Ezibucayi indlela indlela. Indlela ezibucayi - kuyini?

Ukuphathwa komsebenzi okhishiwe kakade uye waba yingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke amabhizinisi azo zonke ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ayilingani. Okunjalo isakhiwo ukuphathwa isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza wokwenza nokulawula izinga kuzo zonke izigaba umjikelezo ukukhiqiza. Phakathi tinhlobo letibanti letehlukene temasu namathuluzi ukuphathwa project, indlela ethandwa ikakhulukazi "indlela ezibucayi", izimiso zabo eziyisisekelo ngalokhu bacelwa ukuba bafunde kabanzi.

Kuyini ekuphathweni kwamaphrojekthi?

izincazelo eziningi "project" ngento eyodwa; kungumnikelo isethi isikhathi nomkhawulo yezenzo ezihlobene kuzuzwe eziyingqayizivele injongo yayo hlobo. Ubunjalo, isikhathi kanye nemigomo fixed - yilokho ehlukanisa iphrojekthi imisebenzi yenkampani.

ukuphathwa Project kuyinto ashukumisayo ukuphathwa endaweni indlela yayo kanye namathuluzi.

Phakathi nawo wonke amabanga nokwenganye ukuhlonza umnyombo: Ukuqalwa, ukuhlela, ukuqalisa ukusebenza kanye ekupheleni. Kulokhu, ukuhlela project - omunye izigaba ezisemqoka. Phakathi nohlaka salo ukwakheka Okuqondiwe eyinhloko isikhathi futhi ukulandelana imisebenzi eyenziwa. Lesi sinyathelo kuhilela ukusebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise: okuqukethwe, isikhathi, isabelomali kanye project izingozi.

Isigaba ukuphathwa esigabeni ukuhlela wenza umsebenzi othile kanye kumiswa ukhiye ukuqagela scheme izenzo kuwowonke amalungu eqembu lomsebenzi.

ukuhlela Network: kusondela main

inethiwekhi ukuhlela amasu ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni kusukela ngawo-1950. Luhilela ukudalwa iphrojekthi oyisibonelo, siyobonisa ubudlelwano phakathi izici jikelele uchungechunge production futhi ngabe acabangele izici kwesikhathi, izindleko kanye nokutholakala kwezinsiza.

ihluzo Network ngokuthi isibonisi sokuqhafaza ukulandelana okunomqondo imisebenzi ethile project kukhombisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo kanye ukulinganiselwa (isikhathi, nezisetshenziswa nokunye.). Kubonakala lokhu igrafu ngokuvamile ngesimo etafuleni noma ishadi, ezembula izici eziyisisekelo iphrojekthi.

Ngezinye izikhathi ekwakhiweni schedule inethiwekhi akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokunembile isikhathi wokusebenza ngamunye. Kuye lokhu isici, kukhona izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko kuhlaziywa inethiwekhi omsebenzi. Eyokuqala yasungulwa ngu indlela echazwe - indlela ezibucayi, okusikisela akhawunti tekuhlola ecacile isikhathi imisebenzi. steel asebebadala basebenzisa indlela PERT, ehlanganisa kubalwa okungenzeka izici ubude imisebenzi.

Kuzo zombili izindlela, umsebenzi indlela ezibucayi: ukubala ubude bayo, bese kwencazelo imisebenzi azifaka kuwo.

Izakhi eziyinhloko yephrojekthi schedule inethiwekhi

Abaphathi phrojekthi ngokuvamile kakhulu iphendukele kunethiwekhi ukuhlela, ngakho manje kukhona iqoqo amafomu like amagrafu.

izakhi Classical isimiso inethiwekhi kuyinto ukusebenza kanye nemicimbi.

Imisebenzi kuboniswe imicibisholo, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi "ukuhola" esehlakalweni eyodwa kuya kwenye.

Umsebenzi (noma ukuthengiselana), edinga isikhathi nezinto zethu, ngokuthi ngempela, futhi ubuhlobo phakathi izenzakalo angadingi isinyathelo real (isibonelo, inkomba isimo ezidingekayo ukuze kuqale ukusebenza olandelayo, okuyinto akudingi isikhathi esengeziwe noma abasebenzi), - ngamanga. Futhi ukugqamisa ukulindela njengoba uhlobo ahlukene lomsebenzi ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi, kodwa ngeke abadinga izinsiza (isibonelo, umuntu akazibandakanyi lo msebenzi).

Imicimbi - lokhu kuwumphumela, okhonjiswe umbuthano (noma ezinye avaliwe sibalo Jomethri). Eceleni ekutholeni umcimbi kokuqala (abangenalo Umsebenzi odlule, iphrojekthi isiqalo) luze (ekupheleni iphrojekthi).

schedule uqobo selivela inethiwekhi lapho ISIZINDA ahlelwe izigigaba eziphathelene nomsebenzi okubonisa izici eziyinhloko.

indlela

Ingqikithi indlela itholakala ezibucayi indlela kathisha of ubude enwetshiwe iningi isikhathi imisebenzi iphrojekthi uchungechunge, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube okokugcina.

indlela ezibucayi - hhayi kuphela e inethiwekhi, kodwa isikhathi eside kunazo zonke. isikhathi sakhe sokuphila oluhambisana nesikhathi esidingekayo sokwenza yonke imisebenzi iphrojekthi (kuhlanganise ukusebenza parallel).

Indlela ezibucayi ngokuvamile ngephutha ukubizwa ngokuthi emfushane - akulona iqiniso. I ukudideka kungenxa yokuthi ubude indlela ezibucayi ayiqukethe amalungiselelo (stock) isikhathi, isb operation ngamunye lempumelelo iqala Ekupheleni kwalowo odlule. Nokho, noma nini uma kungenzeka umphathi womsebenzi uzama ukunciphisa lokhu obuphelele ngokwandisa noma reallocating imithombo (isb isibalo abasebenzi).

indlela abagxeka indlela project ihlanganisa ekubalweni kwemigomo imicimbi nemisebenzi ngayinye schedule inethiwekhi ngokwehlukile. Ukuze wenze lokhu ngokuvamile zisebenzisa imikhiqizo software ezikhethekile ukuthi sinciphise isikhathi zonke okushiwoyo ezidingekayo imizuzwana embalwa. Akudingi imfundo ekhethekile futhi ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe. Nokho, i-Uhlaziyo luqhubeka kwenethiwekhi amasheduli nibaluleke ukuhlola kukhona izibalo abekwe ngezansi.

Ukubalwa isikhathi zokuqala schedule inethiwekhi imicimbi

Early eside azifezile izenzakalo UTrudy - isikhathi esidingekile ukuze kuphelele yonke isebenza ngaphambi umcimbi okukhulunywa ngalo.

Early isikhathi ukuqala izenzakalo Tr (i) ibalwa kusukela kokuqala (ukuqala) kokugcina (sekugcineni) umcimbi ngendlela elandelayo:

• ngoba ukuqalisa umcimbi (ukuqala): Tp (s) = 0;
• Ezinye izindaba i: Tr (i) = max [Tr (i) + t (k, i)], lapho t (k, i) - ubude besikhathi wokusebenza (k, i), i kufakwe mcimbi.

Ngakho, ukubala isikhathi zokuqala umcimbi, kudingeka unqume ukuthi yini imisebenzi afakiwe kulesi sehlakalo, futhi walala isikhathi lapho laliyisenzakalo odlule kanti isikhathi umsebenzi ephuma ke futhi kufakwe emcimbini mbuzo. Kulezi tibalo kumele ukhethe kufike komkhulu wabo.

Okwakushiwo ngokomzimba formula ukuthi kuze wonke umsebenzi kuzophothulwa, okuqondene isenzakalo esithile, awusebenzi kufezeke. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kwenzeka, "ukulinganisela" kuhlanganisa ezintathu ezifanayo-ukugijima zinyathelo: ekubalweni izindleko umsebenzi, ekubalweni izindleko imishini, ukubala izindleko zokusebenza. isinyathelo ngasinye sithatha amanani angalingani sikhathi, kuye ngamaphuzu ahlukahlukene (izenzakalo ezidlule). Ngemva kokubala isikhathi lapho ngamunye imisebenzi emithathu kuphelile, singakwazi ukuthola isikhathi ngokwazi ukuthi kukhona okufezayo imicimbi, "izilinganiso" - ziyinkathi yakamuva ye ezintathu, okungukuthi, lapho yonke imisebenzi emithathu seziqedile. Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli umcimbi elithi "izilinganiso" engafiki. Ngakho-ke, esikhulu kunazo zonke izamba kuyakhethwa.

Kusaqalwa ngokuvamile itholakala ngakwesokunxele kumibuthano imicimbi.

Ukubala imigomo yakamuva ye ipumelelo schedule inethiwekhi imicimbi

Kamuva usuku impumelelo izenzakalo Tn - kuba isikhathi lapho kungenzeka alibale isikhathi ngaphandle ukuphazamiseka lonke phrojekthi.

Ukuthunyelwa sekwedlule izenzakalo Tr (i) kubalwa kusukela yokugcina (sekugcineni) kuya kokuqala (ukuqala) kanje:

• ngoba izenzakalo wokugcina (sekugcineni): T (f) = Tr (f);
• zonke ezinye i: T (i) = imiz [T (j) - t (i, j)], lapho t (i, j) - ubude besikhathi (i, j), ushiya izenzakalo i.

Ngakho, ukubala isikhathi yakamuva kakhulu, kubalulekile ukucacisa lokho isebenza uphume kulo mcimbi, futhi ukuthola umehluko isikhathi phakathi okuvela kuyo izenzakalo ezalandela kanti isikhathi umsebenzi, futhi aphume kulo. kubalulekile ukukhetha okungenani ngokwehluka etholwe. Ngamanye amazwi, yonke imigomo achazelwe okufezwayo ekuseni imicimbi kubalulekile ukwenza ukubala uhluke.

Okwakushiwo ngokomzimba formula ukuthi ezigabeni kamuva izenzakalo akuvumele belingisa ilungiselelo wesifunda esebenza eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze omisiwe esinyathelweni odlule usuku ekuseni (kamuva) usuku beqeda phrojekthi. Okungukuthi, lezi zimiso sizobonisa ukuthi kungakanani ongakusho "qinisa" umsebenzi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa usuku lokugcina ekupheleni kwayo yonke indalo ekhona.

Kamuva nezikhathi ngokuvamile itholakala khona nemibuthano izenzakalo.

Ukubalwa izinqolobane imicimbi

Izibalo abazenzi ezimbili ukuze abone zigcine yesikhashana - izinqolobane isikhathi. Lena margin isikhathi, okungase imisiwe (imisiwe) beshaya umcimbi othize ngaphandle kokuphula usuku iphrojekthi ekupheleni. Lokhu kubizwa ngokusentshenziswa umehluko phakathi T Tp: R = T - Tr.

Indlela (indlela ezibucayi) kuhlanganisa ekubalweni ihlela inethiwekhi ekhiqizwa izenzakalo ezifanayo nemingcele.

I-algorithm ukubala

Ukubalwa ezibucayi endleleni iphrojekthi schedule inethiwekhi unezigaba eziningana, okuyinto ezisetshenziswa yi-amafomula ngenhla. Izibalo kungenziwa esenziwe izakhi kwenethiwekhi omsebenzi.

Izinyathelo ukubala:

1. Kusaqalwa ikhomishana umcimbi / imisebenzi
2. Ukuthunyelwa ngasekupheleni ikhomishana izenzakalo / imisebenzi.
3. Amalungiselelo izenzakalo / imisebenzi.
4. Definition of imisebenzi kanye nemicimbi kufakwe indlela ezibucayi yephrojekthi.

Kakade esigabeni 1st of the algorithm ubude indlela ezibucayi yephrojekthi ezaziwayo. Kuyinto ekuseni (kamuva) usuku ngokubulawa isenzakalo sokugcina.

Imisebenzi kufakwe kule ncwadi, kulula ukubala isikhathi zero reserve imisebenzi kanye nemicimbi. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi indlela ezibucayi lomcimbi kokuqala uDavide uqala futhi aphethe isenzakalo sokugcina yephrojekthi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Kungani ucabange indlela esibucayi?

ukuhlela Project kunoma isiphi isimo zihlanganisa ukubala ubude indlela abagxeka schedule inethiwekhi. Lokhu value kubonisa isikhathi esheshayo kungenzeka ngokuphethwa langempela ngayo yonke imisebenzi kufakwe le phrojekthi. Kodwa okubalulekile ukuzimisela misebenzi.

Yileyo ezibucayi indlela imisebenzi adinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kusuka umphathi womsebenzi nethimba lakhe. Phela, le misebenzi zingenalo iyiphi izinqolobane! Awakwazi some baphazamise zokukhokha ukugcwaliseka kumcimbi wabo wokugcina, ngaphandle kwalokho usuku lokugcina beqeda yonke imisebenzi (ubude ezibucayi indlela) izinguquko, okuyoholela imiphumela engemihle. Ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi enjalo yephrojekthi, lapho ukuhlela abaphathi ngokuvamile eyayenziwe ukwandisa isikhathi esivunyelwe kubulawa imisebenzi ethile ukuze uvikele indawo sesikhashana phezu izehlakalo nokulibaziseka. A sesikhashana yesikhashana ngaphambi kungcono ukuba izingxenye ephezulu ingozi imisebenzi inethiwekhi ukwehlisa ematfuba ukwehluleka zokukhokha.

Indlela okuchazwe - indlela ezibucayi - iyisisekelo nokwenganye imigomo. Kulula ukusebenzisa futhi ingasetshenziswa ukunquma ubude kanye ukuhlonza izindawo uchungechunge okukhulu noma yimuphi umsebenzi, ngisho ezingeni lasemakhaya.