Ferghana esifundeni (Uzbekistan): izindawo edolobheni

Amahle Ferghana Valley itholakala Ferghana esifundeni (Uzbekistan). Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izingxenye endala futhi enhle kakhulu kuleli zwe. Kukhona ezinkulu imizi yasendulo nasemadolobheni amancane nge ngendlela yendabuko. Ferghana esifundeni wenza neqhaza emnothweni isimo futhi kuyathakazelisa eside ukuze zisetshenziselwe ezokuvakasha.

Geography kanye le Biology

Ngesikhathi enhliziyweni Central Asia, elise Uzbekistan. Ferghana esifundeni itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu ye Ferghana Valley futhi ingenye 13 izifunda zokuphatha-indawo yezwe. endaweni yaso 68 km². Isifunda oluthatha indawo flat nge kokuphakama encane ngaphezu kogu lolwandle kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga. Isigodi imelelwa zonke izinhlobo landscape: livikela Altai Ukhahlamba, kuyilapho enyakatho ingxenye kuhlala emaqeleni. Isifunda amumethe kwemithombo yamanzi. Imifula uvela ezintabeni yakha inethiwekhi amanzi ububanzi, okuyinto lihlangana Syrdarya. yokutholakala kwamanzi engeziwe unikeza Central Ferghana kwesigubhu.

Indawo elula ngendlela lesigodi esivundile kwenza kube nezimila zinothile nezilwane we Ferghana esifundeni. ezihlukahlukene ezimila lapha. Isikhathi esiningi zonke izitshalo has a yokungafani kwamasiko, njengoba izimila zemvelo - kungcono usawoti ezimfundeni, yizikhathi ezivundile. Nokho, indoda Ubuyisé kule ndawo ibe ipharadesi elingokoqobo. Izwe isilwane futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu. Izilwane ezinkulu ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana izingulube zasendle, izimpungushe nezimpisi. Kodwa eziningi kunazo zonke zinhlobo ebangela izilwane ezincane nezinyoni.

Hlola umlando

Ferghana esifundeni sase sihlala ngisho ku 1-2 leminyaka, lapho izizwe ezihlukahlukene Turkic eqala ukuhlola ndawo. Nokho, amasayithi kakhulu zasendulo zabantu eziye zatholwa abavubukuli esukela emuva 7-5 eminyaka BC. Esifundeni ngamathuluzi nezinsalela ezihlaba eduze Selengur yokupaka atholakele. Sekukonke ososayensi zibale 13 izingqimba kwamasiko kulomhlaba. Kusukela 1709 esizeni Fergana esifundeni idaliwe le Kokand Khanate. Shahrukh II nenzalo yakhe wabusa ezweni, lithatha indawo kwemingcele yayo ngezithukuthuku uthi angomakhelwane.

Ngo 1821, wafika amandla engu-12 Madali Khan, uba ngaphansi kokuphatha kukabani ukubusa isimo kwelulwe kakhulu ubunikazi bayo futhi laqiniswa. Khanate kwakuwuhlobo oluthile enamandla kakhulu bese ubamba ngamandla abo kuze 1842, umhlaba kuze wathutha umbusi Kyrgyz. Ukuze uthole amandla phezu lokhu ekhoneni evundile njalo kwaba lokulwa okukhulu phakathi kwabantu ezindaweni ezizohlala kuzo futhi abantu abayimizulane Sart Kipchak. Inhloko yezwe zithathelwe indawo ezinye njalo nomunye. Umlando endaweni ugcwele iziqephu ezibuhlungu. inhlokomo njalo kwaholela lube buthaka amandla ukuvikela yezwe ezaholela yokuthi amandla ibibanjwe yi Emir of eBukhara, okuyinto egqilazwe amasosha Russian phakathi nekhulu le-19.

nezikhathi Russian nawaseSoviet

Kusukela ngo-1855, Fergana esifundeni, kuze kube yileso sikhathi babe ngaphansi kwegunya Turkestan, owembozwe in flames izimpi zombango. Khudoyar Khan, umbusi eBukhara, Kokand, lihluleka ukugcina amandla phezu kwezizwe zakwa owasukuma ngaphansi ukucindezela okuhlaselayo Russian waphoqeleka e 1868 ukuze wamukele isivumelwano nokuhwebelana Empire Russian. Manje Russian futhi kokandtsy inikezwe ilungelo ukunyakaza khulula, ukuqaliswa ukuhweba, okuyiwona le ndoda kwakudingeka ikhokhele intela ka-2.5%. Khudoyar UKhan umbusi zensimu. Ngo-1875, Kipchaks kwaholela Abdurahamnom-Avtobachi yavukela igunya of Khudoyar, okuyinto ngaba abefundisi bendawo kanye nezitha umsebenzi Russian. Amandla esisha abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-10 angenele izwe, abangaphansi isiRashiya, wavimbezela emzini Khujand, futhi ezingxenyeni Mahram inqaba.

Agasti 22, 1875, General Kaufmann ibutho lakhe izihlubuki akhishwe inqaba wathumba Kokand futhi Margelan. Umhlaba babeboshelwe umbusi waseRussia. Nokho, ngokushesha nje emva kokuba amabutho wasuka, iziyaluyalu kwagqashuka futhi. Jikelele Skobelev, ngubani ephethwe uMnyango Namangan, ngokuqinile akwenza kubavukeli, kanye nayo yonke indawo ye Ferghana ndawo kwakuhlala lebhalwe isimo Russian. Skobelev waba umbusi wokuqala Ferghana esifundeni. Ngemva inguquko eRussia, iziphathimandla zaseSoviet weza Uzbekistan. Ngo-1924, kabusha zokuphatha kwenziwa, futhi kuleyo nsimu, eholwa Kokand baba ingxenye Uzbek Socialist Republic. Ferghana esifundeni - Ngo-1938, iyunithi entsha indawo kwamiswa. Phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet esifundeni ngenkuthalo ugcwale labantu isiRashiya, kuba kwezimboni kanye nengqalasizinda ukwakhiwa.

isimo samanje

Ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR Fergana esifundeni, okuyinto izindawo ziye kakhulu kwaqinisa ngokuya kwezomnotho, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ingxenye Uzbekistan, okuyinto imemezele ukuzimela kwayo ngo-1991. Ngo 1989-90 kukhona ukushayisana mass labantu Kyrgyz ukuthuthelwa iqala. Namuhla Ferghana esifundeni ubuyela isendleleni wakudala zokuphila. Industrial ngxenye ikunikeza indlela emasikweni wezolimo. Area, kanye zonke isimo bese ubuyisela amasiko Muslim nasendleleni yabo yokuphila, yize elala Russia ngeke ilahleke. Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwengu wokuzibusa 25, ukusungula izibopho ezintsha kwamasiko kanye nezomnotho. Ferghana esifundeni namuhla emelela izici bendabuko Uzbek esifundeni.

Isimo sezulu

I Ferghana Valley - indawo eyingqayizivele. Uzungezwe izintaba, it has a izimo ezikhethekile zezulu. Akusikho lutho ngokuthi iparele Uzbekistan, njengoba kukhona wadala ngempela izimo cishe ekahle yokuphila komuntu. Ferghana esifundeni kuyahluka sezulu ngokucijile yezwekazi, ubusika bakhona kunalokho mnene futhi elishisayo. Isilinganiso lokushisa ubusika -3 degrees, ehlobo - +28.

I ethile kuphela isimo sezulu sendawo kukhona imimoya enamandla, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, okuyinto seyomile umhlabathi, baphathe wangaphezulu, bawuphundle phansi. Le ndawo futhi uhluke kwezulu kancane, kodwa izimfuneko umswakama kwezolimo imbozwe amanzi wokunisela. Ferghana esifundeni elinesimo sezulu esipholile, kuka ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane kwesigodi. Kukhona isimo sezulu esitebeleni ngempela, kancane othambekele iyehla iyenyuka abukhali. Endaweni kuhambe kahle izimo ukutshala izitshalo eziningi ukushisa-onothando, kuhlanganise ukotini, irayisi, netiye.

labantu

Ferghana esifundeni (Uzbekistan) - endaweni ezinabantu abaningi kwanele. Lihlala cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu bakhona of lonke izwe. inhlanganiso Its 450 abantu ngamunye 1 km². Ukwakheka yobuhlanga kwendawo wehlukile. 82% abantu bakuleli batholakale - kukhona Uzbeks. Okunye kwamaqembu ezinhlanga emelelwa Tajiks encane - 4%, Russian - 2.6%, Kazakhs - 1%.

Ulimi olusemthethweni - Uzbek, kodwa izakhamuzi zendawo nazo kahle isiRashiya, futhi intsha poll zifunda isiZulu. Inkolo olusemthethweni abazibiza nge-95% sabantu - Islam. Dynamics zokwenyuka kwenani labantu esifundeni 1-2% ngonyaka. Kancane kancane isikhathi sokuphila, okuyinto manje unomlando iminyaka engu-70. Isilinganiso sobudala isakhamuzi Fergana sifunda iminyaka 23. Labantu namuhla uya bagxila ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni.

umnotho

Ferghana esifundeni namuhla ogxile esifundeni wezolimo. Nakuba inhloko-dolobha yesifunda - esikhulu kwezomnotho nezezimboni. Nazi amabhizinisi amaningi enkulu chemical, ukudla, umkhakha ukukhanya, Petrochemical umkhakha. Lapha ekhiqizwa izingxenye ezisele, ifenisha, umquba, ingilazi, usimende kanye neminye imikhiqizo eminingi. umnikelo omkhulu emnothweni esifundeni benza amabhizinisi ezolimo ezikhula ukotini, irayisi, imfuyo, ukuhlinzeka hhayi izidingo zasekhaya kuphela, kodwa futhi ngenkuthalo ngidayisa namanye amazwe. Ukuthuthukiswa nokuzinza komnotho kunomthelela isizinda amaminerali: uwoyela, i-sulphur dioxide, limestone, okuyinto isihloko esibalulekile ukuthekelisa.

Isifunda siphela iringi ujantshi, oxhumanisa emadolobheni amakhulu kuleli lizwe kanye nesifunda. Ubude ingqikithi imigwaqo kuyinto km 200.

Lesi sigaba zokuphatha sabo enkabeni yedolobha bakhangisa

Ferghana esifundeni uhlukaniswe 15 fogs - izifunda zokuphatha. Ngamunye ilawulwa ekhanda, omiswe Hakim. emadolobheni amakhulu ase-Ferghana esifundeni (Uzbekistan): Ferghana, Kokand, Margilan, Kuvasay - babe isimo kwakuwukuthi lesifunda. Bagxila kakhulu labantu esifundeni.

Fergana

Idolobhana labalulekile eluLwimi Ferghana esifundeni - dolobha. kakhulu Igama elihunyushwe kusukela Persian - "ocebile" - kusho okuningi mayelana nale ndawo. Kukhona abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-350 ezivela ezizweni ezihlukene ezingu. Umlando walo, idolobha ebala phansi esuka 1876, lapho umbusi Russian kuleli zwe, Gen. Skobelev, eyasungulwa inhloko-dolobha entsha. Okwesikhathi esithile edolobheni ngisho babebizwa ngegama lakhe. Lo mlando kubonakala ekubukekeni ukubukeka kwangaphandle Fergana. Ekuqaleni yayakhiwe e-European isitayela izakhiwo: umhlangano Officers ', Post Office, eNdlini YoMbuso, indlunkulu nendawo yokubuka amabhayisikobho, u-Alexander saseNevsky Cathedral - konke lokhu kwakuyisiqalo idolobha elithile, atypical for Asia Ephakathi. ukwakhiwa Lapha kuhlelwe nge ezitaladini ngqo yethulwa okokuqala.

Ukwanda okusheshayo kakhulu Fergana uhlangabezana phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, lapho wakha inqwaba amabhizinisi zezimboni, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zivulwa.

Namuhla Fergana - amahle kakhulu futhi idolobha eluhlaza. Kukhona lenqwaba izingadi namapaki. Ezikhangayo esemqoka kukhona House lamaphoyisa, wangaphambili House izikhulu - yaseshashalazini, lamaSulumane Masjid uginindela, le nqaba ubudala.

Kokand

Esinye isikhungo esiyinhloko - emzini Kokand (Ferghana esifundeni). Umlando walo iqala ekhulwini 5-6. Lapha wahlala izizwe zasendulo. Kusukela 1709 iyinhloko-dolobha ye-enamandla Kokand Khanate. Indawo omuhle Kasilika Road, isiqiniseko intuthuko yingcebo Kokand, okuyinto njalo edonsela abahlaseli. Umlando omude edolobheni - uchungechunge ngezimpi ababusi ukuqhela. Kusukela kwamiswa amandla Soviet edolobheni uthola ngehlise umoya, futhi ngemva ekumenyezelweni kukazibuse Uzbekistan ubuyela kwaqala yobuzwe namasiko.

Namuhla, idolobha iyikhaya labantu abangaba ngu-260.000. Lapha ezibekwe amabhizinisi zezimboni ezinkulu e-chemical, izimboni, amapulazi akhiqiza ukudla ubunjiniyela izimboni. Umuzi ithuthuka ngokushesha umkhakha izivakashi: amahhotela yakhiwa, iminyuziyamu evulekile, ezikhulayo ingqalasizinda. Ezikhangayo esemqoka kukhona madrassas Norbutabi Kokand (kwekhulu le-18), Zhomi Mosque (1800) kanye Palace Khudoyar Khan elakhiwa ngo-1871.

Margilan

Enye jewel esifundeni - Ferghana, Margilan. Lo muzi wasendulo ibizwa ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha kasilika. Izazimlando ziye wathola imikhondo khona kule ndawo ukuhlaliswa kwabantu ngisho 4-3 eminyaka BC. Umlando we edolobheni ixhunyiwe nokukhiqizwa ukuhweba kasilika. Namuhla usilika imboni ngobukhulu kuleli, futhi ungabona kakhulu we kamalibhele izihlahla. Umuzi iyikhaya labantu abangaba ngu-220.000. Ezikhangayo esemqoka kukhona isikhumbuzo Marghilan Pir Siddique (eneminyaka engu-18), medreses Said Ahmad Hodge (engu-19) nosilika ifektri "Yodgorlik".