I-tsunami enkulu kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule emhlabeni

I-tsunami yinto ephawulekayo yemvelo, eyakhiwe ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo noma ukuzamazama komhlaba ezindaweni ezisogwini. Lena ingxube enkulu, ehlanganisa ogwini ngamakhilomitha amaningi ngaphakathi. Igama elithi "tsunami" livela empumalanga yaseJapane, ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuthi "igagasi elikhulu elisegwini". IJapane ihlupheke kaningi emiphumeleni yezinto, ngoba ku-zone yePacific "indandatho yomlilo" - ibhande elikhulu kunawo wonke lomhlaba.

Izimbangela

I-tsunami yakhiwa ngenxa yokuthi "ukuthuthumela" kwezigidigidi zamathani amathani. Njengemibuthano esuka etsheni eliphonswe emanzini, amagagasi ahlakazeka ngezindlela ezahlukene ngejubane eliyi-800 km ngehora ukuze afinyelele ogwini futhi aqhubekele kulo ngedonga elikhulu elibhubhisa yonke into endleleni yalo. Futhi ngokuvamile abantu abazitholayo endaweni ye tsunami banemizuzu embalwa ukuhamba endaweni eyingozi. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuxwayisa izakhamizi esikhathini esithile ngosongo, hhayi ukubeka imali ngalokhu.

I-tsunami enkulu kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule

Isibi esibi senzeke e-Indian Ocean ngo-2004. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungaphansi komhlaba kwamanzi ngaphansi komhlaba kwamanzi 9.1 kwabangela ukubonakala kwamagagasi amakhulu kuze kube ngu-98 m phezulu. Ngemizuzu embalwa bafika ogwini lwase-Indonesia. Sekuphelele, amazwe angu-14 ayesendaweni yengozi, kuhlanganise naseSri Lanka, eNdiya, eThailand naseBangladesh.

Lokhu kwakuyi-tsunami enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni ngokwenani lezisulu, ezafinyelela ku-230 000. Izindawo ezinogwini ezinabantu abaningi azizange zibe nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa eziyingozi, okubangele le mali
Abafileyo. Kodwa kungaba khona ukuzidela okuningi uma emasikweni omlomo abantu abathile bala mazwe bekungenalo ulwazi mayelana ne-tsunami yasendulo. Futhi eminye imindeni yatshela ukuthi ikwazi ukuhamba endaweni eyingozi ngenxa yabantwana abafunde ngamaqhubu amakhulu kuleli klasini. Futhi ukufuduka kolwandle, ngaphambi kokuba kubuyisele njenge-tsunami ebulalayo, kwakuyisibonakaliso sokuba baqhube phezulu phezulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisile isidingo sokuba abantu bafunde imithetho yokuziphatha esimweni esiphuthumayo.

I-tsunami enkulu kunazo zonke eJapane

Entwasahlobo ka-2011, inhlekelele yahlasela iziqhingi zaseJapane . Ngomhlaka-11 Mashi, ukuzamazama komhlaba okungamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye (9.0) kwenzeka ngaseceleni kwezwe, okwaholela ekuboneni kwamagagasi kuze kufike ku-33m ukuphakama. Kweminye imibiko, ezinye izibalo zaqaphela - ama-crests amanzi afinyelela ku-40-50 m.

Naphezu kokuthi cishe wonke amadolobha aseJapane anogwini anamamanda ukuzivikela e-tsunami, lokhu akuzange kusize endaweni yokuzamazama komhlaba. Inombolo yokufa, kanye nalabo abathwele olwandle nalabo abalahlekile bangaphezu kuka-25 000 abantu. Abantu bezwe lonke babefunda ngokukhathazeka uhlu lwabantu abathintekayo ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye ne-tsunami, besaba ukuthola abathandekayo babo kubo.

Izakhiwo eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-125 zabhujiswa, ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha yonakaliswa. Kodwa ingozi eyingozi kunazo zonke yengozi esiteshini samandla enyukliya Fukushima I. Cishe kwaholela enhlekeleleni yenyakatho emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane okuthintekayo kuhlasela amanzi e-Pacific Ocean. Ukuqeda ingozi, hhayi kuphela ama-engine engineers aseJapan kuphela, abahlengikazi namabutho okuzivikela aphonswa. Amandla enyukliya ahamba phambili emhlabeni nawo athumela ochwepheshe bawo ukuba basize ekusindiseni kusuka enhlekeleleni yemvelo. Futhi nakuba isimo esiteshini samandla enyukliya sesimisiwe manje, ososayensi abakwazi ukuhlola ngokugcwele imiphumela yaso.

Isevisi yokuxwayisa i-Tsunami yaxwayisa iziQhingi zaseHawaii, ePhilippines nezinye izindawo ezisengozini. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, amagagasi abo aseqedile kakhulu amagagasi angaphezu kwamamitha amathathu phezulu.

Ngakho-ke, i-tsunami enkulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yenzeke e-Indian Ocean naseJapane.

Izinhlekelele ezinkulu zeminyaka eyishumi

I-Indonesia neJapane ziphakathi kwamazwe lapho amaza okubhubhisa okwenzeka khona ngokuvamile. Isibonelo, ngoJulayi 2006, eJaphinde waphinde wabumba i-tsunami ngenxa yokushaqeka kwamanzi okulimazayo. Amagquma afinyelele kumamitha angu-7-8 ezindaweni ezadlulela ogwini, athatha ngisho nezindawo ezingazange zithinte ngokuyisimangaliso ngesikhathi se-tsunami ebulalayo ka-2004. Izakhamuzi nezindwendwe zezindawo zokubhuka zaphinde zathola ukukhathazeka kokungabi namandla ngaphandle kwamandla emvelo. Abantu abangaba ngu-668 bafa noma balahleka ngesikhathi somlilo wasendle, futhi abantu abangaphezu kuka-9 000 bafaka isicelo sosizo lwezokwelapha.

Ngo-2009, i-tsunami enkulu yenzeke eS Archivego, lapho amaqhumitha angaba ngu-15 ahamba eziqhingini, ebhubhisa yonke into endleleni. Inombolo yezisulu kwakungu-189 abantu, ikakhulukazi izingane ezazingasogwini. Kodwa umsebenzi wokusebenza weSikhungo Sokuxwayisa IsiTsunami ePacific sivumelekile ukuba sigweme ukulahlekelwa komuntu okukhulu nakakhulu, okuvumela abantu ukuba bahanjiswe ezindaweni eziphephile.

I-tsunami enkulu kunazo zonke eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yenzeke ePacific nase-Indian Oceans ogwini lwase-Eurasia. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi izinhlekelele ezinjalo angeke zenzeke kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.

I-tsunami ebhubhisayo emlandweni wesintu

Inkumbulo yabantu igcinwe ulwazi mayelana namagagasi amakhulu asekuqaleni. Omdala ubhekisela ekukhulumeni kwe-tsunami okwenzekile mayelana nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo esiqhingini sase-Greater Santorini. Lo mcimbi uvela ngo-1410 BC.

Lokhu kwakuyi-tsunami enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni lasendulo. Ukuqhuma kwaphakamisa iningi le siqhingi kuya esibhakabhakeni, kwashiya endaweni yalo ngokushesha kwagcwala amanzi esolwandle. Kusukela ukushayisana ne-magma eshisayo, amanzi abilisiwe futhi aqhume, aqinise ukuzamazama komhlaba. Amanzi aseLwandle LwaseMedithera asukuma, enza amaza amakhulu amakhulu awela ogwini lonke. Isici esibuhlungu sithatha ukuphila okungu-100 000, okuyinto enkulu kakhulu, ngisho nangokwamanje, hhayi kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokusho kososayensi abaningi, kwakuyizikhukhula kanye ne-tsunami ezibangelwa kulokho okwaholela ekushabalaleni kwesiko saseCrito-Minoan - esinye sezimpucuko zasendulo ezingavamile emhlabeni.

Ngo-1755, idolobha laseLisbon lalisuswe ngokuphelele emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu, imililo eyasuka emphumela wayo, kanye novunguvungu olwesabekayo olwakhula kulo muzi ngemva kwalokho. Kushone abantu abangu-60 000, abaningi balimala. Abasolwandle abavela emikhumbi eya echwebeni laseLisbon ngemuva kwenhlekelele abazange babone izwe elisemaphandleni. Le nhlekelele yayiyinye yezizathu zokulahlekelwa kwePortugal kwesihloko samandla amakhulu empi.

Abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-30 babe yisisulu se-tsunami ka-1707 eJapane. Ngo-1782, inhlekelele eSouth China Sea yabulala abantu abangu-40 000. Ukuqhuma kwe-volcano Krakatau (1883) nakho kwabangela ukuvela kwe-tsunami, ehlobene nokufa kwabantu abangu-36.5. Ngo-1868, inani lezisulu zamagagasi amakhulu aseChile laliyizinkulungwane ezingama-25. 1896 yaphawulwa yi-tsunami entsha yaseJapane, eyayibulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-26 000.

I-Alaska Tsunami

Kwasungulwa umsakazo omkhulu ngo-1958 eGulf of Lituya e-Alaska. Umsuka walokho okwenzekayo nakho kwaba ukuzamazama komhlaba. Kodwa ezinye izimo nazo zafakwa kuye. Ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba, i-giant landslide yehla kusukela emithambekeni yezintaba eGulf Coast, engaba ngu-300 million cubic meters. M of amatshe neqhwa. Konke lokhu kwawela emanzini egele, okwenza ukwakheka kwegagasi elikhulu, kufinyelela ku-524 m ubude! Usosayensi uMiller ukholelwa ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokho, kwakukhona ama-tsunami amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

Emgodini ohlangothini olubhekene naso washaywa amandla amakhulu kangangokuthi emithambekeni yabhidliza zonke izimila kanye nobuningi bezindonga ezingavamile, i-rock base. Imikhumbi emithathu eyayihlala echwebeni ngesikhathi esesimweni esibi, yaba nesiphetho esihlukile. Omunye wabo wagxuma, okwesibini kwaphahlazeka, kodwa iqembu lakwazi ukuphunyuka. Futhi isitsha sesithathu, esisekuqaleni komswakama, sidluliselwa ngesikhala esasihlukanisa i-bay futhi saphonswa olwandle. Kuyisimangaliso kuphela abasolwandle abangabhubhi. Bese bakhumbula ukuthi ngenkathi ngesikhathi "ukushayela" okuphoqelelwe babona ngaphansi kwemkhumbi iziqongo zezihlahla ezikhulayo.

Ngenhlanhla, amagagasi aseLitui Bay aseduze, ngakho-ke leli phuzu elingakaze lenzeke lingazange lidale noma yimuphi umonakalo ozwakalayo. I-tsunami enkulu kunazo zonke ezazingenaso ukulimala kwabantu. Kukholelwa ukuthi abantu ababili kuphela abafa.

I-tsunami eMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia

Ezweni lakithi, ogwini lolwandle lwasePacific lwaseKamchatka naseziQhingini zaseKuril lisezindaweni ezinobungozi be-tsunami. Zilala nasesifundazwe esingenakulinganiswa, lapho kuvame ukuzamazama komhlaba okubhubhisayo nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.

I-tsunami enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia yabhalwa ngo-1952. Amagquma afike ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angu-8-10, awela eziqhingini zase-Kurile naseKamchatka. Isibalo sabantu sasingakulungele lokhu kuphenduka kwezenzakalo emva kokuzamazama komhlaba. Labo, emva kokupheliswa kokuzamazama komhlaba, babuyela ezindlini ezihlala, iningi lazo alizange liphume kuzo. Idolobha laseSevero-Kurilsk laliqothulwa ngokuphelele. Inombolo yezisulu kulinganiselwa kubantu abangu-2336, kodwa kungenzeka kube khona okuningi. Inhlekelele eyenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokugubha iminyaka engu-35 ku-Revolution ka-Okthoba yadonswa iminyaka eminingi, kuphela amahemuhemu asakazwe ngakho. Idolobha lathuthela endaweni ephakeme futhi ephephile.

Inhlekelele yaseKuril yaba yisisekelo sokuhlelwa kwenkonzo yokuxwayisa ye-tsunami e-USSR.

Izifundo ezedlule

I-tsunami enkulu kunazo zonke eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ibonise ubude bokuphila nakho konke okudalwe ngumuntu, ngaphambi kwezinto ezithuthumayo. Kodwa futhi benza ukuba bakwazi ukuqonda isidingo sokuxhumanisa imizamo yamazwe amaningi ukuvimbela imiphumela emibi kakhulu. Futhi ezindaweni eziningi ezithintekayo yi-tsunami, umsebenzi wenziwa ukuvimbela abantu besengozini kanye nesidingo sokuphuma.