini. Angenele kumiswa kwemisipha izicubu. Isoleucine kunciphisa imithelela ezingaphandle ezibangela ukucindezeleka. Nge ukuntula kwayo kuphakama imizwa ka nokukhathazeka, ukwesaba, ukukhathazeka, ukukhathala anda.

I valine acid acid - umthombo elingenakuqhathaniswa amandla, uvuselela imisipha, ibagcine isesimeni esihle. Valine kubalulekile ukubuyisela amaseli isibindi (isib, i-hepatitis). Nokushoda le acid acid siyabhubha nokudidiyela ukunyakaza, futhi kungase kwandise ukuzwela yesikhumba.

Methionine - ebalulekile acid acid ukuze kwesibindi, isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene. Iqukethe nesibabule, okungukufa kusiza ukuvimbela isifo izinzipho kanye isikhumba, kusiza izinwele zikhula zibheke ngakhona. Methionine nobunzima toxemia kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Nge kusilela yayo emzimbeni incipha elithwala umoya-mpilo, amangqamuzana isibindi buthelela fat.

Lysine - Le asidi acid kuyinto umsizi e ukumuncwa kwe-calcium, kuyasiza kwetinhlavu kanye nokuqinisa amathambo. Kuthuthukisa izinwele isakhiwo, uveza kuyi-collagen. Lysine - i Anabolic, okuvumela ukuba andise yemisipha. Angenele nokuvinjelwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Threonine - kuqinisa amasosha omzimba, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza pheshana emathunjini. Ubamba lichaza ukudalwa collagen futhi mithambo ine-elastin. Doesnt lifake amafutha esibindini. Kufeza indima ekwakhiweni koqweqwe lwawo kwamazinyo.

Tryptophan kuyinto ummangalelwa esiyinhloko imizwelo yethu. I-serotonin ajwayelekile, i-hormone injabulo ikhiqizwa kuyinto tryptophan. Uma-ke ngokujwayelekile liphuma kwemizwelo, ubuthongo evamile, uyalulama biorhythms. A nomphumela ezuzisayo phezu kwenhliziyo nokuvaleka kwemithambo.

Phenylalanine ehilelekile izinqubo ukukhiqizwa noradrenaline, okuyinto unomthwalo sihlale siphapheme umzimba umsebenzi kanye namandla. Futhi kuthinta ezingeni endorphins - hormone zenjabulo. Nokuntuleka phenylalanine kungadala ukuthuthukiswa zokucindezeleka.

Engabalulekile amino acid. imikhiqizo

Lezi zinhlobo amino acid akhiqizwa emzimbeni ngesikhathi umzimba. Basuke ezikhishwe nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Umzimba kungenziwa luvulwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ukudala ezidingekayo amino acid. Yikuphi ukudla aqukethe amino acid ezingabalulekile? Uhlu inikezwe ngezansi:

• Arginine - oats, amantongomane, ummbila, inyama, gelatin, imikhiqizo yobisi, Sesame, ushokoledi;

• Alanine - kwasolwandle, amaqanda qanda, inyama, soy, okusanhlamvu, amantongomane, ummbila, irayisi elinsundu;

• asparagine - inhlanzi, amaqanda, kwasolwandle, nenyama, asparagus, utamatisi, amantongomane;

• glycine - isibindi, yenkomo, gelatin, imikhiqizo yobisi, inhlanzi, amaqanda,

• Proline - zezithelo, imikhiqizo yobisi, ukolweni, inyama, amaqanda,

• Taurine - yobisi, amaphrotheni inhlanzi; akhiqizwa emzimbeni B6;

• Glutamine - inhlanzi, inyama, okusabhontshisi, imikhiqizo yobisi;

• noSerine - soy, ukolo gluten, inyama, imikhiqizo yobisi, amantongomane;

• Carnitine - inyama kanye nenyama imikhiqizo, avalele, inhlanzi, inyama ebomvu.

Imisebenzi ka kubalulekile amino acid

Glutamic acid, ifomula ikhemikhali - C₅H₉N₁O₄, ezintweni eziphilayo likhona Ukwakheka amaprotheni, kukhona ezinye izinto ephansi yamangqamuzana, kanye ifomu isifinyezo. A indima enkulu iwukuba iqhaza nitrogen umzimba. Kuyinto obhekene umsebenzi zobuchopho. Glutamic acid (C₅H₉N₁O₄ ifomula) sihamba yi-glucose ne kusiza ikhiqize amandla phakathi ukusetshenziswa esindayo. Glutamine udlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izivikeli mzimba, sivuselela hormone kwemisipha ukukhula kudala, ngesivinini umzimba.

Alanine - umthombo enkulu yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla kwemizwa uhlelo, imisipha kanye nobuchopho. Kokukhiqiza amasosha omzimba alanine kuqinisa amasosha omzimba, njengoba ehilelekile umzimba acid organic kanye ushukela esibindini is iguqulwe ibe yi-glucose. Ngenxa alanine silondoloze ukulinganisela acid-ane-alikhali.

Asparagine libhekisela acid ezibalulekile acid, abangababi bemisebenzi yaso - at imithwalo okusezingeni eliphezulu ukunciphisa ukwakheka ammonia. Kuyasiza ukulwa ukukhathala, oguqula carbohydrate ku imisipha amandla. Kuvuselela izivikeli mzimba ngokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwamasosha omzimba futhi immunoglobulin, ayisiza. Aspartic acid sekulinganisa nqubo ithatha indawo isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, it kuvimbela deceleration ngokweqile nqgo ngokweqile.

Glycine - amino acid, ukuhlinzeka i-oksijini kwamangqamuzana nokwakheka kwamanye ingaphazamiseki izinqubo. Glycine kubalulekile ukuzinza of amazinga kashukela egazini, blood pressure. Ubamba lichaza ukuwohloka kwamafutha ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone, obhekene izivikeli mzimba.

Carnitine - ezibalulekile ejenti ezokuthutha ethuthela fatty acid ku matrix mitochondrial. Carnitine uyakwazi aphumelele Antioxidants oxidize amafutha, kuyasiza ukuze uziqede kusuka emzimbeni.

Ornithine kuyinto nomkhiqizi hormone sokukhula. Le asidi acid kubalulekile namasosha omzimba futhi isibindi ekusungulweni insulin, le cleavage we acid okunamafutha, izinqubo kumiswa umchamo.

Proline - ehilelekile ukukhiqizwa collagen, okuyinto edingekayo ukuze kwakheke i-ezicutshini nasemathanjeni. Isekela futhi kuqinise imisipha yenhliziyo.

Serin - yeselula amandla umkhiqizi. Kuyasiza imisipha esitolo futhi isibindi glycogen. Ubamba lichaza ekuqiniseni amasosha omzimba, ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukuthi amasosha omzimba ayo. Kuvuselela isimiso sezinzwa futhi inkumbulo.

Taurine kuba nomphumela omuhle ohlelweni senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. It ikuvumela ukulawula zesifo sokuwa. Kufeza indima ebalulekile ukulawula inqubo yokuguga. Yehlisa ukukhathala, niqondise umzimba ngokumelene free radicals, kwehlisa cholesterol ne blood pressure.

Uslovnonezamenimye amino acid

Cysteine kunomthelela nokuqedwa ezinobuthi, uhlanganyela liqine izicubu muscle isikhumba. Cysteine kuyinto antioxidant yemvelo ahlanzayo umzimba ubuthi zamakhemikhali. Kuvusa amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. Found in ukudla ezifana inyama, inhlanzi, i-oats, ukolweni, soy.

I tyrosine acid acid isiza kanjani ukulwa ukucindezeleka nokukhathala kuzipha amandla, kwehlise neluvalo, kuthuthukisa Umoya jikelele. Tyrosine has isinyathelo antioxidant okuvumela ukuba ngibophe abanhliziyo free radicals. Kufeza indima ebalulekile umzimba. Found in inyama nemikhiqizo yalo, inhlanzi.

Histidine kusiza kwezicubu sikhiqize, kutfutfukisa kukhula lokuhlanganisa yabo. Kuqukethwe elithwala umoya-mpilo. Kusiza ukwelashwa komzimba, samathambo, isifo sokulahlekelwa igazi kanye nezilonda. Ngezinye nokuntuleka le acid acid ingawenza buthaka kuzwa.

ama-amino acid kanye amaprotheni

Zonke amaprotheni zidalwe usebenzisa ama-amino acid izibopho peptide. Amaphrotheni ngokwabo, noma amaprotheni - a eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds, okuyinto yakhiwa nitrogen. Umqondo "amaprotheni" yethulwa emuva 1838 by Berzelius. Leli gama lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki "eyinhloko", siyindawo okuholela imvelo amaprotheni. Amaphrotheni sinike litsemba lemphilo emculwini zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, kusukela amagciwane umzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi womuntu. Emvelweni, angaphezu kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye macromolecules. Amaphrotheni - isisekelo ukuphila. Of umzimba akhawunti amaprotheni isisindo 20%, futhi uma sithatha ezomile yengqamuzana, 50%. Inani elikhulu amaprotheni ngenxa khona kwama-amino acid ezahlukene. Nazo ngokufanayo, uxhumana futhi dala nge amangqamuzana polymer. Isici esivelele kunazo zonke amaprotheni kuyinto ikhono lazo ukudala siqu isakhiwo zabo ezintathu-ntathu. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amaprotheni iqukethe nitrogen njalo - mayelana 16%. Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhula umzimba bathembele ngokuphelele ku amaprotheni amino acid imisebenzi. Amaphrotheni ayikwazi esikhundleni ngeminye izakhi. indima yabo emzimbeni kubaluleke kakhulu.

Imisebenzi amaprotheni

Isidingo khona amaprotheni obonakaliswe imisebenzi elandelayo kilezi compounds:

• Amaphrotheni kudlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni nokukhula, njengoba izinto zokwakha amaseli amasha.

• Izilawuli Amaphrotheni umzimba izinqubo ngesikhathi kukhululwa zamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukudla lalinabashumayeli carbohydrate, izinga umzimba luyanda 4%, we amaprotheni uma - ke u-30%.

• Ngenxa hydrophilicity amaprotheni lokulawula amanzi ibhalansi emzimbeni.

• Kuthuthukisa izivikeli mzimba yi zamagama omzimba, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, nyá usongo yesifo nayo ukutheleleka.

I amaprotheni emzimbeni - ungumthombo ebaluleke kakhulu amandla nezinto zokwakha. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukulandela imenyu nokusetshenziswa nsuku zonke imikhiqizo amaprotheni, uyonikwa adingekayo ubungqabavu, amandla nesivikelo. Zonke imikhiqizo engenhla aqukethe ukubunjwa yayo amaprotheni.