Ifomula yomoya, umoya, umshini noma umfutho oqinile. Ungayithola kanjani ingcindezi (ifomula)?

Ukucindezela kubuningi bomzimba obudlala indima ekhethekile emvelweni nasekuphileni komuntu. Lesi simo esingabonakali asithinti kuphela isimo semvelo, kodwa futhi sizwa kahle kakhulu yibo bonke. Ake sibone ukuthi yikuphi, yiziphi izinhlobo zazo nokuthi ungathola kanjani ukucindezela (ifomu) ezindaweni ezahlukene.

Okubizwa ngokuthi ukucindezelwa ku-physics nakumakhemikhali

Leli gama lisho inani elibaluleke kakhulu le-thermodynamic, elichazwe ngesilinganiso samandla angaphezu kwezingcindezi ezisetshenziselwa endaweni engaphansi kwayo. Lesi simo asixhomeke ebukhulu besistimu esebenzayo, ngakho-ke kubhekisela emanini amaningi.

Esimweni sokulinganisa, ngokusho komthetho kaPascal, ukucindezeleka kuyafana nawo wonke amaphuzu ohlelweni.

Ku-physics nakumakhemikhali, lokhu kuboniswa yincwadi ethi "P", okuyinto isifinyezo segama lesiLatini legama elithi "press".

Uma sikhuluma ngomshoshaphansi osmotic of liquid (ibhalansi phakathi kwengcindezi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli), incwadi "P" isetshenziswa.

Ama-unit of pressure

Ngokusho kwezindinganiso zesimiso se-International SI, isimo esibucayi esibucatshangwayo silinganiswa kuma-pascals (i-Cyrillic - Pa, isiLatini-Ra).

Ngokusekelwe kumfomula wokucindezela, kuvela ukuthi i-Pa eyodwa ilingana neH (i-newton - iyunithi yamandla) ehlukaniswe imitha eyodwa yesikwele (iyunithi yendawo).

Kodwa-ke, ngokusemthethweni kunzima ukusebenzisa i-pascal, ngoba leyunithi yincane kakhulu. Kule ndaba, ngaphezu kwezindinganiso zesistimu ye-SI, leli xabiso lingalinganiswa ngendlela ehlukile.

Ngezansi izifanekiselo ezidume kakhulu. Iningi lazo lisetshenziselwa kabanzi kuma-expanses ase-USSR yangaphambili.

• Amabha . Ibha eyodwa ibalingana no-105 Pa.
• I-torr, noma amamitha ayi-mercury. Cishe i-torr eyodwa ihambisana no-133, 3223684 Pa.
• Izigidi zamakholomu amanzi.
• Amamitha amakholomu amanzi.
• Isimo sobuchwepheshe.
• I-atmosphere atmospheres. Elinye i-atm ngu-101 325 Pa ne-1.033233.
• I-kilogram-amandla ngecentimitha yesigcawu. Futhi, kune-ton-force ne-gram-force. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kukhona i-analogue yamakhilogremu-amandla ngamasentimitha ayisigamu.

Ifomula evamile yengcindezi (physics yebanga lesi-7)

Kusuka kwencazelo yocingo elinikeziwe elithile, ungakwazi ukunquma ukuthi litholakala kanjani. Kubonakala kanje esithombeni ngezansi.

Kulo, iF isamandla, kanti i-S iyindawo. Ngamanye amazwi, ifomula yokuthola ingcindezi ingamandla ayo ahlukaniswe yindawo ebheka kuyo.

Kungabuye kubhalwe njengo-P = mg / S noma P = pVg / S. Ngakho-ke, le ningi ngokomzimba ihlobene nezinye iziguquguquko ze-thermodynamic: ivolumu kanye nobukhulu.

Isimiso esilandelayo sisebenza ekucindezelweni: isikhala esincane esithonywa amandla, kakhulu inani lemishini yokucindezela ethatha. Uma kunjalo, le ndawo yanda (ngenxa yamandla afanayo), inani elifunayo liyehla.

Umshini wokucindezela i-hydrostatic

Izigaba ezihlukahlukene zezinto, zinikeza ukutholakala kwezakhiwo ezahlukene kusuka komunye nomunye. Ukuqhubeka kulokhu, izindlela zokunquma P kuzo nazo zizohluka.

Isibonelo, ifomu lokucindezela kwamanzi (i-hydrostatic) libukeka kanje: P = pgh. Isebenza futhi kumagesi. Kodwa-ke, ngeke isetshenziselwe ukubala ingcindezi yasemkhathini, ngenxa yokuthi umehluko ekuphakameni nasezintweni zomoya.

Kule fomula, p ubukhulu, g ukusheshisa ngenxa yokuvuthwa, futhi h ukuphakama. Ukuqhubekela phambili kulokhu, ngokujulile into noma into egcwele ngaphakathi, iphakamisa ukucindezela okukuyo ngaphakathi kwetshezi (igesi).

Ukuhluka okucatshangwayo kuhlotshaniswa nesibonelo sesigaba P = F / S.

Uma sikhumbula ukuthi amandla alingana nalokho okutholakala khona ngokukhululeka kokuwa kwamahhala (F = mg), futhi ubukhulu be-liquide yi-derivative yombhalo ngobuningi (m = pV), khona-ke ifomula ingabhalwa njengeP = pVg / S. Indawo yanda ngokuphakama (V = Sh).

Uma ufaka le datha, kuvela ukuthi indawo enombalwa nenombolo inganciphisa futhi ifomu elingenhla likhishwa ekuphumeni: P = pgh.

Uma sicabangela ukucindezelwa kweziphuzo, kufanelekile sikhumbule ukuthi, ngokungafani neziqhumane, ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe ukuba baguqule ungqimba ongaphezulu. Futhi lokhu, kusiza ekubunjweni kwengcindezi eyengeziwe.

Ezimweni ezinjalo, ifomula ye-pressure ehlukile isetshenziswa: P = P ₀ + 2QH. Kulesi simo, i-P ₀ ingcindezi yecala elingenalutho, futhi u-Q yinkinga yokuphazamiseka kwamanzi. H iyisivalo esiphezulu sendawo, esinqunywe ngumthetho we-Laplace: H = 1 (1 / R ₁ + 1 / R ₂ ). Izingxenye zika R ₁ no-R ₂ yi-radii yesivuno esikhulu.

Ukucindezela okuyingxenye kanye nefomula yayo

Nakuba indlela P = pgh isebenza kokubili uketshezi namagesi, kungcono ukubala ingcindezi kule ndlela yokugcina ngendlela ehlukile.

Iqiniso liwukuthi emvelweni, njengomthetho, akuzona neze ukuthi kukhona izinto ezihlanzekile ngokuphelele, emva kokuba zonke izingxube ziqukethe kuwo. Futhi lokhu akusebenzi nje kuphela kwezidakamizwa, kodwa futhi nasegesi. Njengoba uyazi, ngayinye yalezi zakhi yenza ingcindezi ehlukile, ebizwa ngokuthi iyingxenye.

Ukuchaza ukuthi kulula. Ilingana nesilinganiso somfutho wento ngayinye yenhlanganisela ecatshangelwe (igesi elihle).

Kulandela ukuthi ifomu lokucindezela okuyingxenye libukeka kanje: P = P ₁ + P ₂ + P ₃ ... njalonjalo, ngokusho kwenani lezingxenye ezimele.

Kunezikhathi eziningi lapho kunesidingo ukunquma ukucindezela emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, abanye benza ngokungalungile ukubala kuphela nge-oksijeni ngokwe-P = pgh. Kodwa umoya uyinhlanganisela yamagesi ahlukene. Iqukethe i-nitrogen, i-argon, i-oxygen nezinye izinto. Ngokusekelwe esimweni samanje, ifomula yomsindo womoya ingumumo wezicindezelo zazo zonke izingxenye zayo. Ngakho, kufanele uthathe okungenhla P = P ₁ + P ₂ + P ₃ ...

Amadivayisi avamile kakhulu wokulinganisa

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akunzima ukubala inani le-thermodynamic elicatshangelwa yizifomula ezingenhla, ngezinye izikhathi akukho nje isikhathi sokubala. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kufanele uhlale ucabangela izinhlamvu eziningi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kube lula iminyaka eminingana, kunezinsimbi eziningi ezakhiwe ezenziwe endaweni yabantu.

Eqinisweni, cishe wonke amadivaysi anjalo yizinhlobo ze-manometer (kusiza ukunquma ukucindezela emagesi naseziphuzweni). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziyahlukahluka ekuklanyeni, ngokunembile nangokwemvelo.

• Umfutho we-atmospheric ulinganiswa usebenzisa i-gauge gauge ebizwa ngokuthi i-barometer. Uma kubalulekile ukunquma ukukhishwa (okungukuthi, ingcindezi engaphansi kwengcindezi yasemkhathini), kusetshenziselwa olunye uhlobo lwe-gauge ye-vacuum.
• Ukuze ukwazi ukucindezelwa kwegazi kumuntu, i-sphygmomanometer isetshenziswa. Iningi liyaziwa kangcono njenge-tonometer engeyona intsha. Amadivaysi anjalo ahlukahlukene kakhulu: kusuka ku-mercury mechanical kuya ku-digital digital. Ukunemba kwabo kuncike ezintweni ezenziwe kuzo kanye nendawo yokulinganisa.
• Ukucindezela okuhlukile emvelweni (ngesiNgisi - ukuphoqa ukucindezela) kunqunywa ukusebenzisa i- gauge pressure gauges noma amamitha ahlukene (kungabonakali ne-dynamometers).

Izinhlobo zengcindezi

Uma sicabangela ukucindezeleka, ifomula yendawo yayo kanye nokuhluka kwayo kwezinto ezihlukile, kuyafaneleka ukufunda mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zalesi sikhundla. Kunezinhlanu.

• Absolute.
• I-Barometric
• Ukudlulela ngokweqile.
• Vala ukulinganisa.
• Ukuhluka.

Absolute

Lokhu kungukucindezelwa okuphelele, okukhona lapho into noma into ekhona, ngaphandle kokucabangela ithonya lalawo amanye ama-gaseous constituents emkhathini.

Ilinganiselwa kuma-pascals futhi isisindo sezingcindezi ezingaphezu kwamandla nezomkhathi. Kubuye kube umehluko emgqeni we-barometric ne-vacuum.

Kubalwa ngokwe-formula P = P ₂ + P ₃ noma P = P ₂ - P ₄ .

Ukuze iphuzu lokubhekisisa lokucindezela ngokuphelele ezimweni zeplanethi yoMhlaba, ukucindezelwa kuthathwa ngaphakathi kwethangi, lapho umoya ususwe khona (okungukuthi, i-classical vacuum).

Kuphela lolu hlobo lokucindezela lusetshenziswa emafomulini amaningi e-thermodynamic.

I-Barometric

Leli gama libhekisela ekucindezelweni komkhathi (amandla adonsela phansi) kuzo zonke izinto nezinto ezitholakala kuwo, kufaka phakathi ngqo umhlaba. Iningi lalo liyaziwa nangokuthi yi-atmospheric.

Kubhekwa njengepharamitha ye-thermodynamic, futhi ubukhulu bayo buhluka ngokuqondene nesikhathi nesikhathi sokulinganisa, kanye nezimo zesimo sezulu nendawo engaphezulu / engezansi kwezinga lolwandle.

Ukuphakama kwengcindezi ye-barometric kufana ne-modulus yamandla emkhathini endaweni yendawo lapho kujwayelekile khona.

Esimweni esinqabileyo, ubukhulu balesi simo sokwemvelo bulingana nesisindo sekholomu yomoya esisekelweni sendawo esilingana nanye.

Ukucindezelwa kwe-barometric ngu-101 325 Pa (760 mm Hg nge-0 degrees Celsius). Kulesi simo, into ephakeme ivela ebusweni bomhlaba, phansi kukhona ukucindezela komoya. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingu-8 kunciphisa yi-100 Pa.

Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo ezintabeni amanzi asezikhunjini ahamba ngokushesha kakhulu kunezindlu esitofu. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukucindezela kuthinta iphuzu lokubilisa: lapho liyancipha, lesi sigaba sinciphisa. Futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Kule ndawo, umsebenzi wezinto ezinjalo zekhishi njenge-cooker and autoclave yakhelwe. Ukwandisa ingcindezi ngaphakathi kwabo kunomthelela ekwakheni izitsha ezitsheni zamazinga aphezulu okushisa kunezimbiza ezivamile esitofu.

Iforomric altitude formula isetshenziselwa ukubala ingcindezi yomkhathi. Kubonakala kanje esithombeni ngezansi.

P iyinani elidingekayo ekuphakameni, i-P ₀ yinkimbinkimbi ye-air eduze ne-surface, i-speed acceleration, i ukuphakama ngaphezu kweMhlaba, m ubukhulu bomoya, i-temperature yokushisa, i-constant gas gas 8,3144598 J / ( I-Mole x K), futhi e isamba sika-Eicler esilingana no-2.71828.

Ngokuvamile kumfomfutho we-atmospheric pressure formula, esikhundleni sika R, K kuyinto njalo uBoltzmann. Ngokusebenzisa umkhiqizo walo ku-inombolo ye-Avogadro, ukuhlala njalo kwegesi kuvame ukuboniswa. Kuyinto elula kakhulu ukubala uma inani lezinhlayiya linikezwa ngama-moles.

Lapho wenza izibalo, ngaso sonke isikhathi kudingeke ukuba ucabange ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqula izinga lokushisa emoyeni ngenxa yenguquko esimweni sezulu noma lapho ugibela phezu kolwandle, kanye nezwe langasese.

Ukudlulela ngokweqile nokugwinya

Umehluko phakathi kwengcindezi ephakathi nendawo nokulinganisa ubizwa ngokuthi ukucindezeleka. Kuye ngomphumela, igama leguquguqukayo lishintsha.

Uma kulungile, kubizwa ngokuthi i-gauge pressure.

Uma umphumela otholiwe ngesibonakaliso esincane ungabizwa ngokuthi yi-vacuum gauge. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi akukwazi ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-barometric.

Ukuhluka

Le nzuzo umehluko ekucindezelweni amaphuzu ahlukahlukene ekulinganisweni. Ngokujwayelekile, lisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukucindezela kunoma iyiphi imishini. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi embonini yamafutha.

Njengoba sibhekane neqiniso lokuthi ubungakanani be-thermodynamic libizwa ngokuthi ingcindezi futhi yiziphi izindlela ezitholakala, singaphetha ngokuthi lesi simo sibaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke ulwazi mayelana nalo ngeke lube lukhulu.