Copper-Nickel: izakhiwo, GOST. Ukukhiqizwa zethusi-nickel Alloys. Ukuhlanza zemali zethusi-nickel ingxubevange

Ithusi kungokwalabo iqembu of izinsimbi non-ayoni. Njengoba injalo emsulwa it has okusezingeni eliphezulu conductivity ezishisayo kagesi kanye, it is Nokho ikakhulu obusetshenziswa embonini kagesi. Copper - material ductile kakhulu, okuyinto ikufanele kahle ekwelashweni ingcindezi emakhazeni futhi kushisa.

Ukuze uthuthukise mechanical design kanye nokusebenza izakhiwo enkompolo zethusi uyisebenzisa nezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ngenxa yalokho, inqubo Fusion kushintsha ukwakheka ngamahele crystal, kukhona ukuxhumana okwengeziwe phakathi ion futhi ama-athomu. Okungukuthi ke kwandisa amandla ingxubevange kuqhathaniswa metal okumsulwa.

Yini zethusi elixutshiwe ne-nickel

Lapho alloying nickel main alloying isici. It has a ukumelana ukugqwala Nokho, ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa lukhuni. Lapho alloying ngayo ifomu zethusi okuqhubekayo izisombululo okuqinile. Copper-Nickel Uthola inombolo yezici ezintsha:

• kwandisa ukumelana nokushisa impahla;
• kakhulu ziyancipha lokushisa Coefficient resistivity;
• kukhona ukumelana ukugqwala, ikakhulukazi amanzi anosawoti.

ngezigaba

I izakhiwo zethusi-nickel ingxubevange incike iphesenti nickel equkethwe kanye nezinye izinto. Okwamanje, wadala eziningi izinto ezikhethekile ezintsha nge harakteristikami.V esiyingqayizivele kuye isicelo, bahlukene zibe kwesakhiwo kagesi kanye.

• Wezakhiwo - high anticorrosion namandla izici. Imikhiqizo wabo amelana abezindaba nolaka. Lokhu esiliva isiJalimane, isiliva ne-nickel futhi kunial. Indawo ekhethekile kulolu hlu Monel, ogama ukwakheka kanye wacondza izakhi athé ukwehluka.
• Electro - kuye kwakhula ukumelana kagesi kanye izakhiwo thermoelectric, ukusetshenziswa kwabo amandla kanye nobunjiniyela bukagesi. It constantan, manganin futhi Copel.

Ulwazi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezici zabo ezingokomzimba ukucacisa ingxubevange zethusi-nickel kwelinye lamaqembu.

esiliva German

It yakhiwa cishe 80% yethusi, 20% nickel, kanye nensimbi kancane futhi manganese. i ingxubevange okunjalo kubantu ngisho BC III ekhulwini ezaziwayo. e. ngokuthi "ithusi elimhlophe" ngenxa ukukhanya umbala esiliva, okuyinto ufana esiliva. It has izakhiwo anti-ukugqwala okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi nesilinganiso esikhulu ukuphepha UKUQINA ingxubevange zethusi-nickel. Ukuma - cishe 1170 ° C. ductility Good Ungasingatha Imikhiqizo yokucindezelwa. Asetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa capacitors esenziwe zomculo yezokwelapha, ubucwebe ezishibhile, Cutlery, zemali.

nickel esiliva

Lokhu ingxubevange zethusi-nickel ne ukwengeza zinc kokuba umbala esiliva nge luhlaza ogqamile. Kuye ohlotsheni ingaqukatha kufika ku-35% nickel futhi kuze kufinyelele 45% zinc, lonke - zethusi. Okunjalo okuqukethwe zinc okuqinile iyehlisa izindleko zokukhiqiza yayo. esiliva German has cishe ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo mechanical njengoba cupronickel. Kuyinto ukumelana ukugqwala, okuhlala, oluthambile ngokwanele ukuba isetshenziswe ashisayo nabandayo ingcindezi indlela.

Ngezinye izikhathi okwengeziwe doped asihole machining kangcono. Ikakhulu ngoba silwenza izingxenye zomculo, namawashi futhi amathuluzi yezokwelapha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi namuhla ngenxa yezindleko ongaphakeme ngenxa kuye kaningi kunesiliva isiJalimane, ukukhiqiza ubucwebe, izindondo oda. Nickel Isiliva lisetshenzisiwe nangokuqondene womshini koqweqwe lwawo.

Kunial

Siqukethe nickel base yethusi - 20%, izithasiselo ezincane aluminium. Tho ezingeni lokushisa 1183 ° C kulandele eqeda futhi ukuguga kuka izuzwe amandla eliphezulu kakhulu futhi ukumelana okushisa aphansi. Ihlukaniswe yaba grade A (MNA13-3) no-B (6-1,5 MNA).
Brand A sinezici ezimbili ezibalulekile - amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi eyingqayizivele ukugqwala ukumelana ezindaweni onakalisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, emanzini olwandle, lingahunyushwa siqhutshwa amashumi eminyaka. Ngakho-ke, i-ingxubevange esetshenziselwa ukwenza izingxenye izinjongo ezikhethekile (ophephela).

Ibanga B anezakhi ukuzivuselela, ngakho-ke sisetshenziswa kabanzi okwenza izakhi nokunwebeka uya khona loMkhandlu. Libuye ukumelana kakhulu amakhefu emakhazeni. Kusukela ukukhiphele izingxenye zesakhiwo ezisebenza ezimweni lokushisa ongaphakeme.

Monel

Iqukethe two-thirds nickel nethusi eyodwa. Ukuma - 1350 ° C. Impahla eyinhloko ingxubevange zethusi-nickel - Ukumelana ukugqwala. It has okusezingeni eliphezulu izakhiwo mechanical - amandla futhi ukusonteka plastic. Monel brand NMZhMts iqukethe mayelana 28% yethusi, 3% yensimbi, mayelana 3% we-magnesium, inani elincane ayibe kanye ne-nickel.

It has izici ezifanayo Monel-400. He is a brand of Special Izinsimbi Corporation kanye yomthetho ngo-1906. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinkampani yokukhiqiza awukwazi ukusebenzisa leli gama. Ngakho kukhona omunye ingxubevange - Nicorros. Nokho, lezi zinto ayafana kuwo wonke zamakhemikhali harakteristikam.Tak lobuchwepheshe ingxubevange iqukethe ezingaphezu kwesigamu iphesenti nickel, izindleko zayo esikhundleni esiphakeme. Nokho, kukhona ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa zethusi-nickel ingxubevange usebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa of zemvelo sulphide imikhando ngokuqukethwe izakhi ezimbili, ngaphandle ngokwahlukana ngaphambi ku nabavoti ngabanye. Lokhu kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa izindleko emkhiqizweni ozophuma.

Monel isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza, ekspluatruemyh ezindaweni ezinodlame ngaphansi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukulayisha lokukhanda. Lokhu shipbuilding, amakhemikhali namafutha umkhakha, womshini amathuluzi yezokwelapha, izingxenye ezibucayi imishini kanye namadivayisi.

constantan

Kuyinto mhlophe nge Molasses isici aphuzi. Ukwakheka siqukethe: -59% zethusi; nickel - 39-41%; Manganese - 1-2%. Ukuncibilika lokushisa 1260 ° C. Lokhu ingxubevange zethusi-nickel uye wathola igama layo kusukela impahla main - ukuzinza ezishisayo. It has ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ukumelana kagesi ngesikhathi ongaphakeme lokushisa ukunwetshwa Coefficient. Ingxubevange iwukuba ukukhiqizwa thermocouple wire, ekwenzeni amathuluzi, kanye kagesi Ukushisa izakhi ukuthi isebenzise okushisa afinyelela ku 400-500 degrees.

Izintambo eyenziwe constantan, baphathwa ekhethekile ukushisa, ngenxa okuyinto ebusweni metal ukwakha mncane oxide ifilimu. Nge lo mkhiqizo akudingi lacquering eyengeziwe noma enamathela zokuzivikela. Constantan kuyinto plastic kakhulu. Le mpahla evumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo Welding zethusi-nickel Alloys.

Ububi constantan kuyinto EMF yayo kahle eliphezulu - mayelana 43 mV. Lokhu kungabi sengxenyeni ukusetshenziswa izintambo futhi opholile ngaye ephezulu ukucacisa sokulinganisa zomculo.

manganin

It is lelicuketse 5% nickel, 12% manganese futhi base yethusi. Ukuma - 960 ° C. Ngokuthakazelisayo, manganin yasungulwa zaseMelika Edward Venstonom mayelana ngo-1888 ngesisekelo nabo yasungulwa constantan njengendlela material okukhethekile Windings of izinto zikagesi. Liyakushintsha abe okusezingeni eliphezulu resistivity kagesi kanye EMF aphansi kakhulu abhanqiwe ngethusi (hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-1 mV), okuyinto iyahlule constantan.

Ukuze kuncishiswe Coefficient lokushisa wire ukumelana manganovuyu is annealed okushisa degree angaba ngu-600 ngaphansi cleaner, bese kancane selehlile. Lokhu ubuchwepheshe evumela ukwandisa izinga lokushisa lapho material azigcina impahla yayo kagesi 200 ° C. Kakade wire ikhoyili isilonda okwengeziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe sishisiswe 150 ° C. Lokhu ephumelelisa umphumela ukuguga yokufakelwa, ngemva kwalokho izinguquko isakhiwo crystalline we metal ziyancipha.

Le ndawo main kwesicelo manganin like impahla nge esitebeleni resistivity - yokukhiqiza ahlukahlukene ngokunemba amathuluzi ukukala ukusebenza kagesi (amperage, voltage, amandla).

Kopel

Enye ingxubevange ekhethekile. Iqukethe yethusi, 43% nickel, yensimbi kancane futhi manganese. Ukuncibilika lokushisa 1290 ° C. Nge isilinganiso elilungile stably resistivity ongaphakeme futhi TEDS okusezingeni eliphezulu abhanqiwe nge oluhlukile lwensimbi Alloys esetshenziswa womshini wire ukuze thermocouples kanye electrode. Inkomba TEDS inyuka impahla silingane lokushisa zokusebenza:

• ngesikhathi degrees 100 Celsius - 6,95V;
• at 600 - 49B.

Copel kakhulu thermally esitebeleni - ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zingamelana ukushisa kuze kube degrees 600 futhi linamandla ukugqwala.
Copel thermocouple inzwa isetshenziswa amadivayisi yokuxhumana lokushisa nesilinganiso. I thermocouples Kusetshenziswa TEDS esiphezulu - chromium, ithusi noma yensimbi Lezo zinto electrode omuhle futhi Copel -negative. Kopel-chromel thermocouple isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko pyrometry for nokuqapha okuqhubekayo lokushisa kule ezahlukene kusukela degrees 200 kuya kwangu-600 e izilungiselelo ezimbonini kanye laboratory.

inqubo sokuncibilikisa

Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa zethusi-nickel Alloys banamathele ubuchwepheshe kuqhathaniswa efanayo. Melchior, nickel esiliva, kunial, constantan, manganin lokuqala elicibilikile esithandweni lokungeniswa ngaphansi kombhede namalahle calcined. Okwenezela kule nqwaba imfucuza ukuba 80%.

Inqubo iqala nge sokuncibilikisa yethusi ne-nickel. Njengoba Ncibilikisa imfucuza ungeze nezixhobo ezinkulu ke emihle. I last zinc ezithwele. Ngemva ukuncibilika yokugcina icala esikhiqiza deoxidized nge manganese ne-silicon (nickel esiliva), noma i-silicon futhi manganese (constantan futhi nickel esiliva). Ngemva kwalokho kwasuswa kusukela ebusweni ncibilika futhi wonke slag sengezwe ngisho namalahle. Shisisa mass evutha lokushisa mayelana 1300 ° C, ingezwe chloride manganese for ngcono uma kunesidingo.

ezahlukene kancane ukupheka inqubo kunialey ngoba ziqukethe aluminium. Ngaphambi ethula aluminium e ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga liyadingeka ukuze ungeze 0.1% manganese ngoba deoxidation. Ngemva Ukuqedwa the aluminium ancibilike ebusweni fafaza yokucucuza. Uma loku kungentiwa, ifilimu kwakhiwa kusukela lapho ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga iba langakufanelekela ethela.

Chemical, izakhiwo ngokomzimba takhi ukucacisa lapho uya khona endaweni ezahlukene zethusi-nickel Alloys. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, GOST 5220-78, GOST 17217-79 futhi GOST 10155-75 izindinganiso okuyisisekelo ekwakhekeni yabo.

ayenza lezi zinhlamvu

Emhlabeni ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule yonke indawo baqala kwenziwe izinhlamvu zethusi-nickel ingxubevange. Ukwakheka kwalo is ahluka kakhulu mints ezahlukene. Kodwa ikakhulukazi iqukethe-30% nickel, yensimbi okuphothula ezincane nethusi njengendlela base. Njengoba metal ezivamile ngezinhlamvu ukuba ngokuyinhloko ductile, oluthambile, isikhathi eside futhi engabizi, ngendlela engokoqobo sinqume indlela yokwakheka ingxubevange uhlamvu lwemali. Ngemva kwalokho ikakhulukazi ethandwa womshini zemali nickel esiliva esetshenziswa.

zemali Modern Russian zakhiwe Alloys ezahlukene. Ikakhulukazi, aqukethe ngokuphelele zesiliva nickel ekhishwe ngaphambi 2009. Steel zemali eyodwa futhi amasenti nethusi ezinhlanu-ruble camera nge ungqimba elincanyana nickel esiliva. impahla okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi "bimetal". Ngakho abaningi kunciphise izindleko yokukhiqiza of imali eyinsimbi.

Alloys zethusi-nickel, kancane ekuthonyweni umoya namachibi. Ngakho-ke, kungaba izimpawu zayo ezitholakala kuphela zemali ubudala, noma lezo okwase kuyisikhathi eside ezindaweni nobutha. Ongoti, umcebo abazingeli kanye uhlamvu esetshenziselwa yokuhlanza amasampula zemali Izindlela ezahlukene - ukusuka zokupheka athandwayo ukuze ubuchwepheshe eziphambili.
Ukuhlanza ngensipho namanzi kususa oxides ezinhle kuphela oluhlaza zethusi. Zifakwe njengoba amafutha omnqumo, acetic acid, i-pasta "Goya". Kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi la mathuluzi abanakukuqeda qwembe kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuxubana ngokwabo ingxubevange, okubangela umonakalo uhlamvu lwemali. The ningi NEMPUMELELO NGAPHAKATHI, umnene futhi okusheshayo yokuhlanza zemali kuyinto ingxubevange zethusi-nickel by electrolysis.