Umphakathi weDemokhrasi, izimpawu zenkululeko

Intando yeningi yiluhlobo lwesakhiwo sombuso lapho amandla abantu eba amandla amakhulu. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zentando yeningi yiyona nkululeko yokuzikhethela izakhamizi zezwe, ukulingana kwabo, isisekelo sokukhethwa kweminyango kahulumeni, ukuphendula kwamalungu ombuso nokuhlukaniswa kwazo zonke izakhiwo zamandla.

Umthetho yiyona ndlela esemqoka lapho yonke imigomo nemigomo yenqubo yentando yeningi igcwaliseka. Imelelwa uhlelo lwezomthetho olulawula impilo yomphakathi. Umphakathi wentando yeningi wanamuhla uhlukile kakhulu kunombuso wentando yeningi. Isekelwe emibono yezombangazwe ye-Enlightenment ne-New Times.

Kunezibonelo zentando yeningi ezinama-subspecies amaningi. Ngokuvamile, kunezinkulungwane ezingaba ngu-550. Inkolelo yaloluhlobo lomphakathi ihlukaniswe ngenani elikhulu lemibono kanye nenani lezinhlobo, kodwa okuyinhloko okwamanje okwamanje nje kuphela - iyinkululeko yentando yeningi yenkululeko nentando yeningi. Bavuka lapho bezama ukuthola isisombululo kwinkinga yeHobbes. Kwakungubani? Ingqikithi yayo ingafakwa ngalendlela elandelayo: umuntu ozinikezele inkontileka ngesimo senhlalakahle, okungukuthi, wabanikeza iziphathimandla ukuyilawula, kodwa umbuso kufanele ngesikhathi esifanayo uqinisekise ukugcinwa kwamalungelo. Kulesi sixhumanisi, kwaphakama umbuzo wokugcina inkululeko yomuntu ohlala emphakathini othile. Ungakwenza kanjani lokhu? Impendulo yalo mbuzo yayingaphambi kweziphathimandla.

Abezombangazwe babona inkululeko yomuntu ngezindlela ezahlukene. AmaDemokhrasi aLiberal aqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yileli lungelo lomuntu lokuzimela. Umphakathi wenzile kulokhu njengenani lazo zonke izakhamuzi ezizimele ngokuzimela kwazo. Lolu hlobo lwemodeli kahulumeni yentando yeningi inkululeko encane, ngoba yayisekelwe kuphela emthethweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amagatsha amandla kumele abe nemingcele ecacile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isimiso sokuvota sisekelwe emiphumeleni yokukhetha iningi, kodwa amalungelo omncanyana ayevikelekile ngempela.

Ukubukwa okukhulu kwemibuso yenkululeko kwakusekelwe ekubeni umuntu onengqondo angase abe khona ngaphandle komphakathi, kodwa ekhona, uba ngumphakathi. Ama-radicals endaweni yokuqala abeka umuntu omphakathi okholelwa ukuthi okuhle okuvamile kubaluleke ngaphezu kwemithetho kahulumeni, phezu komthetho. Isimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwamandla, okuyinto ama-liberal ayamukele, izakhamizi zokubukwa okukhulu ziphikile.

Ngaphezu kwalabo ababalwe, kwisayensi yanamuhla kunezinye izinhlobo, abameleli ababona ngokuhlukile ukuthi umphakathi wentando yeningi kufanele uthuthuke kanjani.

Isibonelo, uJ. J. Schumpeter ukholelwa ukuthi isimiso senkululeko yentando yeningi siyadingeka ukuze sikwazi ukwenza izinqumo zezombusazwe ngokulwa phakathi kwabancintisana ngamavoti okhetho, futhi inkolelo yenqubo yeningi yentando yeningi ayinayo imibono enjalo.

Usosayensi nomholi wezombusazwe D. Held bahlukanisa lezi zibonakaliso zentando yeningi ezilandelayo: uhlelo lomphakathi wezimboni, amandla amakhulu okuphatha, ukuncintisana kwephathi enempilo kanye nemingcele ekwenzeni inqubomgomo.

E. Dawn bakholelwa ukuthi izimpawu zenkululeko yentando yeningi kumele zibe khona ohlelweni lokubusa, okungukuthi, okhethweni, emibumbweni eyakhiwe, emzabalazweni weqembu ngamavoti abavoti, ngokungenasiphazamiso kweqembu elikhethiwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamalungelo abaphikisayo.

Naphezu kokuthi kukhona amamodeli amaningi, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izici eziyinhloko zentando yeningi emphakathini: ukuhlukahluka kwemibono kanye nezithakazelo zezakhamizi, ukutholakala mahhala kumafomu okuvota, amalungelo okuvota mahhala, ukulawula umsebenzi kahulumeni, ukucubungula umbono omkhulu ngenhloso yokuxazulula izingxabano ezincane nezokuthula .