Kumiswa, Indaba
Huguenot - ubani lo? AmaHuguenot namaProthestani. AmaHuguenot eFrance
Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XVI kwamakhosi eFrance ayedabula nezikhathi ezinzima. Impi isiNtaliyane, okwaphela behluliwe, kwaholela esibucayi ezinzima amandla kanye nomnotho. noMbusi wababusi isiFulentshi sibalela izikhundla eziphakeme nomhlaba omusha futhi kusukela onakala pi Sadumala kakhulu futhi ucasulwa kwehluleka. Zonke ammangalele yawela yinkosi nezikhonzi zakhe. Ngemva kwempi, izicukuthwane yacishe zonakale. Ngakho-ke, izikhulu, uma nje esinye ukuhamba amaHuguenot, ngokushesha waqala ukusekela futhi ulisebenzise ngokumelene nohulumeni Emzamweni wokufinyelela we ethize kakhulu bona. Ngakho abangababiziweyo amaHuguenot EFrance? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kungatholakala esihlokweni.
AmaKatolika namaProthestani
ENtshonalanga Yurophu ababethi ubuKatolika, kodwa kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI kwaba ukunganeliseki okhula phakathi ethembekileyo ngesikhathi ukuziphatha Church of the icala. Babeqiniseka ukuthi uPapa kanye nabasizi bakhe bacabange kuphela indlela yokuqinisa amandla abo futhi babe inothe. Ebonisa ubugovu babo futhi ukuthanda izinto ngokweqile, kanjalo nabapristi wabeka isibonelo esibi ukuba amalungu esonto. Lokhu ukunganeliseki kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi kukhona ukunyakaza omusha obizwa ngokuthi eNkathini Yezinguquko. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuba nkambiso esonto lobuKristu. Abantu ababeka ujoyine le ukunyakaza nabizelwa amaProthestani, ngoba akazange avumelane isimo samanje ezindabeni.
Ukuvela mkhuba omusha
Huguenot - a French YamaProthestani XVI-XVII eminyaka. Bokuqala babo nabizelwa amaLuthela emva indela German Martina Lyutera, owayehlala emzini eWittenberg. Ngo-1517 wenza uhlu ehlanganisa amaphuzu 95, okuyinto posted on umnyango esonto lakhe. Le dokhumenti kuphela wadalula abapristi ababezigcina, kodwa futhi kwaba uhlobo wokumelana Inqubomgomo olungalungile lonke iSonto LamaRoma.
ULuther yayiqiniseka ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokubumba noma lokuba inhlolovo ezimele imiBhalo. Ngenxa yalesi, wahumushela iBhayibheli olimini lwesiLatini ku-German. Yena waqala, futhi ngemva kwakhe imiBhalo futhi waqala ukusakaza nezinye izilimi.
Njengoba kungase kulindeleke, iSonto LamaKatolika walahla Luther. Bamangala kakhulu zethu, sasekelwa abantu abavamile nje kuphela, kodwa futhi abanye ababusi eYurophu. Ngakho, senkosi yamaNgisi uHenry VIII wanquma ukuba ihlukane nomkayo beshada Anne Boleyn. Kodwa uPapa enganikanga imvume yokwenza kanjalo, ngakho umbusi eNgilandi ukuba nihlukane ne-Vatican, bese wathi yeSonto ezweni labo.
Ukulandela indela German yaqala ukubonakala nezinye ubuntu namandla, abahlanganyela imibono beziNguquko. Ngenxa yalokhu, EsengamaProthestani inamathrendi eziningana. Uma eJalimane laba abakholwayo nabizelwa amaLuthela, amaFulentshi Huguenot - a bakaCalvin. Igama ukholo olutholakala uJohn Calvin (1509-1564). Wayengumuntu isazi semfundiso yenkolo abadumile isiFulentshi, kuhlanganise nezincwadi azibhala ayatholakala bakwazi ukuchaza zonke izici ukholo lobuKristu.
Mangisho ukuthi ngemva ngokwahlukana enjalo amaKatolika abathembekile abangu ngaphansi ahlupha ngisho hang amaProthestani, nabanye, ziqala ukuhlasela abalandeli uPapa. Kodwa babeqiniseka ahlupheke nokuphoqa izitha zawo, ukusindisa imiphefumulo yabo kusukela ukuhlushwa kwaphakade esihogweni.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, EsengamaProthestani yaqala ukusakaza lonke France. Okokuqala Huguenot - indoda zenkolo, abahlanganyela imibono inkolo entsha. Yena ngiko kummeleli plebeians noma onxiwankulu, kanye bomdabu yezikhulu futhi izikhulu amakhosi asendulo. Kamuva, umqondo ukunwetshwa. Esikhathini 60s kwekhulu XVI. nasesikhathini 20s kwekhulu XVII. Huguenot - lokhu akulona nje abe umuntu wesonto, yena wayevela iqembu zenkolo nezombangazwe lonke bakaCalvin amaProthestani.
Lesi sigaba kwaba amakamu amabili
Ukugqashuka nempi France nomthelela nobuthakathaka izindlalifa uHenry II. Amadodana akhe - François II, owayebusa unyaka owodwa kuphela (1559-1560), uCharles IX (1560-1574) kanye na-Henry III (1574-1589), ngokuvamile kuba yomculo usongo ukuthi yahlanganisa nezinye enkantolo izikhulu ngamunye amakhosi asendulo.
UCharles IX esihlalweni sobukhosi eneminyaka engu-eziyishumi, futhi ibamba engunina - Ekaterina Medichi, owabusa kanye amanxusa akhe. Ngu sixties, wonke amakhosi amakhulu izinduna ngamaqembu amabili enkolo nawezombusazwe enamandla. Omunye izicukuthwane kwaba ohlangothini sama. Ayethi yamaKatolika. On side yabo kwakube nokusitheka Ekaterina Medichi - imvelaphi Italy. Enye ingxenye yezikhulu ingeyamakhosi ukuphikiswa wayemelele Huguenot party, okwakubekelwa iphethwe Bourbons, Admiral Coligny kanye neNkosi yakwa-Navarre. Mangisho ukuthi ngesikhathi zegceke kwakukhona abanye osopolitiki akuzange kube njengokungathi ujoyina yimiphi amaqembu alwayo. Bazama ukuvumelanisa izitha, okuyinto lokho amaHuguenot namaKatolika.
Qala izimpi
1 Mashi 1562 edolobheni elincane Vassy uMbusi sama nabasekeli bakhe ahlomile ngokuzumayo ehlaselwa abantu zazihlangana ukuze zithandaze. Lawa kwakungamadodana amaHuguenot, abakwazi ukuba akwazi ukuxosha amaKatolika perfidious. Ngemva kwesenzakalo elihlomile liqala ngxabano evulekile. Lalibizwa ngokuthi Huguenot izimpi (1562-1598 GG.). Babulala Antuan De Bourbon futhi Fransua De sama. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke sekupheleni kwempi, kwaba khona abangu-izitha ngekutsi - the amaHuguenot namaKatolika - uye savela ku uchungechunge nezenzakalo ezibuhlungu, vvergshih France waba nezinxushunxushu.
kuthula yesikhashana
Enye zinqobe yaphela ngo 1570. Kwaba nezingxoxo benkolo nabezombangazwe ukuthi bathintitha lonke lelo zwe. Impi ukubeka eSaint-Germain ukuthula. Ngokusho lokhu, Huguenot French okulungiselelwe inkululeko engokwenkolo futhi ukulawula eziningi izinqaba enamandla.
Lokho kuthula alethwe izwe ezicekeleke phansi ukuze abantu bayo ukwaneliseka, kodwa Awesome okubangelwa ukunganeliseki phakathi kwezicukuthwane amaKatolika, ngokukhethekile, ozala sama - i umndeni lasendulo isiFulentshi, kwenzekani namanje kusukela Carolingian.
Ithonya elikhulayo enkantolo
Umholi YamaProthestani kwaba Admiral de Coligny. Huguenot by ngokuqiniseka, yena kwahlanganiswa uMkhandlu WoMbuso, esebenza ngaphansi uCharles IX Valois. De Coligny, aba nethonya elikhulu ekhotho wawumkhulu, yokuqinisa lokhu kuthula eside elindelwe, eqiniseka inkosi ukuhlela umshado phakathi Margaritoy De Valois noHenry Navarre.
Admiral Coligny owayengusombusazwe omkhulu futhi ohlakaniphile, abafisa nokuchuma ezweni labo. Wayefuna France babe enamandla, kodwa Spain Katolika, kubhekwe ngesikhathi indlovukazi wezilwandle, ungavumeli lokhu kwenziwe. Admiral belulekwa inkosi zokubasiza webutho lezempi Dutch amaProthestani, ababelwa sokuzibusa yabo. Wayazi ukuthi uma uCharles IX bangavuma ukuthi nempi yaseSpain kungagwenywa cha. Kodwa Coligny futhi wayazi ukuthi kwakuyodingeka ukuhlanganisa amaHuguenot namaKatolika, njengoba izithakazelo zezwe ngaphezu bonke abanye.
Ekaterina Medichi (1519-1589 GG.), Unina walo abasha yenkosi, yadumala ukuthi ithonya amaHuguenot esigodlweni kakhudlwana futhi ukwanda okwengeziwe. Wayengafuni impi ukuba kuhlanganwe namaKatolika Spanish. The Queen Umama waba nomuzwa wokuthi isenzo esinjalo kwakuyovusa nenhlekelele kazwelonke. Endabeni ka impi, uPapa futhi zonke amaKatolika aseYurophu kungaba up in ezingalweni ngokumelene France.
Izizathu sibhicongo
Ngo-1572, omunye umzamo ukuvumelanisa amaqembu amabili alwayo senziwa. Siyakuqonda necebo lapho udadewabo iNkosi uCharles the IX - Margaret ka Valois - kwaba ukushada lamaProthestani Genriha Navarrskogo. Ngakho, lo mshado sesenza igazi eFrance, futhi impi amaHuguenot futhi amaKatolika kule ozophela.
Umshado wawuzoba Agasti 18. Kwaba khona abangu-bonke amaHuguenot zasebukhosini. Iningi lazo okwesikhashana esezinzile inhliziyo eParis, kwaku ikhaya yabakhulu Katolika. AmaProthestani ubazi wabheka nje ngokunethezeka esikhathini ukuqhathanisa nabo, futhi lokhu kwenze Ukunganeliseki omkhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni, okuyinto, ngenxa izintela ezimba eqolo kwamanani okudla abakwazi ukuphila kanye. lomshado Rich kwaba isizathu ukungeneliseki, njengoba imali eningi sasetshenziswa inhlangano lawo, yebo, kusukela izikhwama futhi bentela ampofu ngakho. Ngakho-ke, isimo e-Paris kancane kancane evuthayo kuze kube yilapho ke yayina kakhulu.
Murder Admiral de Coligny
Isimo emzini sasishubile, futhi wayengeyena kancane ukusizakala ozala sama. Bekanye Ekaterinoy Medichi, behlela icebo lokubulala de Coligny. Abangu-yesibili ngo-August 1572, u-Admiral wadlula endlini ka sama, walinyazwa e shot ingalo wadubula waphuma ngewindi. Ukubulawa umzamo, kulokhu kuhlulekile. Kodwa amaKatolika wayengahlosile ukulahla izinhlelo zabo. Ebusuku ngo-August 24, isixuku samadoda uthukuthele ahlomile bagqekeza lo muzi, lapho wabulawa ngonya Huguenot Admiral Coligny. It kuyicala, futhi kwasho ukuqala izenzakalo elahlasela kulo lonke izwe. Khona-ke kwaqala olunegazi ebusuku amaHuguenot.
Massacre St. noBartolomewu
Fika emshadweni Paris, Abasekeli Genriha Navarrskogo ebusuku kusuka 23 th Agasti 24, 1572 abangu ngonya zibulawa. Lokhu kubulawa kwabantu, ukunqoba we amaHuguenot eFrance, kwabulala abantu kungathi izinkulungwane 3. Man.
Futhi konke kwaqala nge yokuthi Ekaterina Medichi wakwazi inkosi ikholwe abasha e icebo ihlelwe ngaye amaProthestani. Yena umtshela ukuthi kubalulekile ukubhubhisa zonke izicukuthwane, abathintekayo ngubani. Inkosi isuke ivumele lokukholisa kukamama. Ngokushesha kulandele i-oda ukuze ulwenze ukulwa ukulungela egcwele kulo lonke ejele, kanye sokuvalwa amasango omuzi.
Uma waziwa mayelana nokubulawa Coligny, phezu Paris kwakhala insimbi alamu. Wakhonza amaKatolika eyobonisa ukuqala kwe-senzo. Zonke luhlangabezane emgwaqweni ephethe isibhamu, waqala ngobusuku amaHuguenot. Izixuku izakhamuzi uthukuthele bagqekeza lo muzi ngosiko lwenkemba ababefuna ukuba engumKatolika. Ngo ngalobu busuku , hhayi amaProthestani kuphela wahlupheka. Abakweletayo wabulala abantu abakweletwayo ngalesi simo sabo futhi ababefuna okuziphindiselela - kwaholela isigwebo sakhe. Madoda, usebenzisa okwamanje, ukususa ecasulayo kubo abafazi futhi abathandi - ngokugwema kubo amadoda. Isizathu salokhu kwaba amaHuguenot, St noBartolomewu egcwele zakamuva ezimpilweni zabo. Zonke ebumnyameni, eyayifihliwe ekujuleni komphefumulo womuntu, yamane naphambili, futhi ukusivumela edolobheni umgubuzelo wezimpi ezalandela.
Njengoba ukucekwa amaHuguenot Paris senzeka ngobusuku obandulela usuku St noBartolomewu, umcimbi wehlela emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama St noBartolomewu.
bacchanalia
Lapho kufika Entathakusa, ukubulala, akayekanga. Ekaterina Medichi wayengazange kulindeleke kwanda. Yena babehlele ukubhubhisa kuphela abaholi ezimatasa Huguenot, kodwa zonke okungahambanga kahle. Omuzi aqala ezimpini nokuphangwa kwempahla. izakhamuzi ezivamile ehloniphekile owabulala amashumi namakhulu, futhi ayisekho kuncike enkolweni yabo. Zonke nababulali, nabaphangi laphuma zinemiphandu zabo, uzizwa ndaba zalutho.
Iziphathimandla emzini kwakungenjalo orgy eyathatha iveke yoke. Onogada ziyingxenye izigebengu kuthiwa babamba inkunzi wonke umuntu. Okukhishwayo babe amasosha kuphela aqaphe, abahlala bethembekile umthetho neNkosi, kodwa ukubuyisela oda zabo kwakungenele.
Imiphumela St noBartolomewu
Ukungahlaliseki nasezinxushunxushwini ezenzeka inhlokodolobha, kwabangela ukusabela chain. AmaHuguenot namaProthestani zabulawa ngobuningi, hhayi kuphela e-Paris kodwa kulo lonke France - Bordeaux, Orleans, Lyon, Rouen nakwamanye amadolobha.
Ukubuyisela umthetho futhi ukubeka izwe ukuze, ngemiyalo yezikhulu King uCharles IX waseFrance kuzo zonke izifundazwe, namadolobha ayethunyelwe idokhumenti. Lathi lokubulala abaholi YamaProthestani senzeka ngenkululeko futhi okuthiwa kubasizile ukuvimbela kunomkhonyovu othile owenziwa ukuze anti-state. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwamenyezelwa ngokomthetho ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo is okungazange kukhanselwe.
AmaHuguenot Abaningi namaProthestani, bebalekela udlame, bashiye indawo yeFrance, ngenxa ithonya labo kuleli zwe liye buthaka.
Ukushada Marguerite de Valois, uHenry of Navarre ngasinda. Kodwa ukuze asindise izimpilo, waphoqwa ukuba ukuguqukela ebuKatolikeni. Isibonelo sakhe kwalandelwa uHenry Conde.
Phakathi ukweqisa okungenani eziyinkulungwane 5. Abantu babulawa. Kodwa, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, lesi sibalo kakhulu kunalokhu, ngezithuba ayizinkulungwane ezingu-30. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inani eliqondile izisulu ayikaziwa.
War of the Henry ezintathu
Ngemva ukubhuqwa we amaHuguenot we impi waba uqanduqandu. Baqhumuka nge amandla angaphezulu nakakhulu, okuholela ezweni entshonalanga naseningizimu ehlukanisiwe enyakatho yeFrance. Kube sidaliwe entsha amaHuguenot isimo union, uphathe kwababusi kusukela phakathi kwamadoda asebukhosini wendawo. Ziyizinto kakhulu futhi bazuza kulolu "ukuzimela".
Maphakathi nawo-70s, njengoba kuqhathaniswa amaProthestani e enyakatho yeFrance, kusho inyunyana elalihlelwe ngokuthi iSonto League. Ikhanda + lakhe baba Genrih Giz. Lokhu League kwadingeka ukulawula uhulumeni, etholakala e-Paris, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho ake enenhloso yokukhukhula iNkosi uHenry III ukuphetha a kuthula kanye amaHuguenot.
In the 80s maphakathi le ngxabano elinye lamaqembu amabili enkolo ezingahlangani saba sibi kakhulu futhi. Waphula ukushayisana entsha phakathi zombuso, okubizwa ngokuthi iMpi we ezintathu Henry (1585-1589), njengoba yahanjelwa inkosi French uHenry III (Valois), Genrih Burbon (Navarre) kanye Genrih Giz.
Imbangela ukuxabana kwabo kwaba isitatimende yokugcina umndeni wakhe has ilungelo ngaphezulu yesihlalo sobukhosi kunabanye, ngoba kuyinto ngukhokho Karl Veliky yena. Iqiniso lokuthi uHenry III sasenqatshiwe ingakabi nayo indlalifa, ngakho amalungu League yafuna bayavuma Giza olusemthethweni owalandela yesihlalo sobukhosi ezivela kuye. Ngakho kangangokuba, ukuthi 1588, Inkosi yaqala bebambisana nabo bonke abantu abaqotho ukuba inhloko-dolobha. Umgomo wabo kwakuwukwenza ukuboshwa uHenry sama nabasekeli bakhe. Lokhu kwatholakala ligovtsy futhi ihlelwe ukuvukelwa abantu Paris ngokumelene nenkosi uqobo.
Henry III kwadingeka ukuba abalekele Chartres. Kukhona, wacabanga icebo ngobuqili: umeme Giza ifuna ngenjongo nokubuyisana. Umholi League eza enkosini ka-December 22, 1588, kodwa ugwazwe wabulawa amasosha. Ezwa lokhu okukhohlisa, inhlokodolobha bala ukulalela Valois futhi baba idolobha-republic. Ngokwesibonelo sayo kwalandelwa abanye.
Inkosi waqaphela ukuthi kuleli zwe ilahlekelwa, futhi ngokushesha limenyezelwe Genriha Navarrskogo angene esikhundleni sakhe. Kokutlolisela ukusekelana wangena inkontileka, ezimbili inkosi kanye namasosha akhe waya eParis. Kodwa uHenry III akazange libuyele khona enhlokodolobha - wambulala 1 ngo-August ngonyaka 1589. Nge kokufa kwakhe, lo mbuso Valois uye abasekho. Enyukele sobukhosi, uyiNkosi ka-Navarre, owaba umbusi omusha wase-France - Henry IV. Njengoba ukwanda zakhe amandla yaphela impi ngesihluku phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani.
Manje umbuzo ngobani amaHuguenot eFrance kulula ukuphendula, ukuthi babengabantu bezinye izinkolo ihlukile kakhulu esuka ebuKatolikeni. AmaProthestani wenqabe yokukhulekela ezingcwele, imifanekiso, esontweni walahla Ukukhishwa nokuzitika. Lesi simo sengqondo uPapa futhi abefundisi bakhe abakwazanga sikhuthazele, wamemezela ngakho amaHuguenot kanye namambuka kulokho uSathane. Waqala wokulwa, labo ababebanga ukuba impi abhubhisayo futhi olunegazi enjalo eyathatha amashumi eminyaka.
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