Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu: ezindawo indawo, ukuphathwa, emadolobheni amakhulu

Chernigov (noma Chernihiv-Seversky) ubukhulu wayengomunye walaba uthi ebaluleke kakhulu, oqubuke ubunikazi ekuqaleni ezivamile Rurik. I ubukhulu njalo iyakhula imizi eminingana, ngoba ekugcineni waphela ku fiefdoms ezincane. Ekhulwini XIV le Grand Duchy of Lithuania phakathi emazweni subordinated Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu.

Imibandela yemvelo kanye Insimu ubukhulu

Le ndawo esemqoka ye ubukhulu elise somfula Desna kanye Sejm, zanikezwa ebhange esempumalanga Dnieper. C. Don abathengisi udonse ukufika Ukudla yalo ukuwela inhlaka, kuwo - e Dnepr. Kuyinto ku ukuhweba le mifula futhi isekelwe ngamandla abo Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu. Labantu baqashwe ayefanekisela for eRussia emaphakathi umhlaba ngaleso sikhathi. Ingxenye enkulu yezwe kutshalwa, ukugawula nokusha yehlathi.

Phakathi namashumi eminyaka edlule, Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu Lezi zindawo zazihlanganisa izindawo ezahlukene. Ukuze kakhulu emlandweni wawo eNtshonalanga, kwathiwa kungagcini emazweni Chernigov, empumalanga at isiqongo salo kufakwe ngisho Moore. Eliphawuleka kakhulu lomuzi wakhe ngemva Chernigov iningi izindaba wahlala Novgorod-Seversky, emashumini eminyaka lokugcina khona esizimele maphakathi ngalesi simo kwaba Bryansk.

Ubukhulu kuba ezimele

Ngokokuqala ngqá Chernihiv elaba isikhungo a ubukhulu ehlukile ngemva nje kwempi ye-wokhuni oluqinile 1024. Lena impi yokugcina futhi enkulu phakathi kwabantwana bakwa-St uVladimir. Phakathi nempi Mstislav benamagangangozi kudluliswa Yaroslav Vladimirovich (kamuva the Hlakaniphile), kodwa akazange aqhubeke ukulwa futhi bazohamba ilawulwe, yahlukaniselani izwe. Mstislav ngofuzo umuzi omkhulu we Chernigov nje kwafakazela. Kodwa Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu abakutholanga lapho sibhekene lesi simanga ngelika Prince Susa umsunguli lwamakhosi - indodana yakhe okuwukuphela Eustace wafa phambi kukayise futhi akazange siqu sakhe Ungashiyi izindlalifa. Ngakho lapho 1036 Mstislav wafa ozingela, impahla yaso kwakufanele ngaphansi kwegunya Yaroslav.

Yaroslav Mudry, njengoba yaziwa, ngaphambi kokuba afe ihlukaniswe isimo sakhe phakathi kwamadodana akhe. Chernihiv ithole Svyatoslav. Khona-ke waba esizayo ezimele Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu. Izikhulu lwamakhosi yakhe nabizelwa Olegovichy egameni lendodana yakhe Svyatoslav Oleg.

Ukulwa izindlalifa Yaroslava Mudrogo we ubukhulu

Yaroslav Mudry washiyela womathathu amadodana akhe ukuphila emhlabeni. La madodana (Izyaslav, Vsevolod futhi Svyatoslav) futhi kwakukhona eminyakeni engu-20 ubudala - bayingxenye ukuHlangana, manje okuthiwa Triumvirate Yaroslavichy.

Kodwa ngo-1073, ngokusekelwa Vsevolod, Svyatoslav waxosha Izyaslav futhi baba Grand Duke, munye ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe lo Kyïv kanye Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, Svyatoslav wafa ngoba wazama ukususa yesimila. Khona-ke Vsevolod wabuyisana Izyaslav wabuya evela ePoland, wamnika isihlalo sobukhosi Kiev futhi wavuzwa ngokuba kuye Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu.

inqubomgomo abafowabo ukuhanjiswa izwe wayencisha bakwa-Svyatoslav of Chernigov. Bathandana nalo babuye bathandane kanye lokhu. Impi ewumnqamula-juqu kulesigaba kwaba impi ku Nezhatina Field. Ngalesi sikhathi, Vsevolod wahlula, Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu kwesokunxele ngaye (kanye Kiev, ngoba Izyaslav wafa kusukela nemikhonto isitha).

Usizi Oleg Svyatoslavich: kwezilwandle

Njengoba ngishilo ngenhla, ekugcineni uhlobo Chernigov-Seversk isikhulu waya ngokuqondile by Oleg Svyatoslavich. Kodwa indlela ifa zikayise sasingeyona kakhulu akulula.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa e Battle of Nezhatina Nive Olegu namaRoma wakwazi ukubaleka ukuze ilifa yesibili - Tmutarakan. Kodwa ngokushesha LamaRoma wabulala ekhashelwa namasosha akhe, Cumans, Khazars futhi Oleg esibanjiwe idluliselwe iConstantinople.

Akwaziwa ukuthi yini izinhlelo ezazisemizini umbusi WaseByzantium mayelana umzukulu Yaroslava Mudrogo, noma kunjalo ziye zashintsha kakhulu emva ukuvukela kwezinceku abadumile Varangian Guard, okuyinto ke babe abomdabu bezwe Russian.

Nezepolitiki kuleli senzakalo sasingeyona: nje amasosha, ngokuba isimo zokudakwa, bahlasele lo lokulala yasebukhosini. Inkulumo kuhlulekile, abahlanganyeli abangu kuxolelwe kodwa abadingisiwe kusukela dolobha, kwathi Varangian Guard kusukela ngaleso sikhathi lalinabashumayeli Anglo-Saxons, owayebalekele England ngemuva izwe unqotshwe uWilliam uMnqobi. Alukho ulwazi olumayelana Oleg lahlanganyela ekuvukeleni, kodwa futhi wathunyelwa - esiqhingini Rhodes.

On endabeni Oleg Rhodes kancane kancane zaqala ukuba ngcono. Washada ummeleli i umndeni enethonya Feofano Muzalon. Ngo 1083 lapho ngokusobala ngosizo we lamabutho WaseByzantium, Uxosha Khazars bese uba Tmutarakani hhayi isikhulu, hhayi umbusi WaseByzantium.

Usizi Oleg Svyatoslavich: ukubuya Chernihiv

Ngo 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich wafa Polovtsy ehlaselwa ezweni isiRashiya, kuhlanganise Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu, isikhundla okuyo ngempela wavumela abantu abayimizulane of emaqeleni oLwandle Olumnyama ukuze uwufinyelele. It wasekela Cumans Oleg Svyatoslavich ukulwela ifa likayise. Ngokumelene abayimizulane wadabulisa nendodana abadumile Vsevolod uVladimir Monomah.

Ngonyaka olandelayo kwaba Svyatoslavich Chernihiv. Waba linamathele kuye nakwamanye amadolobha we ubukhulu, waya nokuhamba ku Moore, Rostov futhi Suzdal, kodwa egqilazwe amadodana Vladimira Monomaha Mstislav futhi Vyacheslav futhi Polovtsian (ngubani manje isinyathelo ohlangothini Vladimir).

Ukuze ufake ukuthula zokugcina phakathi izikhulu isiRashiya, e 1097 kwaqhutshwa Congress abadumile Lubicz. Kukholakala ukuthi kuvikelwe ukuthambekela ngokuqondile nokuwohloka Saint uVladimir ifa ifa. Kodwa lesi sihloko, kubalulekile ukuthi Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu, naphezu kokunqotshwa Oleg, Prince abathuthela kulesi sokugcina.

Novgorod Severskij ehlukanisiwe ubukhulu

kwehlukana Specific - isikhathi izimpi njalo phakathi izikhulu. Cishe bonke baye bafuna ukwandisa Holdings zabo, futhi abaningi - ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi eKiev. Bahileleke kulezi zimpi kanye Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu. Indawo Geographical (ukusondela Kiev futhi ukulawula ingxenye Dnieper) ke uphromothiwe. Ngoba iningi ubukhulu zonakala futhi.

ubukhulu elikhulu isihlakazeka ku fiefs ezincane. Novgorod-Seversky elaba isikhungo a ubukhulu ehlukene ngaphezulu ukubhekana neCongress of izikhulu Liubech e 1097, kodwa isikhathi eside kwaba umbusi indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi e Chernigov. Ngo 1164, ngemva kokufa Svyatoslava Olgovicha, inkontileka isiqediwe phakathi indodana yakhe, u-Oleg, futhi uyena owayemdala kunabo bonke abazala Oleg - Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Ngokusho ke, wokuqala engaya kuwo kwakuneqembu Chernigov, kanti eyesibili - Novgorod-Seversky. Ngakho, kula madolobha waqala ukubusa lwamakhosi ezimele.

Kancane kancane baqhubeka kwehlukana kanye lezi principalities ku fiefdoms ezincane.

ayehlasela Batu sika

Ahlakazekile ku fiefdoms encane ubukhulu ayikwazanga uwine ibutho Tatar-Mongol eholwa Batu Khan (isiko Russian Batu). Zikhona izincazelo eziningi kulolu, omunye main - umuzi hhayi zimunye ubuso isitha esifanayo. Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu - isiqinisekiso ezibukwayo.

Yaba incwadi umgomo isiteleka esikhulu esitha 1239, kodwa anqotshwa lokuqala yefa lakhe okwamanje owedlule 1238-m. Ngemva komvimbo wokuqala, Prince Mihail Chernigovsky awakulungele alwisane ukushaqeka main. Wabalekela Hungary, eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, waya zidlamlilo futhi wafa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuba imikhuba yobuqaba (abagcotshwa njengoba ukholo saint), kodwa enkundleni yempi ngokumelene Tatar-Mongol ayizange ikhishwe.

Defense Chernihiv ephethwe ngaphambilini inesifiso sobukhosi kwesikhulu emzini Mstislav Glebovich. Kodwa ngaphandle ukwesekwa wamelana Chernihiv lonke ubukhulu kanye lanqotshwa Mstislav yagijima iphindelela eHungary.

Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu eyaduma futhi avikele kwelinye lamasango ayo amancane - Kozelsk. Isikhulu imithetho yedolobha usana (eseneminyaka engu-12), kodwa yayakhiwe ungenakunqotshwa. Kozelsk yayisethafeni entabeni phakathi ezimbili nemifula (Zhizdra futhi Drugusnoy) emabhange emaweni. Ummeli eyathatha amasonto 7 (besakwazi ukuvikela kuphela Kiev enamandla). Ngokuphawulekayo, Kozelsk ukulwa sodwa: amabutho eyinhloko Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu, e 1238 namanje kakhulu angathintwanga ayehlasela, akazange azomsiza.

Ngaphansi kwejoka Tatar-Mongol

Ngokushesha ngemva kokunqotshwa emazweni Russian umbuso Tatar-Mongol behlukana. Batu Khan wahileleka kakhulu ekulweni kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka uGenghis Khan nomunye. Ngenxa yalokho, waba umbusi omunye izingcezwana amandla akhe - Golden zidlamlilo (okuyinto walalela futhi umhlaba Russian).

Ngaphansi kokubusa ababusi Golden zidlamlilo awalulahlanga amandla abo, kodwa babengenamduduzi ilungelo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi, okuyiwona baya zidlamlilo ukuthola izinqamuleli okuthiwa. Ulaka kwaba inzuzo ukuphatha emazweni izingalo Russian ngokwabo Russian.

Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu ukuphathwa eyakhelwe isimiso esifanayo. Kodwa maphakathi nalo kushintshile. Manje, izikhulu omkhulu ka Chernigov waqala ukubusa kusukela Bryansk. Kuyinto kakhulu kancane Chernigov futhi Novgorod-Seversky wahlushwa ayehlasela.

Olegovichy ukuthi abakwazi ukuba ahlele amabutho we ubukhulu elahlekile isihloko. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwafika izikhulu Smolensk.

Ngo-Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Ngo 1357 ethumba Bryansk Grand UMbusi Lithuania Algirdas. Ngokushesha lonke ifa Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu baba ingxenye Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kuwufanele kokusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana Algirdas abamizamo Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu zazivela emandleni Tatar-amaMongol.

Algirdas wayengeyena eyizibulo owedlule Grand UMbusi Lithuania Gedemin, kodwa ngemva kokushona kukayise iminyaka 4, sasekelwa umfowabo Keistut ithole eliphakeme. Emadodaneni yayo edume kunazo - Jagiello. Ngaleyondlela, kwakungemva inzalo ka-Algirdas babe Jagiellonians - lwamakhosi, futhi iye yakhipha emazweni amaningana eMpumalanga kanye eYurophu Ephakathi.

Lapho Algirdas futhi Kęstutis yathola amandla ophakeme kunabo bonke Grand Duchy of Lithuania, wawuhlanganyela amandla. Keystut wahlanganyela ekumeleleni imingcele esentshonalanga, isitha zako ezisemqoka kwakungamadodana Crusaders. Algirdas wathatha inqubomgomo angaphandle empumalanga. Umphikisi wakhe omkhulu kwaba zolotaya Orda futhi sincike esimweni sakhe (omunye okwakukhona ngesikhathi Muscovy). Algirdas kuphumelele. Wanqoba amaTartar e 1362 empini enkulu eBlue Waters yayihlasela futhi yayinqoba i-Grand Duchy of Lithuania ifa eminingi yasendulo ka Rurik. Waba umnikazi we-dolobha futhi amakhosi ohlanga wokuqala Russian - Kiev.

Ngo-Grand Duchy of Lithuania isikhathi eside wahlala yokuzimela, kungakho izici Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu, ngoba ngokomthetho Lahlala ezimele, nje umbusi Vilna esimisiwe. I last onjalo kwakuyiNkosi Prince Roman Mikhailovich, eyayizobusa Smolensk, lapho 1401 wabulawa yizakhamizi uthukuthele komuzi. Ekhulwini xv, ifa wangaphambili Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu elahlekile uzibuse.

Afterword

Phakathi kwamazwe, okuyinto waphula isimo kanye obumbene Rurik, inani elikhulu kakhulu kwaba Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu. Isici indaba yakhe esivamile eziningi maqondana nempahla wangaphambili Yaroslava Mudrogo, kodwa inamakhasi yayo elikhanyayo ezithakazelisayo.

Lwalumi ngaphandle, isihlakazeka ku fiefdoms, bengenakukwazi ukunikela ukumelana nokuhlaselwa amaMongol, futhi ayelalela, futhi kamuva Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Ngo-1569, amazwe akhe bayiswa umbuso Polish.

Of izingxenye, Chernihiv-Seversky ubukhulu iphutha lokuzalwa eziningi enethonya elikhulu Grand Duchy of Lithuania kanye Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - Izikhulu Novosilsky.