Izinqola: izinhlobo izimoto. Ukwahlukanisa izinqola Railways izitimela

Izimoto kukhona amayunithi isitokwe ugingqe eyenzelwe ukuthuthwa kwabantu noma impahla ezokuthutha. Kule ndaba, bahlukene zibe wezimpahla umgibeli. Ngaphezu wesitimela, zikhona izimoto ezithwala eyenzelwe ngezitimela ezigcwele. Ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi emelelwa izinhlobo eziningana futhi onobuhle ukuhlinzeka izimo ezahlukene ekalishi.

Passenger izimoto Russian Railways izitimela

Ukuze bathuthe abantu nezimoto ezithwala. Izinhlobo izimoto lapha yilezi ezilandelayo: jikelele (sessile ekilasini 1 no-2), izihlalo, Coupe, NE (Suite) futhi Premium (i-VIP), futhi kufanele futhi zifaka phakathi yokudlela imoto, imithwalo kanye mail. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi ukukhetha imikhakha eziningi ezibonisa ukuba khona izinzuzo ezithile. Futhi-ke, kungase kube ekilasini inkonzo ehlukile.

Izinqola ngaphandle imibhede

Ake sicabangele ethwele izimoto ngqo abagibeli. enqoleni izinhlobo kuxhomeke imibandela esungulwe therein. Ukungawuvivinyi umzimba anemisila izihlalo ahlelwe imigqa inephaseji phakathi, okwenza ukubukeka ingaphakathi like endizeni. isihlalo kanzima ingafakwa traffic suburban e mezhoblasnom - ezithambile. Ngo ekilasini lokuqala kuzo zonke izihlalo 10, ibe banzi namasevisi atholakalayo kuka kwezamabhizinisi noma umnotho ekilasini, okungaba izihlalo 43-68.

ukuthutha Common - lena lesibili sifundo, kodwa abantu abahlezi Kuhambe abahamba ngabathathu ku ngamunye eshalofini ephansi, phezulu nje ayizange isetshenziswe noma lumane. Ukungawuvivinyi umzimba kanye jikelele ngenkathi kabuhlungu uhambo olude. Ezinye izinhlobo izimoto ezithwala zihlanganisa ukutholakala imibhede, ngakho-ke kuyinto ekahle izinjongo ezifana.

Izinqola nge bunks

Okwesibili kwekilasi ugibele imoto uyaqhubeka ubeka ukuvula gumbi umgibeli, ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuze ezimbili aphansi kanye izihlalo ezimbili engenhla, kodwa ukudlula esikhundleni ngokusebenzisa kakhudlwana futhi 2 ohlangothini (phezulu kanye ngezansi kakhulu). Ngaphansi ezindaweni ezisezantsi kukhona isikhala umthwalo. Kukhona izibhebhe zombili ukusonga - i gumbi evulekile phezu izihlalo ohlangothini.

Gumbi izimoto ihlukaniswe 9 4 enezihlalo Coupe ngezicabha ngokuhambisa okungase ikhiyiwe. isikwele ngasinye has a pair of imibhede engenhla nengezansi, umthwalo gumbi ngaphansi izihlalo ephansi, alo ithebula nomsakazo. Futhi inikeza elinemishwe kanye amathawula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenziwa enikeziwe-moya. izimoto Soft - kungcono Gumbi efanayo, kodwa kube mnandi futhi elula.

izimoto Sleeping Uphakeme

NE (noma ugibele imoto "Lux") nayo ihlukaniswe linezingxenye 9, kodwa imibhede ezimbili, ngokuvamile phansi. Ezinye izindaba zika-kuleli gumbi engangikulo imishini iyafana evamile, kodwa linikeza induduzo ngaphezulu. Qiniseka ukuthi air conditioning.

Izinqola premium ihlukaniswe 4-5 gumbi elikhulu ukwakheka ezahlukene, kulungisile uhambo ukhululekile. Ngokwesibonelo, kungaba embhedeni usofa noma umbhede double. Ngokuvamile inikeza hhayi kuphela indawo ukugcina imithwalo kanye kwedeski, kodwa usihlalo, bio-yangasese, usinki, eshaweni, air conditioning, ikhabethe, i-TV, i-DVD ne-WiFi. Kokunye gumbi kungaba futhi ibha lounge. Ngezinye izikhathi umuntu eshaweni lonke imoto. Miningi imisebenzi eyengeziwe emananini: nelineni, amaphephandaba, Ungadla neziphuzo, kanye zokugeza. Kubalwa gumbi for 1-2 abantu, kodwa uthenge noma kunjalo wonke gumbi ngaphandle omunye olele.

zesitimela

izitimela ezithutha impahla zenzelwe wezimpahla zokuthutha ngesitimela. Njengoba zithutha ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo kanye izinto, ngokuvumelana nohlobo cargo akhethiwe nezinqola. inqola izinhlobo njani izakhiwo eziyisisekelo kanye nezici ezisetshenziswa onobuhle ezithile. izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye models zenzelwe ngamunye ngoba izigaba ezithile izimpahla, babe isakhiwo umzimba ezahlukene, ngezindlela ezahlukene yokulayisha athula, ukuhlinzeka ngezinga elithile ukulondolozwa.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu zesitimela

Izimoto zihlukile, kokubili bangaphandle izici zayo siqu kanye namakhono. Phakathi ezithandwa kakhulu lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izinqola: ezimboziwe, izinqola evulekile, izinkundla, amathangi, hoppers, ngci kanye esiqandisini, cleaner flasks. Kungenzeka uhlobo oluhlukile izilinganiso yomugqa, ivolumu, isikhala floor, kanye nesisindo ethwele nomthamo isitsha.

Izimoto kakhulu elula

Izinqola ikhipha kuqukathe ifreyimu phansi, azungezwe izindonga nophahla. Ukuze ukulayisha futhi athula iminyango zinikezwa ezindongeni ohlangothini. Bavumela wena ukuba athwale imithwalo ukuze bazivikele imvula nakwamanye amathonya enqabayo zangaphandle. Lokhu owawusenqoleni okuthwala kokubili wezimpahla jikelele nokusanhlamvu, izimoto ngisho nezilwane. Ngokuvamile, umthamo 25-72 m.

Gondola izimoto kuqukathe ifreyimu phansi futhi izindonga, kodwa akukho ophahleni. Ngokuvamile baphathe amaminerali, izinsimbi, ugodo. Yakhelwe ukuthutha ngobuningi wezimpahla gondola kungase kudingeke kubhaklazeka ezengeziwe phansi noma izindonga lula athula. Ilayisha kusuka phezulu. Ukuvikelwa kwezulu asemkhathini ngokuvamile, kodwa kukhona izinketho enophahla esikhiphekayo. Labo babusi abane zithutha 22-75 m, futhi unikeze ayisishiyagalombili-umthwalo 69-130 m.

Ipulatifomu eyenzelwe ukuthuthwa iziqukathi, izimpahla eside, hardware, imishini, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, imishini, imithi wezimpahla ngobuningi, okuyinto akufanele bavikelekile atmsfernyh kwezulu. Isisindo ifinyelela 70-73 m.

Amakalishi ngaphansi imithwalo ethile

Kwabonakala izimoto ezinkulu zamasosha - ezinye izimoto ethize. Izinhlobo izimoto libukeka ngezinye izikhathi, kodwa lezi ngokuvamile ziyasho ukuthi abe ukuma cylindrical eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kubhaklazeka phezulu. Bona banomphefumulo yobunzima yanda, ngoba baphathe ketshezi ngobuningi kanye powdery izinto bese kuthi amagesi kuncibilike. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqola zempi kungenziwa ifakwe enamathela ukushisa-nangokuvikela noma imishini Ukushisa umthwalo, namadivayisi ekhethekile afakiwe ukulawula. Labo babusi abane babe namandla amathani 60-65 bephethe eyisishiyagalombili kuya 120-125 m.

Hoppers - izimoto ukuma ekhethekile, ebanzi ezansi phezulu futhi kancane tapered, senzelwe izimpahla ngobuningi ezifana okusanhlamvu, umanyolo, usimende, itshe-nsimbi, amalahle, njll Ngezansi zinikwa kona nge dweba kanye ifomu kunikela self khulula. Kungavulwa noma avaliwe, nge kubhaklazeka ukulayisha ophahleni. Imithwalo izimpahla ezingamathani angu-70.

Amakalishi ukuqinisekisa izimo ezikhethekile lokushisa

izinqola Isothermal unikezwe zifudumele ngesisekelo polyurethane noma polystyrene, Ukupholisa uhlelo futhi baphoqwa emoyeni uhlelo kwegazi. Bavumela ukuba uthwale imikhiqizo ezigugayo, njengoba ahlala izinga lokushisa edingekayo.

Thermoses ethutha imikhiqizo okonakalayo ukudla amaphakheji kanye iziqukathi, kanye ezinye izimpahla okonakalayo, ngenkathi sigcina isikhathi eside lokushisa umbuso ezithile wadala ekuqaleni.

Amafriji ukunikeza ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla okonakalayo ukuthi singasetshenziswa ligcinwe isikhathi eside kuphela okushisa aphansi. Abazi nje ugcine lokushisa njengoba thermos amabhodlela, futhi selehlile noma isikhala evuthayo ngaphakathi imoto kuya lokushisa oyifunayo. Njengoba iklanyelwe i-amathani 25-40.

A ezihlukahlukene amamodeli we zesitimela

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona Ukukhetha eziningi onobuhle ahlukahlukene ukuthi uhlinzeka ngazo zonke izinhlobo izimoto. Kwabonakala izimoto ezinkulu zamasosha, isibonelo, izinhlobo eziningi ekwakheni ezahlukene kanye nezici ezengeziwe. Kukhona namakalishi ngoba ubisi, uphethiloli, utshwala, imikhiqizo uwoyela, amakhemikhali, izimpushana, amagesi kuncibilike, acid, njll umthwalo ngasinye kudinga ukuhambisana lezimo eziningana ezithinta ukubukeka idivayisi iphinde ethangini. Kunjalo yezinye izinhlobo izimoto.

Izinhlobo ongaphansi komhlaba izimoto

izimoto zabo ezisetshenziswa ngomshoshaphansi. Kunezindlela izinhlobo ezimbalwa okwamanje esizakala ngawo. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela dolobha kukhona izinhlobo ezinjalo ongaphansi komhlaba izimoto, njengoba uchungechunge "E" ukushintshwa, eziningi 81-717 / 714, "Jauza" (81-720 / 721) "Rusich" (81-740 / 741) futhi uchungechunge 81-760 / 761. Mhlawumbe, endaweni ethile esetshenziswa izinguqulo ngaphambili.

"E" uchungechunge yanyatheliswa ngo sixties, kodwa isetshenziswa, kuhlanganise ukulungiswa kuze kube manje. Emotweni, izihlalo 42, kuyilapho nomthamo abangafika kwabangu-270. Uchungechunge 81-717 / 714 itholakala kusukela ngo-1977, inikeza izihlalo 40-44 futhi yakhelwe abantu 308-330. "Yauza" ngaphezulu yesimanje: ekhiqizwa kusukela ngo-1991, ukuhlinzeka njengoba izihlalo 40-44, futhi ngokuvamile sandwiching kubantu 330-350. Kusukela ngo-2002 wenza "Rusich", enika kakade izihlalo 54-60 noma imibhede 344-370. It kwavele yokuthuthukisa ezinkulu nezimoto 2007-2008., With umphumela ukuthi kwakukhona imodeli 81-717.6K / 714.6K, ngokunethezeka ngoba umshayeli, ifakwe iyashelela ukupholisa uhlelo, okuyiwona ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinelungelo engcono ubuchwepheshe.