Ikhava Integral. Izinhlobo Ukubophezeleka izincwadi. Ihlanganisa for ngibopha

Nakuba e-izincwadi nsuku zonke ngokubaluleka kuthandwa, iphepha bendabuko izihlobo zabo musa nginikeze izikhundla zabo. Nokho, abamemezeli abaningi ukuqonda ukuthi ngenxa zibiza kakhulu iphepha lokunyathelisa izincwadi itsatfwa kunabayeni izinguqulo electronic. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amasu ukunyathelisa futhi ukuhlanganisa izincwadi njalo ngcono. Ngakho, enye emisha zakamuva kule ndawo isibe ikhava ebalulekile. Kuyini futhi iziphi izinzuzo zayo phezu ezinye izindlela design izincwadi? Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani.

Iyini incwadi ngibopha

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ubunjalo indlela ebalulekile ephrintiwe izinto aluka kufanele ukubhekana lokho ngibopha futhi ziyini.

Njengoba sazi, incwadi (njengoba injalo manje) linamakhasi ayisi amaningi lephepha abethela komunye nomunye. Ozimele yebhuku esibophezelayo, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi i-ikhava, kodwa ngempela into efanayo. Le divayisi hhayi kuphela ukhonza ukuzizuzela Amakhasi, kodwa futhi ukuze bazivikele umonakalo, kanye ukwazisa mayelana nokuqukethwe kushicilelwe.

Ngezinye izikhathi igama elithi "ngibopha" ubheke ngokwayo ukudala inqubo ikhava. Nokho, lesi silinganiso ilungile ngaphezulu ukusebenzisa elinye igama. Lokhu "ukuhlanganisa izincwadi."

Umlando ukuhlanganisa izincwadi

Usuku olunembile isiko ukubonakala besebenzisa Ukubophezeleka zamabhuku - alwaziwa. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngo-2nd ekhulwini BC. e. Nokho, kwathatha isikhathi omunye emakhulwini amabili okuthuthukisa esibophezelayo, okwenza kube ngifane yesimanje.

Ekuqaleni, umsebenzi walo main kwaba isibopho nokuvikeleka Amakhasi yencwadi ekulimaleni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izembozo zakhiwe ngezinto eziqinile eqinile nakho ngeke kusize ezifana izinkuni noma isikhumba. Esikhathini esifanayo, leli siko amabhuku amatshe ayigugu kanye amatshe, abenze eqolo futhi zingakwazi ukufunda kakhulu.

Kusukela kokusungulwa ukunyathelisa ephrintiwe abakhiqizi umkhiqizo wafuna izindlela esheshisa futhi ukunciphisa izindleko senqubo yokukhiqiza of kunokubhanqanisa. Kule ndaba, le ncwadi eboshiwe lesikhumba amakhulu eminyaka baxoshwa amakhadibhodi izicubu okulingana. Ngemva kwalokho, kabasebabili siyindlala, futhi lamboza hhayi kuphela ukufeza umsebenzi zokuzivikela, kodwa futhi ulwazi. Baqala nokubhala ulwazi mayelana isihloko nomlobi umsebenzi, kanye ukushicilela, okungenani - mayelana umnikazi.

Kusukela ngekhulu XVIII phakathi abantu abacebile emhlabeni isakazwa imfashini zokuphetha imitapo zabo. Kule ndaba, umnikazi "iqoqo" ngamunye ithuthukiswe yokuhlanganisa design esiyingqayizivele, ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa isibonakaliso.

Ikhwalithi kanye umhlobiso zikanokusho izincwadi manje axhomeke namandla ezezimali yomnikazi. Ngokwesibonelo, Pushkin sasingacebile, ngakho umklamo ezinoqwembe emtatsheni wakhe Wayenesizotha kakhulu, kodwa okuhlala isikhathi eside. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanikazi bamazwe amaningi ngaphansi koMbuso Russian ngubani baqoqa izincwadi nje ngenxa yemfashini, ukusindisa on izinga Ukubophezeleka ngenxa ukubukeka.

Ekhulwini XX ne ukuthuthukiswa imboni zonke izigaba ukukhiqizwa zokunyathelisa ngemishini nokuhileleka womuntu enqubeni kuyehla kube okungenani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge obhekwe ezithambile iphepha ikhava amabhuku eboshiwe lesikhumba baba phetho yomlando. Nakuba namuhla kungenzeka oda umklamo i-edition Deluxe, master ezenziwe ngesandla. Nokho, kuzobiza, njengoba ezinsukwini ubudala, eqolo.

Iyini incwadi ikhava, futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani kudoti

ikhava ngokuvamile kulinganiswa nge nencazelo semantic ukuba izwi 'abophe ", futhi nakuba bobabili magama asho ikhava yangaphandle yencwadi, phakathi kwawo kukhona umehluko. Kuyini lokhu? Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani.

Cover ngokuthi iphepha noma paperboard isigubungelo yangaphandle izincwadi, izinto zokubhalela idayari noma yimuphi umqulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ikhava cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi wenza kusukela luthe ukuqina izinhlobo amakhadibhodi, iphepha camera, ifilimu, indwangu noma ezinye izinto.

Ikhipha le miqondo emibili futhi kuhluke bodwa. Ngakho, ngo-kungekho ikhava endpapers futhi, njengoba umthetho, limelela tselnovyrezannuyu ngokuningiliziwe. Nakuba yendabuko ubophezela izincwadi bangase libe izingxenye eziningana ethe njo komunye nomunye. Ihlangana futhi Imi olulodwa okufana yayo - ikhava ebalulekile.

Ngenxa yokudlanga kokuxhashazwa a edishini enoqwembe oluthambile, ngokuvamile kudidaniswe isibopho. Ukuhlukanisa lezi zincwadi kungaba khona le Flyleaf. Uma kuwukuthi - kuba enoqwembe oluthambile. Uma Flyleaf hhayi - kulolu hlobo oluqinile.

Yini abophe

ikhava Traditional nganoma yisiphi ukushicilelwa inezigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, kungcono ikhava kanzima. Empeleni, kuba sengathi iyafana ikhava amakhadibhodi. It ukhonza njengelungu ikhava main lokuvikela incwadi. Le nto itholakala amafomu amabili: i ebalulekile futhi omunye-piece.

Classical isivalo ebalulekile leyakhiwe ngemabhokisi izingcezu, anamatheliswe indwangu ezinemibala amakhadibhodi noma plastic, ngezinye izikhathi isikhumba yokufakelwa. Liqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: izinhlangothi ezimbili nangemuva (amakhadibhodi strip, esehlanganise ncwadi kunenze nisondelane Amakhasi - impande). I ushona we amaqembu kanye elibizwa trailing umphetho.

Samuntu munye-ucezu konke ingenye ngokuningiliziwe.

Kungakhathaliseki injalo, ikhava unamathele incwadi block (Amakhasi eqoqwe encwadini) usebenzisa endpapers.

Abanye abathathu izinhlangothi zale ncwadi, kungukuthi sasondelana namanye ngamunye, izibhamu banqunywa ngokusahwa-off abizwa ngokuthi: phambi, yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi.

Bookmark eteyipini, ethe njo esibophezelayo, kuthiwa yi-Ribbon.

Yini izinto zenziwa nesembozo ngoba ngibopha

Uma ekukhiqizeni izincwadi bayeka ukusebenzisa ukhuni amakhulu eminyaka ukumboza ngibopha senziwa amakhadibhodi of ukushuba ezahlukene.

Nokho, kusukela isigamu kwekhulu XX yesibili baba nesincintisana sína ukuba amakhadibhodi kuba plastic. Ihlanganisa for yokubopha le nto kuyinto ithembeke kakhulu futhi asesabi umswakama. Namuhla, avame ukusetshenziswa abasembonini yokunyathelisa. Phela, omunye izinzuzo main of plastic phambi amakhadibhodi wukuthi osesembozweni sale hlobo kungenzeka kuphela yanoma yimuphi umbala, kodwa okusobala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lokhu kwakwenqatshelwe has ukushiyeka abalulekile. Iqiniso lokuthi ikhava plastic kungaba balimaze imvelo, ngoba impahla ayikanye ululazekile futhi kufanele reworked.

Umkhuba wokulala usebenzisa plastic ukuba sifake amabhuku sikhathazeke kabanzi hhayi inganekwane noma isipho edishini, futhi womshini nesembozo for zokubhalela Diaries, ezincwadini, ema-eseyi, iziphakamiso kanye wabahlinzeki.

Futhi uzinake kunjalo kwabaningi elikhulayo yokukhiqiza nesembozo wama-notebook nezincwadi ka abicah.

Oluqinile futhi subtypes yayo

Kwaziwa kahle kamhlophe ukuthi kukhona ezinye izinhlobo Ukubophezeleka: kanzima, soft futhi ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye wabo zenyathi lalo.

Kuye substrate enamathela paperboard kuyinto okuqinile isibopho ikhava ezahlukeneyo enjalo yalo.

• 7BTS (ikhava yebhuku) - ikhava Kunamathiselwe phezu uphawu iphepha laminated noma lacquered.
• 7T - amakhadibhodi embozwe ngendwangu. Kungaba uphawu, lacquered, ezidwetshiwe noma selashwe embossing.
• 7b - by indlela obulinganayo zenyathi ukucutshungulwa 7T. Nokho, kulesi simo izivalo kufakwe nge indwangu futhi izinto ezahlukene ku ukufana bokuzenzela noma yemvelo lesikhumba, bumvinila, balakrona futhi t. D.

BSC futhi SHKS

Uma sicabangela lokho izinhlobo Ukubophezeleka ezandile ezweni lanamuhla ukuphrinta, kufanele sinake zenyathi enoqwembe oluthambile. Ababili babo.

• BSC - Seamless kunenze nisondelane ingcina. Ngokungafani isibopho esiqinile, kule samuntu, amakhasi Ithungelwe, ethe njo kuphela. Cover eyenziwe laminated futhi uphawu olulodwa cut ephepheni noma paperboard ukuminyana esingeqile 300 g / m ^2. Indlela efanayo iyona eshibhe futhi kube melula kutisebentisa. Kulokhu, ukushicilelwa ikhava ezinjalo kusheshe lingadabuki njengoba BSC aluthembekile kakhulu.
• SHKS - abathungela kunenze nisondelane ingcina. Le ndlela lihlukile BSC kuphela ukuthi Amakhasi ncwadi block kungukuthi kuphela ethe njo, kodwa futhi ithungwe. ikhava Hard senziwa efanayo njengoba ku BSC. Izincwadi zenziwa usebenzisa SHBK ukukhonza isikhathi eside kakhulu kuneminyaka le BSC, kodwa ezibizayo.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ngibopha Dutch

Eminyakeni yamuva zithandwa kakhulu ukusebenzisa ikhava ebalulekile. Ngezinye izikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi "Dutch". Kubonisa ngokwabo eliphakathi nendawo phakathi esithambile futhi kanzima.

Sici Its wukuthi nale design izincwadi Cover eyenziwe olulodwa Imi izingcezu paperboard laminated kwabantu kuze kufinyelele 500 g / m ^2. Ngoba le ndlela umkhiqizo ifomu asebenzayo futhi kanyekanye has property Ukubophezeleka okuqinile futhi ezithambile.

Izici ihlanganiswe ngendlela ukuklama ncwadi nesembozo

Khona-ke, uye anezakhi ezikhethekile Dutch ubophekile ukusifeza?

Okokuqala, ukukhiqizwa yayo elishibhile futhi ngokushesha. Ngokungafani isibopho esiqinile (okuyiwona ukusebenza kuyadingeka ukwenza imisebenzi eziningana ukusika futhi gluing) ukwenza ikhava incwadi ebalulekile kulula. It is ukusika yocezu olulodwa amakhadibhodi laminated ukuthi biguetsya ezindaweni phinda futhi ayidingi ukwelashwa eyengeziwe. Lokhu kufana Dutch oluqinile esithambile.

Nokho, ngokungafani ke, isembozo uhlobo ebalulekile futhi zibonakale obukhulu kakhulu akukhona okuningi ezahlukene kusukela okuqinile. Kulokhu kuba lula (ngesisindo) nokuncane eziqinile, kodwa nokho luphakeme esingazethemba SHKS esithambile.

Zisuke eziphansi kanye kalula le ndlela cover design izincwadi wamvumela eminyakeni embalwa ukuba abe omunye ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kule ndaba, kwamanye amazwe kwakukhona isiko ukuphrinta zesikole akuzona okuqinile, futhi ikhava ebalulekile. Ngakho, isisindo amabhuku abafundi kuphothifoliyo, kakhulu ziyancipha, njengoba umthwalo emgogodleni wengane.

isiteshi ngibopha

Ngaphezu namuhla ezintathu ezingcono kakhulu elaziwayo ukuklama ncwadi nesembozo, zikhona eziningana amasu Lesisemkhatsini ukuthi uvele kuphela kwekhulu lamashumi amabili - Ekuqaleni kwekhulu xxi.

Okokuqala, lesi siteshi esibophezelayo. Amakhasi kuleli cala hhayi ithungwe, hhayi ethe njo noma perforated. Ngo umshini ekhethekile basuke banamathele ikhava nakomunye nomunye nge ezimise U-isiteshi metal.

Ngakho, leli phephandaba kungaba uxhumano nomsebenzisi kokubili ikhava okuqinile futhi ethambile noma plastic.

Izincwadi nezincwadi nge plastic nensimbi iziphethu

Enye yezindlela ethandwa kakhulu nengabizi ukuba sifake amabhuku - uthunge ngasemthonjeni. It zingenziwa metal noma plastic. Encwadini, ngale ndlela, akukho emuva - esikhundleni sakhe esithathwayo nge isiphethu, okuyinto welula ngokusebenzisa perforations emakhasini. Ukuze uthole ukwelukwa enjalo idinga ukuba umshini ekhethekile, okuyinto wazalela izimbobo futhi ithungela kubo.

Ngale ndlela, ngokuvamile bahlelekela namabhukwana nabaqondisi.

Ukuthunga ngokusebenzisa metal ukudla

Uma le ncwadi nomqulu omncane kanye nosayizi, it is zithandelana iphepha ezivamile ikhava amakhadibhodi noma (ngaphandle Flyleaf). Njengomthetho, izincwadi ezinjengalezi aphethwe ndawonye esebenzisa kubakaki ezimbili, ifana ncamashí ehhovisi. Lena indlela eshibhe futhi ezingabizi kakhulu ukuba sifake izincwadi, kodwa kuphela ezifanelekela amavolumu elincane ukukhiqizwa.