Izimpumelelo kanye ne-biography ye-Democritus. Imfundiso ye-Atomistic kaDemocritus

Isafilosofi sasendulo saseGreki uDemocritus wazalelwa cishe ngo-460 BC. E. E-Thrace, edolobheni lika-Abdera. Ngaphambi kokuba kube khona ikholoni yamaFenike. AmaGreki asendulo athi ukubonakala komuzi kuHercules, owawubeka ekuhlonipheni umngane omkhulu ka-Abder, owaqothulwa yizicucu zamaDiomedes.

Ulwazi lomuntu

Ngeshwa, i- biography kaDemocritus inezindawo eziningi ezingenalutho. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uyise wayengumphathi ophakeme, owadumile ngezinkonzo zakhe enkosini yasePheresiya uXerxes. Ngenxa yalokhu, umbusi wabethulela ohlonishwayo ochwepheshe nabasosayensi abaningana. Babehlanganyela ekubunjweni kweDemocritus. Lapho esemncane, wafunda ukubhula ngezinkanyezi kanye nenkolo. Ukubulala, ubaba wabeka lesi sigameko emadodaneni akhe amathathu. UDemocritus wayengomncinyane wabo futhi wathatha isabelo esincane kakhulu.

Le nsizwa yathathwa isayensi futhi igxila kuphela kwizifundo zakhe, ngokungazinaki izinkinga zansuku zonke noma izindleko. I-biography kaDemocritus iqukethe ngokuphelele izifundo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinyawo ezihloselwe zona. Ngokuvamile wayehlala usuku lonke e-gazebo, lapho ayehluke ngokuphelele kulokho okwakwenzeka ngaphandle. UDemocritus wayeyisibindi eside. Wafa cishe ngo-370 BC. E. Indoda endala ejulile. Umlobi wasendulo ongumGreki uLucian (naye onesithakazelo kwi-cosmology) wabhala ukuthi umcabangi wayephila iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.

Imfundiso yama Athomu

Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-biography kaDemocritus yayaziwa ngoba yilo mcwaningi wasendulo owasungula imfundiso yencane encane - i-athomu. Le mbono yayimiswe uthisha wakhe uLeucippus. UDemocritus waqhubeka nokuhlola isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki wasendulo futhi wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi lonke izwe linamathompi amancane. Lezi zinhlayiyana azivuki futhi aziwa, zinomumo othize futhi azikwazi ukungena. Ngaphandle kwama-athomu, kukhona futhi okungekho, okuphikisana ngokuphelele nabo. Lezi zinto ezimbili zaziyizinto eziyinhloko zokutadisha uDemocritus. Usosayensi wasendulo wamaGreki waphetha ngokuthi zonke izinto zinezinhlayiyana ezincane ezingenakubalwa, okuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zibuye zithole izindawo zaso sonke. Kuncike ekusebenzisaneni kwama-athomu nomphumela wazo ezinhliziyweni zabantu, izimfanelo zezinto kanye nezinto zishintsha. Imiqondo enjengombala noma ukunambitheka ikhona kuphela ekuqapheliseni kwethu, empeleni kunezinhlayiyana ezincane kanye nokungabi nalutho.

Ama-athomu awakwazi ukuthintana - kukhona njalo isikhala phakathi kwabo. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona ukungabi nalutho. Imfundiso ye-Atomistic kaDemocritus yayihlanganisa nomqondo wokugxeka nokukhangwa kwezinhlayiyana ezazisondelana kakhulu. Zonke lezi ziphetho azenzile kuphela njengokucabanga. Kamuva, isayensi yaqinisekisa izici zayo.

Izingxabano nge-Eleatic

Isazi sefilosofi uDemocritus waba umphikisi wesikole sase-Eleatic. Bamemezela ukuthi izwe lalingenalutho. UDemocritus wanikeza phambili indaba ehlukile. Kungabonakala ngesimo sombuzo: "Uma izwe lingenalutho, umuntu angachaza kanjani zonke lezo zinguquko ezenzeka nxazonke?" I-athomu yayinezimbangi zombili kanye nabasekeli abanamandla. Isibonelo, le mfundiso yayisekelwe esikhathini esizayo nguPlato no-Epicurus.

I-biography kaDemocritus kanye nemibono yakhe yabangela intsha entsha yokuthakazelisa ngesikhathi se-European Renaissance yekhulu le-16, lapho ososayensi abaningi bezama ukuchaza izwe elizungezile. I-Atheism yayisekelwa nguGalileo, Giordano Bruno, uPeter Gassenly, u-Isaac Beckmann nabanye abacwaningi abadumile ngaleso sikhathi. Imfundiso yezinhlayiyana ezincane zezinto zonke yaba yithuluzi elithembekile lamakhemikhali, isibonelo, kuJohn Dalton.

Isimiso se-inosomy

Imfundiso ye-Atomistic kaDemocritus yanikeza ifilosofi isimiso se-inosomia. Lo mthetho wawuthathwa ngumcwaningi wasendulo ngokwakhe. Ingahle yenziwe ngendlela elandelayo: uma into ethile ingaphikisani nemigomo nemithetho yemvelo, khona-ke kuzokwenzeka noma kusenzeke kakade noma kamuva.

Isimiso se-isonomy senza ukuba sikwazi ukudweba iziphetho eziningana, okwakuthiwa u-Democritus. Imibono esemqoka yale ncazelo ihlanganisa izintambo eziningana. Okokuqala, ama-athomu angaba nobungani nokuma. Okwesibili, kukhona i-Great Void. Okwesithathu, inani elikhulu lama-athomu lihambahamba kulo, lihlukile ngesivinini nesiqondiso. Le nqubo ayinayo imithetho. Konke kuhamba ku-chaos no-disorder. Kungenxa yalesi simo isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uDemocritus saphetha ngokuthi into ehlukile noma into ehlukile. Kakade ezikhathini zanamuhla, ososayensi omkhulu uGalileo wenza isimiso se-inertia. Wayencike kakhulu ekufundeni nge-isonium.

I-Great Void

Umqondo we-Great Void waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-cosmology. I-biography yomcwaningi uDemocritus waphefumulela izazi zefilosofi eziningi ezazama ukuchaza indawo yezwe lethu eCosmos (leli gama linemipande yamaGreki).

Ngokusho kokufundiswa kwe-athomu, ekuqaleni nje kwesikhathi ku-Great Void kwakunezingxabano zokuqala. I-vortex eyakhiwe kuyo, ithwala imizimba enzima futhi elula, ephethe izikhundla ezihlukene. Phakathi nendawo uMhlaba wakhiwa. Yakhiwa ngemizimba enzima eyayigijimela emkhakheni we-vortex. Kusukela kulesi sici esisele, ifilimu evikelayo ikhiqize, ihlukanisa yonke indawo evela kwi-Great Void.

Amazwi mayelana nendawo yonke

U-Democritus (i-physics kanye nesayensi yemvelo abekwa nguye) wayengumsekeli wendinganiso yokuthi kunamanye amazwe amaningi namanye amazwe. Awupheli futhi ahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Kwamanye amazwe, kunezinsuku eziningi nezinyanga eziningi. Endaweni ethile abengekho nhlobo, futhi kukhona kuphela umfanekiso weMhlaba endaweni esilula. Ezinye zezwe zigoqa futhi ziwa. Ukuphindaphinda kwabo kulandela isimiso se-isonology. Zonke lezi zindaba zahlelwa futhi zabekwe ngufilosofi uDemocritus. I-biography yomcabango ihlanganisa ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene emayelana nesayensi yemvelo.

Ezinye zezimfundiso zakhe zaziyiphutha. Isibonelo, uDemocritus ukholelwa ukuthi uMhlaba ukhona (ngoba usemaphakathi nezwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umcabango wayekholelwa ukuthi iplanethi yethu ayikwazi ukujikeleza. Wachaza lokhu ngeqiniso lokuthi esimweni esinjalo ilanga liyobe lihlukile (eduze kwesigcawu, hhayi eceleni komugqa oqondile).

I-Cosmology

I-biography (mayelana noDemocritus ebhala iziqu eziningi ze-monographs) iqukethe iziphetho ezimangalisa zososayensi. Ngakho-ke, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi i-Milky Way esibhakabhakeni ayilona nje iqembu eliyinhloko lezinkanyezi. Ngenxa yokuthi kude kakhulu ibanga eliphakathi kwabo lihlangana endaweni eyodwa, sithola isithombe esimangalisayo phezu kwekhanda lamaGreki. UDemocritus wachitha isikhathi esiningi efunda amandla e-centrifugal. Emisebenzini yakhe, umuntu angathola ingqikithi ecacile ngenxa yalesi simo, imeteorites nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini aziwi eMhlabeni.

Cabanga emithonjeni

Iningi lazo zonke izibalo ze-physicist uDemocritus iyamangalisa ngokuthi akekho emisebenzini yakhe ebhaliwe esasinda kuze kube yilolu suku. Lokhu kungachazwa ngezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, iphutha laliyizimo zokunganakwa kwezikhumbuzo zakudala zakudala zakudala. I-Treatises nezincwadi ze-Democritus zabhujiswa ngamabomu ngesigwebo seSonto noma zigcinwe ezimweni ezimbi zalezo zilabhulali.

Yingakho isayensi nefilosofi yesimanje ingasebenza kuphela ngalawo maqiniso aboniswa emibhalweni yabanye ososayensi abaphikisana nomcabangi waseGreki wasendulo. Buka Kufakiwe 0 Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka Kufakiwe Aristotle, Cicero, Sextus, Epicurus, Plato, etc.

Ngokuvamile emithonjeni ibonakala igama elithi "Great mirostroy." Lo msebenzi kaDemocritus wawuzinikezele kwi-cosmology. Kulo mzamo wazama ukuhlanganisa yonke imiphumela yesayensi yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDemocritus waziwa njengomdali wezinye izikhalenda zokuqala zesiGreki. Akazange asuke ama-geometry, lapho ashiya khona imisebenzi eminingi. Ngokuyinhloko, uqale wahlela ezinye izinhlaka nemithetho yokunquma indawo yezibalo.