I-Eurozone: umlando wendalo

Imali entsha yokuhlala - i-euro - isungulwe okokuqala ngo-1999. Kusukela ngo-01.01.2002, le nsimbi yokukhokha inikelwe ukuhanjiswa kwemali ngesimo sezimali zemali kanye nemali ebhange. Kuze kube manje, indawo yase-euro ihlanganisa amazwe afana ne-Austria neBelgium, i-Germany neGrisi, i-Ireland neSpain, i-Italy neCyprus, i-Luxembourg ne-Malta, iNetherlands nePortugal, iSlovakia neSlovenia, iFrance, i-Finland ne-Estonia. Ensimini yalezi zingu-17 zithi kukhona imali eyodwa.

Inani le

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-European Union ukudala isikhala esisodwa sezomnotho esikwazi ukunikeza usizo lwezezimali phakathi kwamazwe ayo. Ukufeza le njongo, indawo yase-euro yadalwa.

Ukuzama ukuhlanganiswa

Indawo yezimali ye-euro yayiwumsebenzi omkhulu wekhulu lama-20. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqaliswa komkhulelwe, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kwaba nemiphumela yezombangazwe nezomnotho emhlabeni wonke, kube yinye yezinyathelo ezinzima kakhulu zokuhlanganiswa ensimini yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Imakethe yangaphakathi yangaphakathi ikhona e-EU kusukela ngo-1993. Nokho, ukusebenza kwayo akuphumelelanga. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaleso sikhathi amazwe aseYurophu ayenezinhlelo zabo zemali zesizwe, ezihlukile komunye nomunye ngokushintshashintsha kwamanani, intela namazinga amanani. Njengoba isimo esinjalo mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho ngokugcwele , kwakungeke kube khona ngisho nenkulumo. Ukuqeda zonke lezi zithiyo, indawo ye-euro yadalwa. Umnotho wezo zonke amazwe ezifakiwe kuwo uye waba nenzuzo enkulu kakhulu ngenxa yokunyakaza kwamahhala ezinsizakalo, izimpahla, imali kanye nokusebenza.

Isiyalo esihlanganisiwe sesabelomali siye saba isiqondiso esithuthuka ngokwengeziwe nasesimweni se-macroeconomic. Amazwe e-EU ahlanganise izimakethe zabo zemali ngaphansi kokulawulwa nokuqondiswa kwezikhungo zezezimali ezingaphezulu. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi kube nokwethembeka okukhulu ukulwa nezinqubo zemali yokunciphisa imali, ukunciphisa izinkokhelo zentela kanye nezinga lentela. Inqubo eyinikeziwe yakhuthaza ukukhula komsebenzi nokukhiqizwa, futhi yaba yisisekelo sokuzinza kwemithombo yemali yombuso.

Indima yendawo ye-euro nayo inkulu kuzo zonke izinhlangano zomnotho. Ngempela, imali eyodwa kanye nenqubomgomo yezimali ekhona endaweni ye-EMU kusho ukunciphisa izinkampani zezingozi zezezimali nezindleko, kanye nezindleko zokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo. Njengoba kufika i-euro kuwo wonke amazwe ebunyeni bezimali, isimiso esisodwa sezimali sasiqala ukusebenza. Lokhu kwaholela ekwehleni kwesidingo semali yokusebenza.

Umlando wokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo zezimali zaseYurophu

Ingabe umqondo wokudala i-euro intsha kangaka? Akunjalo. Imizamo yokuhlanganisa izinhlelo zemali zezifunda ezihlukahlukene zenziwa emuva ngalezo zinsuku lapho izinhlamvu zemali zokuqala zivela khona. Ngakho, izinyunyana zemali zaphetha phakathi kwamadolobha amadala aseGrisi. Izinhlamvu zemali ezazikhishwa ngokukhululekile zahamba kulo lonke izwe.

Umzamo omkhulu kunawo wonke wokudala uhlelo olufanayo lwemali yinhlangano yohlu lwezentengiselwano nezombangazwe emadolobheni aseBaltic. Ngekhulu le-13 nele-16. BabeseLanseatic League. Ngezikhathi ezahlukene kulo mphakathi, izifundo ezivela ku-70 kuya ku-170 zihlanganyele.

Imizamo yokuhlangana ohlelweni olulodwa lwemali oluqhubekayo luqhubeka esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. Amaphrojekthi amaningi asetshenziselwe ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezahlukene zemali emazweni akhona noma asanda kudalwa.

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Izinyunyana zemali zaseLatin naseScandinavia zavela. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele yabo, ukusakazwa kwemali kwaqala ukusebenza ngokuhluke ngokuphelele.

Umboniso wendawo ye-euro yiLatin Monetary Union, owadalwa ngoDisemba 1865 ngamazwe afana neFrance ne-Italy, iBelgium neSwitzerland. Ngemva kwempi noNapoleon, izinhlelo zezimali zalezi zizwe zazifana nomunye nomunye. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, iGrisi yajoyina i-Latin Union.

Ingemuva ye-European Union

Izinqubo zokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezwe zishesha kakhulu ukuhamba kwazo ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II. Kwakuyizifundo zakhe nemiphumela eyingozi kakhulu eyayivumela ukuzalwa kabusha kokuqonda ngokuvimbela ukukhula kobuzwe emazweni aseYurophu. Esinye isidingo sokuphuthumisa inqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwakuyisifiso sokuqinisa izikhundla zomnotho ezithuthukisiwe. IJalimane elihlulekile lafuna kuqala ukubuyisela ukuhlonishwa kwayo kwamanye amazwe kanye nezikhundla zezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu ayefuna ukuhlanganisa ukuqukatha ithonya lomhlaba we-USSR.

Umsuka wenqubo yokuhlanganiswa

Ukuhlanganiswa kweYurophu kwaqala kanjani? Isiqalo senqubo yokuhlanganiswa yisimemezelo soNgqongqoshe waseFrance uNgqongqoshe wezeZwe uRobert Schumann. Le dokhumenti, eyanyatheliswa ngo-Meyi 9, 1950, iqukethe isiphakamiso sokwakhiwa kwe-ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community). Lesi sivumelwano sasayinwa yi-FRG, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg naseNetherlands. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalesi sigaba esibalulekile umnotho kwavula amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlelo kwezinye izindawo.

Kulezi zigaba ezilandelayo, i-European Economic Community (25.03.1957) yasungulwa, kanye ne-European Atomic Energy Community.

Amadokhumenti alawula ukusakazwa kwemali eyodwa

Ngo-1962, i-EU yakhipha imemorandamu, eyayiqala ngokukhuluma ngokubaluleka kokudala inqubomgomo yezimali yaseYurophu ehlanganisiwe. Kwakuwumqondo "wezinyoka zemali", okwakuyisilinganiso sokushintshwa kwamazinga kuwo wonke amazwe, okuqukethwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile. Noma kunjalo, uhlelo aluzange lusebenze maduzane. Iphutha laliyi-crisis ye-1972, lapho amafutha kawoyela aphakama kakhulu.

Isibonelo se-euro senziwa kuphela ngo-1979. Yingaleso sikhathi isivumelwano esasayinwa phakathi kwamabhange amakhulu e-EU emingcele engaphansi kwezinga lokushintshashintsha kwezinga. Esikhathini esizayo, umbono wokwakha i-euro wasungulwa eMaastricht Treaty (1992) kanye ne-Single European Act (1986). Lezi zincwadi zenze isisekelo sokuvela kwemali eyodwa, isikhathi sokusungulwa kwayo, kanye nemithetho yesabelomali sombuso yamalungu omshado osanda kudalwa.

Indlela yokuzinza

Uhulumeni angangena kanjani i-eurozone? Ngenxa yalokhu, kufanele ihlangabezane nalezi zinqubo ezilandelayo:

• Kuhluke ekuqineni kwesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa;
• Yiba nezinga elithile lamanani;
• Yiba nesimiso sezimali esisebenzayo.

Kungani indawo ye-euro idinga amalungu ayo? Ukuhambisana nalezi zindlela ezingenhla kuzovumela noma yiliphi izwe ukuthi lijabulele kuphela ukufeza okuvamile kulo lonke isikhala somnotho, kodwa futhi ngokwalo ukuletha inani elithile legalelo elihle kuyo. Kuphela kulokhu, indawo ye-euro iyakwazi ukuthola ukuthuthukiswa okulinganiselayo komkhakha wayo wezomnotho. Zonke lezi zinqubo eziqinile zokuzinza zafakwa ezimvumelwaneni zaseMaastricht.

Ukudala kwesikhungo sezezimali

Ubani olawula i-euro? Lo msebenzi unikezwe e-European Monetary Institute, esiseFrankfurt am Main. Idokhumenti yokusungulwa kwalesi sikhungo yasayinwa ngo-1994. Ngaleso sikhathi i-European Monetary Institute yabizwa ukuba ihole iphrojekthi yokudala i-euro futhi ibone izinqubo zezomnotho ezenzeka emazweni e-EU.

Ngokusemthethweni, ukushintshwa kwemali eyodwa kwabikwa emhlanganweni owawuseMadrid ngasekupheleni kuka-1995. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-banknotes amasha nawo athola igama lawo - "i-euro."

Ukuvela kwemali entsha

Amazwe ayingxenye yendawo ye-euro aqala ukusebenzisa i-unit entsha yezimali kusukela ngo-01.01.2002. Ngalolo suku, amaFranmu aseBelgium neFulentshi, ama-Irish amakhilogremu, amaFinnish namaJalimane, ama-pesetas aseSpain kanye ne-Italian lira, ama-schillings ase-Austria, ama-policeman asePortugal ahoxiswa ekujikelezeni. Futhi ama-guilders aseDutch.

Kodwa lawa mazwe asisekho kuphela kwendawo ye-euro. Amazwe aseYurophu, angahlanganiswa ohlwini lokuqala, ahlale efuna ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwawo kwezomnotho. Ngakho, ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezidingekayo kuphela kusukela ngo-2006 kwakuyiSlovenia. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uye wangena endaweni ye-euro. Kusukela ngo-01.01.2008, eCyprus naseMalta zivele ohlwini, futhi kusukela ngo-2009 - eSlovakia.

Uhlelo lokuhlala

Into ebaluleke kunazo zonke enendawo ye-euro yi-Trans-European Automatic System. Ivumela zonke izinhlangano zebhizinisi ukwenza izibalo ku-intanethi. Umsebenzi walesi simiso waqala ukusebenza kanyekanye nokwethulwa kwe-Eurocurrency. Lokhu kwenzeke ukuthi kuncishiswe isikhathi esifanele ukukhokha phakathi kwezifundo zamazwe ahlukene.

Umthelela wezomnotho wezimali ezintsha

Indawo ye-euro, eyadalwa e-EU, inikeze amazwe ukuba angene kuwo imakethe enkulu emhlabeni. Futhi konke lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi iqoqo eliqoqayo lezimpahla ezikhiqizwa emazweni ase-European Union lilingana nengxenye eyodwa yesithathu yenani lezwe. Futhi izinkampani zisebenzisana ne-EU, ukuvela kwe-euro kwanikeza ithuba lokusebenza endaweni eyodwa yemali, eyanciphisa izindleko zabo zokwenza ukukhokhelwa kokukhokhelwa ekuhwebeni kwezinsizakalo nezimpahla.

Imali entsha ivumelekile ukwakha imakethe eyodwa enkulu, emikhulu. Yingakho i-euro ingabonakali kancane emthelela omubi wokushintsha kwezinga lokushintshaniswa kwedola kunanoma iyiphi imali kazwelonke. Konke lokhu kwaba yinto ebalulekile yokuvuselela ukugeleza komhlaba jikelele.

Izinkinga zanamuhla

Esikhathini se-euro, kunezimboni eziyisikhombisa ezibhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu. Zingabonwa emazweni afana ne-Ireland neGrisi, eSpain nasePortugal, eSlovenia, eCyprus nase-Italy. Zonke lezi zinhla ezingenhla zinamacala amaningi okuzimele nezomphakathi.

Yini enye indawo ye-euro ebhekene nayo manje? Izinkinga zalesi simo sezomnotho zihlangene nokungalingani kwemali yokugeleza, ukulahlekelwa nokuntuleka kokuncintisana nokunciphisa ngokwezimali. Konke lokhu kubonakala ekulahlekeni okukhulayo kwezilinganiso zokuhweba.

Inkinga ebaluleke kunazo zonke ye-eurozone ihamba ngokwezimali. Le nqubo igxila kancane emazweni amaningi aseYurophu asethuthukile. Isibonelo, i-France iseceleni kwezomnotho. IJalimane ibhekene nokwehla okubukhali ekukhuleni komnotho.

Izindawo Zom Fan

Naphezu kobunzima bezomnotho, ukubambisana kwezemidlalo phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu akupheli. Ezifundazweni ezitholakala ezwekazini laseYurophu, imincintiswano eminingi ibanjwe ebhola kanye neHockey. Ukuze kube lula kwabalandeli, indawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-fan zone idalwa. I-Euro-2016, isibonelo, ezindaweni ezinjalo zingabona amakhulu abalandeli bebhola.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kulabo ababesendaweni yamafilimu, amakilasi ahlukahlukene asebenzayo, imihlangano yayiqhutshwa ngezidumi ezihlukahlukene, ukuqeqeshwa kwaqhutshwa ngolimi lwebhola, njll.