KumiswaIsayensi

Brinell indlela: izici essence

Ukuze sithole nobulukhuni okokusebenza ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa unjiniyela Swedish Brinell okusungulile - indlela ukuthi ulinganisa ebusweni izakhiwo kanye nezici polymer unika izinsimbi ezengeziwe.

Ukuhlolwa impahla

Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi ukutholakala manje kulinganiselwa indlela isicelo ephumelela kunazo zonke Plastics. Hhayi kakhulu ubulukhuni plastic kuhlolelwe kuyaqina kanye umsungulo ukuba ingasetshenziswa njengendlela sealant, uphawu futhi gasket impahla. Ukuthuthukiswa Brinell - indlela ukucacisa amandla futhi ukuqina indaba, ezizosebenza ezakhiwe ezibalulekile - e amasondo gear kanye imiqhele, amabombo ingaphansi komthwalo osindayo, imininingwane ukuxhumana yangaphakathi, njll

Ukuhlolwa amandla ukunika inembe kunazo kuyinto le ndlela. Inani ipharamitha, okuyinto luchazwa R1V, zibaluleke kakhulu. Ezisetshenziswa kakhulu le njongo Brinell ukuthuthukiswa - indlela lapho emihlanu milimitha ensimbi ball icindezelwa ku into. Ngokwe-we indentation ibhola ukujula futhi inqunywa GOST.

indaba

Ngo-1900, unjiniyela evela eSweden, Yuhana Avgusta Brinell indlela, wasikisela global materials science, Yaduma. Akukhona nje ukuthi wayesezonikela ogama lakhe behlonipha umsunguli, kodwa futhi baba esetshenziswa zifane kabanzi kunawo wonke.

Kuyini ubulukhuni? Le mpahla ikakhulukazi leyo nto, asibi ukusonteka plastic loxhumana naye yomthelela bendawo ngokuvamile ihilela ukuqaliswa indektora (umzimba ngendlela elukhuni) ku into.

Ababuyiselwe Futhi ubunzima unrestored

Brinell indlela kusiza ukukala nobulukhuni encishisiwe, okuyinto kunqunywa ratio umthwalo yesiminyaminya we ephepheni eliphuma kuyo, endaweni lelivakalako noma indawo ephindwe. Ngakho, nobulukhuni kuyinto volumetric, futhi surface projector. Lesi sakamuva kunqunywa ratio: umthwalo kuya ukuphrinta ndawo. ubulukhuni Bulk kukalwa umthwalo isilinganiso yenqwaba ke, futhi flat - umthwalo endaweni lelivakalako, okuyinto ushiye i isinyathelo.

Unreduced Brinell ubulukhuni ngokwendlela indlela kuchazwe nemingcele efanayo, kuphela ukubaluleka kulinganiswa iba hudula eziyisisekelo amandla, isilinganiso okuyinto endaweni kwamanzi, ivolumu noma kwelivi ekhombisa linamathele indektor impahla. ngobuningi Ngokufanayo ibalwa, futhi flat surface ubulukhuni: isilinganiso amandla ukumelana noma ndawo ubuso kugwinywe ingxenye indektora noma endaweni kwelivi yayo, noma ivolumu.

Ukunqunywa ubulukhuni

Ikhono simelane plastic kanye deformation nokunwebeka lapho sesimeni impahla indektora baqinisa - kwencazelo ubulukhuni, okungukuthi, eqinisweni material yokuhlola indentation. Indlela sokulinganisa Brinell ubulukhuni - nesilinganiso ngokujulile indlela indektor bagamanxela impahla. Ukuze ukwazi ukubaluleka ngqo kokuqina indaba, kubalulekile ukuba ulinganise sokungena ukujula. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhona indlela Brinell futhi Rockwell, Vickers indlela kuyaqabukela asetshenziswa.

Uma indlela Rockwell inquma ngqo bead Ukungena ku-material ukujula, kanye Vickers Brinell uphawu kukalwa surface area yayo. It kuvela ukuthi indektor ngokujulile ezibonakalayo, isinyathelo etholwe endaweni elikhudlwana. Ukuqina angahlolwa ngokuphelele iziphi izinto: amaminerali, izinsimbi, epulasitikini nokunye okunjalo, kodwa kunqunywa nobulukhuni ngamunye wabo linendlela yalo.

Indlela ukuthola indlela

Indlela I-ukuzimisela Brinell ubulukhuni kuhle kakhulu izinto inhomogeneous, Alloys, okuyinto ayinzima kakhulu. Akukhona nje uhlobo impahla inquma indlela yokukala, kodwa kukhona ngokwabo nemingcele azimisele. Ukuqina kukalwa njengoba Alloys okulinganiselwa ngoba ephila izinto ngaphambilini nezakhi ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, yensimbi. Anakho isakhiwo inhomogeneous kakhulu, kukhona cementite samanje, graphite, Perlite, ferrite, futhi ngenxa yalokho kulinganiswe nobulukhuni cast iron - kuba khona isilinganiso sabangu-value, imigomo nobulukhuni zonke izingxenye.

Yokukala nobulukhuni izinsimbi ngokuvumelana Brinell indlela Kwenziwa usebenzisa indektora esikhulu ukuba sigxilise kuvuliwe emikhulu isampula ndawo. inkatho Ngakho yensimbi futhi kungenzeka uzilungiselele ngaphansi kwalezi zimo value ukuthi yisilinganiso sesifundo izigaba eziningi ezahlukene. Le ndlela muhle kakhulu uma kulinganiswa ubulukhuni Alloys - yensimbi, izinsimbi nonferrous, ithusi, aluminium nokunye okunjalo. Kahle impela, le ndlela kubonisa ukubaluleka nobulukhuni Plastics.

Rockwell vs.

Kuyinto enhle insimbi eqinile futhi superhard kanye nobulukhuni ukubaluleka okuholela nayo kuba khona isilinganiso sabangu. Indektorom kuyinto steel ibhola noma Isigaxa, kodwa ngaphandle lezi isetshenziswa, futhi iphiramidi idayimane. I isigxivizo indaba njengoba kulinganiswe indlela Rockwell nayo etholwe enkulu futhi nenombolo ubulukhuni izigaba ezahlukene okulinganiselwa ku.

Brinell Rockwell esikalini futhi kuhluke Isimiso: ku yi wangaphambili uvezwa njengoMahluleli quotient ngemva sokuhlukanisa amandla ngokucindezela kobuso ukuphrinta ndawo, kodwa Rockwell sinquma isilinganiso kwema- iyunithi isikali ukujula kuya ukujula wokulinganisa. Yingakho Rockwell ubulukhuni cishe dimensionless, futhi HB is ngokucacile ulinganiswa amakhilogremu angu milimitha sikwele.

Vickers ubulukhuni test

Uma isampula sincane kakhulu noma nesilinganiso kudingekile uphikisana ezincane kwenani indektora lokungcolisa alinganisa nobulukhuni Rockwell noma Brinell ubulukhuni, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa amasu microhardness, phakathi okuyinto ethandwa kakhulu - Vickers. Indektorom kuyinto mbhoshongo idayimane, kodwa isinyathelo uphenywa futhi kukalwa uhlelo optical, efana ngesibonakhulu. Makwaziwe nenani okulinganiselwa ku, futhi, kodwa ukuqina ibalwa endaweni ezincane kakhulu.

Uma isikali into okumele kulinganiswa mncane impela, lisebenzisa Micro Durometer, ukwazi ukwenza uphawu umuntu okusanhlamvu, isigaba, ungqimba, futhi umthwalo indentation kungenziwa kukhethwe ngokuzimela. Metallography ivumela besebenzisa lezi zindlela futhi ukucacisa ubulukhuni futhi microhardness of izinsimbi kanye materials science ngendlela efanayo inquma ubulukhuni futhi microhardness materials nonmetallic.

uhla

Kukhona amabanga amathathu sokulinganisa ubulukhuni. Ububanzi Macro kulawulwa ukubaluleka umthwalo kusukela kN 2 N kuya ku-30. Microrange kuvimbela hhayi kuphela umthwalo indektor, kodwa futhi sokungena ukujula. Inani lokuqala kungaphansi kwama-2 N, kanti eyesibili - mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 0.2 microns. I-nanoscale ezilungisiwe kuphela sokungena indektora ukujula - esingaphansi 0.2 microns. Umphumela unika nanotvordost impahla.

Amapharamitha nokulinganiswa ngokuyinhloko ixhomeke ekutheni umthwalo ukuthi isetshenziswa indektoru. Lokhu kwencika is behlakaniphe igama ekhethekile - usayizi nomthelela English - indentation usayizi umphumela. Usayizi umphumela kungaba azimisele ifomu indektora. Eyisiyingi - ubulukhuni kwanda okwandisa umthwalo, Ngakho-ke, usayizi umphumela kuphambene. Vickers Pyramid Berkovich noma kunciphisa ubulukhuni nge okwandisa umthwalo (lapha, evamile noma umphumela iqonde-ntathu). Intaba-sphere, okuyinto osetshenziselwa Rockwell esikalini, ebonisa ukuthi ukwanda umthwalo kwandisa nobulukhuni kuqala, bese ukwethulwa ingxenye eyindilinga kuyehla.

Izimpahla nezindlela zokulinganisa

Iningi kanzima namuhla ngezinto ezikhona - izinguqulo ezimbili carbon: lonsdalite isigamu idayimane kuyinto ephakeme ubulukhuni, kanye fullerenes okudlula idayimane kabili. Ngokoqobo lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu uqalile kuphela nje, futhi ngenkathi we obujwayelekile diamond sekukaningi. Ngosizo lwakhe, iqalisa nobulukhuni zonke izinsimbi.

Izindlela ze-ukuzimisela (ethandwa kakhulu) ziye engenhla, kodwa ukuthi iqonde izici zabo futhi baqonde kudingeka bacabangele nezinye, okuyinto zingahlukaniswa zibe ashukumisayo, okusho ukushaqeka static, osekuvele kubhekwe. nesilinganiso indlela ubizwa nangokuthi esikalini. Kufanele wakhumbula ukuthi ethandwa kakhulu kusese Brinell esikalini, nobulukhuni okuyinto kukalwa ububanzi we indentation, okuyinto ushiya ensimbi ball icindezelwa phakathi yendwangu.

Ukunqunywa ubulukhuni

Brinell indlela (GOST 9012-59) ikuvumela ukuba alobe inani ubulukhuni ngaphandle amayunithi, elisho HB yayo, lapho H - ubulukhuni (ubulukhuni), no-B - empeleni Brinell. ukuphrinta endaweni kukalwa njengengxenye sphere kunokuba endaweni isiyingi, njengoba enza uhla Meyer isibonelo. Rockwell isikali kuhlukile ukuthi we definition ukujula kwangenwa ibhola noma Isigaxa impahla nobulukhuni idayimane etholwe dimensionless. It is designated HRA, HRC, HRB, noma HR. Formula kuhlaziywa nobulukhuni simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: HR = 100 (130) - kd. Lapha d iyona ka embedment ukujula, futhi k - isici.

Vickers ubulukhuni kungenziwa kunqunywa indlela ye isigxivizo kwesokunxele mbhoshongo tetrahedral icindezelwa phakathi impahla ebusweni maqondana umthwalo ukuthi lalisetshenziswa mbhoshongo. Phrinta endaweni - hhayi idayimane, futhi ingxenye mbhoshongo sikwele. Vickers ubukhulu kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo AmaKh mm 2 ngayinye, okhonjiswe iyunithi HV. Kukhona indlela yokulinganisa Shore (indentation), ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa polymers futhi has nesilinganiso izikali nambili. Shore Asker esikalini esifanele (version Japanese wempahla esithambile futhi nokunwebeka) zifana kakhulu indlela langaphambilini, kuphela nemingcele zedivayisi wokulinganisa zihlukile futhi asebenzise indektory ezahlukene. Enye indlela Shore - gxuma - ukuze ephezulu wemfihlo okungukuthi izinto nzima ngokwedlulele. It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi zonke izindlela yokulinganisa nobulukhuni indaba, izigaba ezimbili - ashukumisayo futhi static.

Amathuluzi kanye namathuluzi

Amadivayisi ngoba ukuzimisela ubulukhuni ngokuthi tvordomerami, leli thuluzi nesilinganiso. Ukuhlola namathonya ezahlukene ku into, ngakho izindlela kungaba elimazayo futhi ngeke babhujiswe. Phakathi zonke lezi izikali akudingeki okusobala, ngoba akekho izindlela akubonisi izakhiwo eyisisekelo impahla lilonke.

Noma kunjalo eyakhelwe ngokwanele esondele etafuleni, lapho beboshwa isikali nezindlela ezahlukene imikhakha izinto namaqembu abo ngabanye. Ukudala lezi amatafula Lwenziwe emva uchungechunge ucwaningo kanye nezivivinyo. Nokho, izinkolelo-mbono esizokwenza eyodwa yezindlela yezamakhompyutha ukushintshela kwimodi eyodwa kuya kwenye alikho. Indlela ikakhulukazi lapho ubulukhuni kunqunywa ngokuvamile ezisuselwe imishini etholakalayo, ukulinganisa imisebenzi nemibandela ke, futhi yebo, izakhiwo impahla ngokwayo.

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