I-US impi futhi Japan: Eminyakeni, izimbangela zezinkumbulo ukulahlekelwa

Ngo-August 1945 ngamabhomu amabhomu amabili e-athomu imizi Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki yaphela impi eyathatha iminyaka 4 zasePacific, nezitha main okwakukhona Melika naseJapane. Ukuchitheka yale mibuso emibili buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili futhi kwakufanele nomthelela ku umphumela wayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi namuhla ukulingana kwamandla enkundleni ngamazwe ngokuyinhloko kuwumphumela lezo zenzakalo lasendulo.

Yini imbangela yomlilo ePacific

Isizathu sokuba United States naseJapane empi itholakala ingxabano phakathi kwala mazwe, isihluku ukuze 1941, futhi Tokyo ngomzamo ukuzixazulula ngezindlela lempi. Ukuphikisana enkulu phakathi nemibuso yezwe elinamandla wazithatha ezindabeni ezihlobene China futhi insimu ka-French Indochina - yangaphambili koloni French.

Kunqatshiwe isiphakamiso US uhulumeni imfundiso ka "iminyango ivulekile", Japan uye wafuna ukulawula yayo ngokuphelele kula mazwe, kanye Manchuria insimu yalo ekuqaleni bambamba. Ngenxa aphikelele Tokyo kulezi zindaba olwenziwa e-Washington izinkulumo phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili ungazange ayithelanga neminye imiphumela.

Kodwa lezi izimangalo ayigcini Japan. Tokyo, ucabangela-United States, izwe laseBrithani nelase-eminye imibuso wamakoloni njengoba izimbangi zabo, wonke amabutho uzama esikhundleni sabo ZaseNingizimu Pacific naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, bacabangisise, ngakho imithombo ukudla futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa, ezindaweni zakhona. Kwakungenxa 78% ukukhiqizwa iraba global senziwa kulezi zindawo, 90% ithini nezinye ingcebo eningi.

Ukuqala ukungqubuzana

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-July 1941 ibutho Japanese, naphezu imibhikisho lovela ohulumeni eBritain le America, uye eyenziwa ekuthatheni sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Indochina, futhi emva kwesikhashana, eza khona eduze Philippines, Singapore, Dutch East Indies kanye Malaya. Ukuphendula le Melika uye eziphoqelelwe kuvinjelwe ukungeniswa ku Japan zonke izinto amasu kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo ibe usebe lwawo eqandisiwe kwempahla Japanese. Ngakho, ngokushesha kwagqashuka impi phakathi Japan nase-United States kwaba umphumela nezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe ukuthi Melika uzama ukuxazulula unswinyo kwezomnotho.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izifiso lempi Tokyo enwetshiwe kuze kuphume isinqumo kokuquleka we eSoviet Union. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-July 1941 engqungqutheleni yasebukhosini, kusho uNgqongqoshe neMpi, Japan Tojo. Ngokusho kwakhe, kufanele ukuya empini alibhubhise eSoviet Union futhi ulawule kwemithombo ocebile yemvelo. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi lezi zinhlelo ayeyizidalwa kwenzeke ngenxa yokuntuleka amandla, omningi walo okuyinto wathunyelwa ukulwa e-China.

Usizi lokukhulelwa Pearl Harbor

US naseJapane waqala empini ukuhlasela elinamandla American base wamabutho asolwandle ngesikhathi Pearl Harbor owenziwe izindiza nge imikhumbi Joint yemikhumbi Japanese, elaliholwa Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Kwathi ngo-December 7, 1941.

Kumila American kwenziwa emoyeni kugasela ezimbili, babehlanganyela 353 izindiza, wakhumula kusukela othwala izindiza 6. Waba yini umphumela walesi kuhlasela, impumelelo okuyinto ngokuyinhloko kwakungenxa kuzenzakalele Wamangala, wayenjalo Crusher ukuthi akhishwe ingxenye enkulu US Navy futhi kwaba ngempela kungaba inhlekelele kazwelonke.

Ngo nesikhathi esifushane isitha izindiza ngqo ngesikhathi berths 4 enamandla kakhulu US Navy yempi kwabhujiswa, zazo 2 kuphela kwakubucayi wakwazi ukuthola i-ngemva kwempi. Okuningi 4 imikhumbi lolu hlobo walimala sina futhi abangu ingasebenzi unomphela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, base Ngishoné noma silimele sina 3 abachithi, Cruisers 3 nokukodwa ungqimba okwami. Ngenxa yalokho we bombardment isitha baseMelika futhi walahlekelwa 270 izindiza emi okwamanje kwi Aerodrome angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini phezu onezitezi abathwali izindiza. Phezu kwalesi babhujiswa torpedo nophethiloli amathangi, zinsika, ukulungisa igceke namandla isitshalo.

Kodwa le nhlekelele main kwakusho ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwabasebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Japanese emoyeni kugasela ubulale othile 2404 futhi 11 779 balimala. Ngemva kwalokho, izehlakalo ezinkulu zalezi zikhathi United States iqale impi ngo-Japan futhi ngokusemthethweni bajoyine anti-Hitler womanyano.

kusengaphambili Ngaphezu kwalokho amabutho Japanese

Le nhlekelele ngesikhathi Pearl Harbor, wehliswa ingxenye enkulu US Navy, futhi njengoba mabutho British, Australia futhi Dutch ayikwazanga ukwenza amabutho asolwandle of Japan mncintiswano sina, wathola bokuphakama yesikhashana ePacific. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwaba nobutha Tokyo okwasiza siyohlanganiswa Thailand, isivumelwano lempi esasayinwa ngo-December 1941.

US naseJapane, empini kwashesha futhi ilethe izinkinga ekuqaleni uhulumeni ka Roosevelt. Kusukela ngo-December 25, imizamo ngokuhlanganyela zaseJapane Thailand ephethwe ukucindezela ukungawi amabutho aseBrithani e Hong Kong, futhi amaMelika baphoqeleka ngokuphonsa imishini kanye nempahla, ukuze kuphunywe kusukela lezisekelo zawo e eziqhingini ezingomakhelwane.

Kuze kube ngasekuqaleni May 1942 impumelelo ezempi njalo ephelezelwa ibutho Japanese futhi lasolwandle, esangenza uMbusi Hirohito ukulawula ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu zihlanganisa ePhilippines, Java, Bali, ingxenye Solomon Islands naseNew Guinea, British Malaya kanye Dutch East Indies. isiboshwa Japanese ngenkathi Babengathi izinkulungwane 130. amasosha aseBrithani.

I yenguquko inkambo ezempi

I-US impi ngokumelene Japan waba ukuthuthukiswa ezahlukene kuphela emva impi ulwandle phakathi mabutho zabo, okwenzeka Meyi 8, 1942 ku Sea Coral. Ngalesi sikhathi i-United States uye wajabulela ngokugcwele ukusekela anti-Hitler sokusebenzisana umbimbi amabutho.

Le mpi wehla emlandweni njengoba kuqala lapho imikhumbi isitha cha sondelana nomunye, ungazange wenza uhlwayi olulodwa futhi ngisho kubonakala nomunye. Yonke imisebenzi yezempi abazenzi kuphela esekelwe lezi izindiza zezindiza asolwandle. It ebalulekile eyaba Ukungqubuzana amaqembu amabili yenethiwekhi impi.

Nokho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokuhamba impi noyedwa amaqembu aphikisanayo kuhlulekile Ukunqoba ecacile, sethubeni elihle, kwaba ku ohlangothini oMfelandawonye. Okokuqala, le mpi ulwandle wayeka yimpumelelo, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa yebutho Japanese, ne ngokunqoba lapho impi e-United States naseJapane, futhi, okwesibili, kunqunywa kokunqotshwa ngoxhaxha Japanese empini ezayo, owenzeka ngo-June 1942 endaweni isiqhingi Midway.

ULwandle Coral ukuthi wethuka kakhulu nge ezimbili eziyinhloko izindiza Japanese yenethiwekhi - "Shokaku" futhi "Zuikaku". Kwatholakala i-Imperial Navy ukulahlekelwa ungalungiseki, okuholela ukunqoba US kanye kubangane bawo empini ezayo asolwandle sikushintshe lokho manje impi Pacific.

Imizamo ukugcina ukunqoba ubudala

Ukulahlekelwa Midway abathwali 4 ngaphezulu izindiza, 248 ukulwa izindiza nama-pilot yabo emihle kakhulu, Japan walahlekelwa ikhono qhubeka isebenze kahle olwandle ngaphandle esishintshashintshayo ukumboza izindiza ogwini-based, okuyinto ngaye inhlekelele langempela. Ngemva kwalokho, amabutho uMbusi Hirohito awukwazanga sifinyelele nampumelelo sina, futhi zonke imizamo yabo okuhloswe ngaso ugcina izindawo ngaphambili yanqotshwa. Phakathi naleso sikhathi impi phakathi Japan nase-United States kwaba namanje kude ekupheleni.

Phakathi lokulwa olunegazi futhi esindayo, olwadonsa olandelayo izinyanga 6, ngo-February 1943, amabutho aseMelika afika bakwazi wasithatha esiqhingini Guadalcanal. Lokhu kunqoba kwaba ukuqaliswa uhlelo lwamasu ukuze kuvikeleke ngohide phakathi-United States, e-Australia naseNew Zealand. Esikhathini esizayo, kuze kube sekupheleni-US kanye uhulumeni azihlanganisa olawule uSolomoni Aleutian esijwayelekile Islands, ingxenye esentshonalanga yalesi siqhingi naseziqhingini zaseNew Britain, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-New Guinea, kanye Gilbert Islands, okuyinto beniyingxenye koloni laseBrithani.

Ngo-1944, e-United States naseJapane, empini wathatha engelapheki. Njengoba isiphelile ezingaba alo ezempi hhayi kokuba amandla okuqhubeka imisebenzi okuhlaselayo, ibutho uMbusi Hirohito sika bagxila zonke izimpi zawo ukuba ukuvikela izindawo ababekade bethunjiwe yaseChina eBurma, enikeza isinyathelo okwengeziwe ezandleni sesitha. Lokhu kuye kwabangela eziningi ukunqotshwa. Ngakho, ngo-February 1944, amaJapane baphoqeleka ukuba siphumele kusukela Marshall, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha - kuya Mariana Islands. Ngo-September, bashiya New Guinea, kwathi ngo-October, uhlulekile ukulawula Caroline Islands.

Ukuwa ibutho uMbusi Hirohito

US kanye impi Japanese (1941-1945) kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngembubhiso yango-October 1944 lapho imizamo ahlangene umbimbi senziwa operation elinqobile Philippine. Ngaphezu US Army, ke kwaba khona abangu-amabutho Australia futhi eMexico. Umgomo wabo laliwukuthi ukukhululwa kuka-Philippines kusukela Japanese.

Ngenxa yalokho, lapho impi, zamisa ngo-October 23-26, e Leyte Gulf, elaseJapane lehlulwa omningi lasolwandle yayo. Ukushabalala kwalo kwaba 4 yenethiwekhi 3 yempi, 11 abachithi, Cruisers futhi 10 2 we ngwenya. Philippines babe ngokuphelele ezandleni oMfelandawonye, kodwa izibhelu oqabukelayo baqhubeka kubo kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, ujabulela nesilinganiso ebanzi e Manpower kanye nemishini, ukuthi amabutho baye baqhuba ngempumelelo February 20 kuya ukusebenza Mashi 15 ukuze uthwebule Iwo Jima siqhingi, futhi kusukela ngo-Ephreli 1 kuya ku-June 21 - Okinawa. Bobabili kwakungekaNkulunkulu eJapane, futhi kwaba isisekelo esilungele emoyeni iziteleka ku emizini yalo.

elilimaza Ikakhulukazi kwaba sigasele Tokyo, US Air Force Kwasetshenziswa 9-10 Mashi 1945. Ngenxa yalokho ngamabhomu omkhulu, ke yasinamathela emanxiweni ayizinkulungwane 250. Buildings, futhi zabulala abantu abangaba ngu ayizinkulungwane 100. Abantu, iningi labo kuyizakhamuzi. Esikhathini esifanayo, i-United States naseJapane empini kwaphawulwa ukuqala amabutho azihlanganisa eBurma, kanti ukukhululwa okwalandela ke kusukela umsebenzi Japanese.

Eyokuqala emlandweni ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-athomu

Ngemva Agasti 9, 1945, amabutho aseSoviet lasungula okuhlukumezayo Manchuria, kwaba sobala ngempela ukuthi umkhankaso Pacific, kanye nalo empini (1945), Japan - US igcwaliswe. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, uhulumeni wase-US uthathé isinyathelo ayengenabo analogue futhi esikhathini esidlule futhi eminyakeni eyalandela. ukuqhuma kwamabhomu Nuclear esenziwa komyalo wakhe yamadolobha Japanese Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki.

Leli bhomu lokuqala le-athomu uyekiswe ekuseni 6 Agasti 1945 eHiroshima. Labeletha US Air Force B-29 webhomu, wazala igama Enola Gay ngemuva kokuthi umama nomsizi wakhe umkhuzi - uColonel uPawulu Tibetsa. Leli bhomu kakhulu efanayo ngokuthi Umfanyana, okusho - "The Kid." Naphezu igama kwakhe kothando, ibhomu obe nawo amandla 18 kilotons of TNT, wabulala, ngokusho kombiko ezihlukahlukene, kusukela 95 kuya 160 ayizinkulungwane. Man.

Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu, kulandele eyodwa ngaphezulu amabhomu e-athomu. Lesi sikhathi target wakhe kwaba Nagasaki. BaseMelika esithambekele ukunikeza amagama imikhumbi hhayi kuphela noma aircrafts, ngisho amabhomu, walibiza ngokuthi Fat Man - «Fat Man". Wakhulula lokhu killer emandleni akhe zazilingana 21 kilotons of TNT B-29 Bockscar, amatilosi elaliholwa Charles Sweeney. Ngalesi sikhathi isimo sakhe abashonile 60 kuya ku-80 eziyinkulungwane. Nezakhamuzi.

Yokubuyiswa Japan

Ngashaqeka zokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu, okwaphela Iminyaka yempi US-led nge Japan sasisikhulu kangangokuba kukaNdunankulu Kantaro Suzuki badlulisela icala umbusi Hirohito, isitatimende ngesidingo ukumisa ekuqaleni kwazo zonke izimpi. Ngenxa yalokho, emuva lé ngawo-6 izinsuku emva yesibili kuhlasela athomu, Japan yamemezela umaluju yayo ngo-September 2 ngomnyaka ofanayo isenzo sasayinwa. Ukusayinwa kwalesi idokhumenti mlando yaphela impi e-United States - (. 1941-1945 GG) Japan. Wayengumuntu isenzo sokugcina seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili.

Ngokusho kwemibiko, umonakalo US kuleli ilwa neJapane zaba 296 929 abantu. Kulawa, 169 635 - amasosha nezikhulu zomhlabathi amayunithi, futhi 127.294 - Navy kanye Amasosha asolwandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ekulweni kaHitler eJalimane 185 994 baseMelika wayebulewe.

Ingabe Melika ilungelo ukuletha iziteleka yenuzi kwadingeka?

Phakathi namashumi eminyaka post-yimpi impikiswano zingancishiswa phezu nokufaneleka kanye semthethweni iziteleka zenuzi, inflicted ngesikhathi lapho impi (1945), Japan - US yayisivele kusemaphethelweni. Njengoba iningi ochwepheshe international, kulesi simo, umbuzo esiyinhloko siwukuthi ukuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, owabulala amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu okudingekayo ukuze asayine isivumelwano ekubuyiselweni Japan emigomeni okwamukelekayo Uhulumeni kaMengameli Garri Trumena, futhi kwakukhona nezinye izindlela ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo?

Abasekeli nokubhonywa baphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yaleli ngesihluku kakhulu, kodwa kuyafaneleka, ngokombono wabo, izilinganiso olwalungaphoqelela kuKesari Hirohito sokunikela, ngenkathi kugwenywa imihlatshelo mutual, nakanjani exhumene ayehlasela ayezosenza maduze sokuthi ukuthi amabutho eJapane, futhi ukufika amasosha esiqhingini Kyushu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekubeni izibalo agumenti, ebonisa ukuthi inyanga bayolwa yilowo kwakulandelwa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu abahlali lamazwe matasa of Japan. Ikakhulukazi, kulinganiselwa ukuthi phezu yonke inkathi kokuhlala kwezinhloko zamaviyo Japanese e China kusuka 1937 kuya ku-1945 inani labantu babhubha njalo ngenyanga angaba yizinkulungwane 150. Man. A isibonelo esifanayo kungabonakala nakulokho kwezinye izindawo umsebenzi Japanese.

Ngakho, kulula ukubala ukuthi ngaphandle isiteleka zenuzi, okwaphoqa uhulumeni Japanese acela umaluju ngokushesha, inyanga ngayinye ezilandelanayo impi wathumba okungenani angu-250 eziyinkulungwane. Izimpilo, kude Udlule inombolo izisulu ukuqhuma kwamabhomu.

Kule ndaba, manje lokusinda umtukulu waMengameli Garri Trumena - Deniel Trumen - ngo-2015, ngosuku esenzeka ngalo engu-ayisikhombisa zokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu le-athomu Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki wakhumbula ukuthi uyisemkhulu kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku baphenduka anawo at ukubanika wamemezela ngokunemba undoubted ngesinqumo. Ngokusho kwakhe, it is kakhulu yashesha ukuphela empini, Japan - US. IMpi Yezwe II Yayibizwa izinyanga eziningana, uma kungekhona izinyathelo njengoba ezinqala ekuphathweni US.

Abaphikisi lo mbono

nezitha ngamabhomu, esikhundleni salokho baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwabo i-United States naseJapane eMpini Yezwe II balahlekelwa kakhulu, futhi lokho kwenza ngezithukuthuku izisulu phakathi lezakhamuzi yamadolobha ezimbili uthintekile ukuhlasela ngezikhali zenuzi kuyicala impi, futhi kungenzeka azisizi isimo ubuphekula.

Ukuziphatha okubi ukuhlaselwa non-zenuzi kuye kwavula izitatimende ososayensi abaningi American, ngubani uqobo iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni lezi izikhali ezibulalayo. Owokuqala ababemgxeka bavelele American physics enuzi-Albert Einstein futhi Leo Szilard. Emuva ngo-1939 base incwadi ngokuhlanganyela US President Roosevelt, lapho sinikeze ukuhlolwa zokuziphatha ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi.

Ngo-May 1945, izazi eziyisikhombisa ehamba phambili ze-American e emkhakheni wezakhi zenuzi, eholwa Dzheymsom Frankom futhi wathumela umyalezo wakhe inhloko yezwe. Kuyo, ososayensi baye waveza ukuthi uma i-United States athuthukile ukusetshenziswa wokuqala isikhali, ke kwakuyokwenza wakhe ka ukwesekwa international, utawuphendvula umfutho izingalo uhlanga futhi bawashaya indiva amathuba esizayo yokulawula emhlabeni wonke phezu lolu hlobo isikhali.

Uhlangothi zezombusazwe mayelana nodaba

Ukushiya eceleni agumenti ngokuphathelene nokufaneleka isicelo lempi kuhlasela athomu imizi Japanese, kufanele kuphawulwe, nokukodwa ngaphezulu okungenzeka yisona sizathu esenza uhulumeni wase-US esenqumile ngezikalo lesi sinyathelo kakhulu. Sikhuluma ngempi ukuthonya kobuholi Soviet Union Stalin mathupha.

Lapho, ngemuva kokuphela kwempi yezwe yesibili, kwaba inqubo ukuhanjiswa ayezozibusa phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu, ukunqotshwa nje kokuba eJalimane lobuNazi, Truman akuthola kudingekile ukuhlala khombisa jikelele njengamanje has enamandla kakhulu engaba lempi.

Umphumela wezenzo zakhe kwaba izingalo uhlanga, ekuqaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye elidumile ubuKhomanisi okuyinto zihlukanisa umhlaba nangokwengeziwe zibe izingxenye ezimbili. Kolunye uhlangothi kule mpi kweSoviet inkulumo-ze ukwesatshiswa abantu olusemthethweni ezisengozini, kusolakala lovela "inhlokodolobha emhlabeni", futhi wadala movie mayelana ilwa neJapane US, ngakolunye uhlangothi akazange usukhathele ukukhuluma mayelana 'bathela Russian "encroached ku womuntu ezivamile futhi izindinganiso zobuKristu. Ngakho, e-athomu ibhomu ukuqhuma ekupheleni kwempi imizi Japanese, emashumini abaningi, benanela emhlabeni wonke.